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Transcript
Chapter 1 Section 2 Notes Looking Inside Cells Organelles are tiny structures inside cells that have specific functions. Similar to organs in your body. a. Cell Wall i. A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cell ii. Made of cellulose, the most abundant carbohydrate on Earth iii. Animals do not have cell walls iv. Protects and supports the cell v. Water, oxygen, proteins, etc can pass through cell walls b. Cell Membrane i. Located just inside the cell wall ii. Controls what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable) iii. Protects the cell by keeping harmful materials out iv. Bi-layer of phospholipids 2. The Nucleus a. The nucleus is the control center of the cell, the brain of the cell b. Nuclear envelope i. The nucleus has its own special membrane called the nuclear envelope ii. Materials pass into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores, small holes in the membrane c. Chromatin i. The DNA is found in the nucleus as long, threadlike strands called chromatin ii. The chromatin tells the cell what to do, it is the actual controller in the control room (RNA) d. Nucleolus i. Small, dense region inside the nucleus ii. Makes ribosomes 3. Organelles in the Cytoplasm a. The cytoplasm is the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus i. Regulates temperature ii. Protects the organelles iii. Helps with chemical reactions iv. Gives the cell it’s shape b. Mitochondria i. The cell’s powerhouse ii. Convert food molecules (glucose) to energy w/ the oxygen c. Endoplasmic Reticulum i. A series of pathways and tubes that carry proteins from one region of the cell to another ii. The internal transport system of the cell iii. Two types Smooth and Rough d. Ribosomes i. Ribosomes are small organelles that can be found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER ii. They are small “factories” that make proteins w/Rna from the nucleolus e. Golgi Bodies (Apparatus) i. Look like a stack of flattened stacks ii. Receive proteins & other materials from ER & package for redistribution iii. The FedEx of the cell, can ship materials to other parts of the cell or to other cells f. Chloroplasts i. Found only in plant cells ii. Capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy (glucose) through photosynthesis g. Vacuoles i. Storage organelles ii. Plant cells usually have one large vacuole h. Lysosomes i. Small organelles containing enzymes and other chemicals ii. Break down food, wastes, old organelles, etc iii. Can kill the cell when needed 4. Specialized cells a. Cells become specialized in multicellular organisms b. Stem cells are cells that have not yet specialized & can become any type of cell c. 5. Nerve cells, skin cells, bone cells, etc Bacterial cells a. Smaller than plant, animal, fungal, or protist cells b. Do not have a nucleus 6. Cells with a nucleus are called Eukaryotic Cells 7. Cells with no nucleus are called Prokaryotic Cells