* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download What happens to proteins key
G protein–coupled receptor wikipedia , lookup
Paracrine signalling wikipedia , lookup
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides wikipedia , lookup
Expression vector wikipedia , lookup
Ancestral sequence reconstruction wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Magnesium transporter wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Peptide synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Interactome wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Protein purification wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Western blot wikipedia , lookup
Protein–protein interaction wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
What Happens to the Protein You Eat? Some Review of What are Proteins…? From yesterday Name the 5 parts of an amino acid, can you draw them? Central carbon, its “off-side” hydrogen, carboxylic acid group, amine group & side chain (R-group) What are the 9 AA’s called that the body cannot make? Essential amino acids What has happened to the protein shown in figure? The protein has been unfolded or its shape has been changed= denatured…due to heat, acid, agitation… Something New!!! *Conditionally essential amino acids Under certain conditions, some nonessential amino acids cannot be made in body What Happens to the Protein You Eat? Notes from animations The Building Blocks of Proteins, Protein Digestion & Protein Absorption…Watch, listen and if there is something new you wish to recall make a note… I. Dietary proteins are digested and absorbed in the stomach and small intestine a. Stomach acid (HCl) denatures protein strands and activates __pepsin___. b. Pepsin form smaller peptides and some amino acids that can move to the SI. Nutrition & the Human Body – Ch 6 Proteins & Amino Acids What Happens to the Protein You Eat? c. Proteases continue the ___digestion ____ in the SI breaking the shorter polypeptides into tripeptides, dipeptides and amino acids (protein remnants) that are absorbed by the lining of the SI d. Protein remnants are broken into single amino acids, are then absorbed into the blood stream through _____active______ transport (energy requiring movement), and travel to the liver. e. How the liver uses these amino acids depends on the needs of your body. II. The body degrades and synthesizes proteins. a. Blood and cells contain a small supply of amino acid that constantly changes as the body degrades and synthesizes protein. A limited supply is stored in amino acid pools in blood and cells for needed protein synthesis b. The process of continually degrading and synthesizing protein is called protein ___turnover______. c. AA’s will be broken down when a surplus supply exists. 1. Carbon containing remnants can be converted to glucose, used as energy, or stored as ___fat___. 2. Nitrogen in the amine group can be converted to _urea_ and excreted in urine via the kidneys. Nutrition & the Human Body – Ch 6 Proteins & Amino Acids What Happens to the Protein You Eat? 3. Amino acids can be used to make body proteins and non-protein substances Examples: thyroid hormone, melanin III. DNA directs protein synthesis a. Each cell contains DNA for making every protein in the body, but each cell does not make them all. b. __Genes___ (not the kind you wear): DNA segment that codes for specific protein 1. c. DNA provides only the instructions for building and synthesizing DNA directs RNA to carry out its instructions for building a protein. 1. There are two specialized RNAs called messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). Nutrition & the Human Body – Ch 6 Proteins & Amino Acids What Happens to the Protein You Eat? d. When abnormalities occur during protein synthesis, serious medical conditions may result. 1. Sickle-cell anemia is one potential serious medical condition caused by a change in the amino acid sequence in the hemoglobin molecule. 2. Phenylketonuria (_PKU_) can cause a buildup of an amino acid in the blood, which can lead to mental retardation. The Take-Home Message With the help of gastric juices and enzymes in your stomach and small intestine, proteins are broken down into amino acids and absorbed into your blood to be used by your cells. A limited supply of amino acids exist in pools in your body, which act as reservoir for the synthesis of protein as needed. Surplus amino acids are broken down, and the carboncontaining remains can be used for glucose or energy, or can be stored as fat, depending on your body’s needs. The nitrogen excreted in the amine groups is eventually converted to the waste product urea and is excreted in your urine. Amino acids can be used to create nonprotein substances, including certain hormones. The synthesis of proteins is directed in the cell nucleus by DNA, which carries the code for the amino acid sequences necessary to build the proteins that your need. Nutrition & the Human Body – Ch 6 Proteins & Amino Acids