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Download AP Biology Ch. 9 Fermentation and Quiz Ppt
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Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH when glucose is split into 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid) Fermentation will break down pyruvic acid further without oxygen, producing a small amount of ATP. Summary of Glycolysis: Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis Two common types are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation Alcohol is produced by plant cells Lactic acid is produced by animal cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings In plant cells without oxygen, the pyruvate is broken down by fermentation. This process produces CO2 and alcohol, along with a small amount of ATP This process is used in baking and to produce alcoholic beverages. Without O2 present, pyruvate produced in plant cells will ferment. It will give off CO2 (which causes bread to rise) and ethanol (alcohol). Without O2 present in animal cells, pyruvate will be broken down to form lactate (lactic acid). This is the substance that makes muscles burn during intense exercise. Humans can break down the lactic acid further to produce a little more ATP when O2 is scarce. Some yeasts and bacteria also produce lactic acid from fermentation. Lactic acid from these sources produces yogurt and cheese. Both processes break down glucose to release energy. Fermentation produces 2 ATP per glucose, Aerobic Cellular Respiration produces 38 ATP Electrons from glucose go to either lactic acid or alcohol in fermentation Electrons from glucose go to Oxygen in Cellular Respiration. Which is better??? Obligate Anaerobes Vs. Facultative Anaerobes: Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes Glucose Facultative Anaerobes CYTOSOL Glycolysis Pyruvate No O2 present: Fermentation Ethanol or lactate O2 present: Aerobic cellular respiration MITOCHONDRION Acetyl CoA (if present) Citric acid cycle Glycolysis occurs in nearly all organisms Glycolysis probably evolved in ancient prokaryotes before there was oxygen in the atmosphere Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration Carbohydrates: Glucose is broken down Proteins: Broken down to amino acids—these go to either glycolysis or the Citric Acid Cycle Fats: Broken down to glycerol (goes to glycolysis) and fatty acids (made into Acetyl CoA). Proteins The Catabolism of Various Molecules from Food: Amino acids Carbohydrates Sugars Glycerol Glycolysis Glucose P NH3 Fats Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Fatty acids Feedback inhibition is the most common mechanism for control If ATP concentration begins to drop, respiration speeds up; when there is plenty of ATP, respiration slows down Control of catabolism is based mainly on regulating the activity of enzymes at strategic points in the catabolic pathway Glucose The Control of Cellular Respiration AMP Glycolysis Fructose-6-phosphate – Stimulates + Phosphofructokinase – Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Inhibits Note how the presence of too much ATP will block reactions from proceeding Inhibits Pyruvate ATP Citrate Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Question 1 A. What is this molecule? C.What is this molecule? 2 ATP B.Name of process? + 2 NADH Glucose D. Where does this process occur? 2 Pyruvate Question 2: A. What is the name of this type of reaction? B. Which molecule has been reduced? C. Which molecule has been oxidized? Question 3: Enzyme Enzyme ADP P Substrate ++ ATP Product A. This reaction is phosphorylating ADP to form ATP. What is phosphorylation? B. What type of phosphorylation is this (substrate-level or oxidative)? Question 4: CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION NAD+ NADH + H+ 2 1 A. What molecule is this? 3 CO2 Coenzyme A C. What is happening in this process? B. What molecule is this? Qu. 5: A. What molecule is this? CO2 NAD+ CoA NADH + H+ C. Where is this series of reactions occurring? D. What are the products of this reaction? Acetyl CoA CoA CoA FADH2 B. What is the name of this series of reactions? 3 NAD+ 3 NADH FAD E. Where did most of the energy go? 2 CO2 + 3 H+ ADP + P i ATP Question 6: A. What are these purple “blobs”? B. What is their purpose? C. Where are they located? D. What is the final electron acceptor? NADH 50 2 e– NAD+ FADH2 2 e– 40 FMN FAD Multiprotein complexes FAD Fe•S Fe•S Q Cyt b 30 Fe•S Cyt c1 I V Cyt c Cyt a Cyt a3 20 10 2 e– (from NADH or FADH2) 0 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O Question 7: A. What is the name of this molecular structure? B. Where would you find one of these? C. What is its’ job? D. How does it work? INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+ Stator Rotor Internal rod Catalytic knob ADP + P i ATP MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX Question 8: What in the world is going on here????? H+ H+ H+ H+ Protein complex of electron carriers Cyt c V Q ATP synthase FADH2 NADH 2 H+ + 1/2O2 H2O FAD NAD+ ADP + P i (carrying electrons from food) ATP H+ 1 Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation 2 Chemiosmosis 2 ADP + 2 Pi Question 9: Study the two sets of reactions shown here: A. Which one occurs in plants? B. Which one occurs in animals? C. What is the name of these reactions? Glucose 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 CO2 2 Acetaldehyde 2 Ethanol (a) Alcohol fermentation 2 ADP + 2 Pi Glucose 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactate (b) Lactic acid fermentation Glucose Question 10: Which is better for ATP production: Oxygen or no oxygen and why? Glycolysis CYTOSOL Pyruvate No O2 present: Fermentation O2 present: Aerobic cellular respiration MITOCHONDRION Ethanol or lactate Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle