Download Chap 7 Exam Review KEY

NAME____________________ DATE __________ PD___ STU#____
BIOLOGY I
SEMESTER I FINAL EXAM REVIEW (Chap 1, 2 , 7, 8, 9)
CHAPTER 7: The Cell
VOCABULARY:
cell
cell theory
nucleus
eukaryote
prokaryote
organelle
cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
chromatin
chromosome
ucleolus
ribosome
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
lysosome
vacuole
mitochondrion
chloroplast
centriole
cell wall
cell membrane
lipid bilayer
concentration
diffusion
osmosis
hypertonic
hypotonic
facilitated diffusion active transport
endocytosis phagocytosis
pinocytosis
exocytosis
cell specialization
tissue
organ
organ system
CONCEPTS:
Discovery of Cells: Microscopes first used in mid 1600’s to observe living things.
1. Hooke 1st saw and named cells by looking at “little chambers” in CORK (a plant.)
2. Leeuwenhoek saw living things swimming in POND water.
3. Schleiden looked at many plants under a microscope & concluded all plants are made of
CELLS.
4. Schwann looked at many animal tissues under a scope & concluded all ANIMALS are made of
cells.
Cell Theory:
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNITS OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LIVING THINGS.
3. CELLS ARE CREATED FROM PREEXISTING CELLS.
Microscopes: there are now different types of microscopes that allow us to see different things in
tissues. The one we use is called a compound microscope b/c it has 2/MULTIPLE magnifying lenses.
Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes: All living things are grouped (classified) by whether they have a NUCLEUS
or not.
1. Prokaryotes have/don’t have a NUCLEUS
a. They are simpler than eukaryotes.
b. Their genetic information is located in the CYTOPLASM.
c. Their only organelle is the RIBOSOME.
d. The 2 kingdoms of living things that are prokaryotes are both made of BACTERIA
2. Eukaryotes have/don’t have a NUCLEUS
a. They are more complex than prokaryotes.
b. Their genetic information is located in the NUCLEUS.
c. They have many organelles.
i. Nucleus: contains the GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA)
1. Usually the DNA is in the form of CHROMATIN, which is loosely
organized.
2. DNA will take the form of CHROMOSOMES when the cell is preparing to
divide.
3. It’s like the BOSS/MAIN OFFICE in a factory.
ii. Ribosomes: Responsible for making PROTEINS
1. Located either loose in the CYTOPLASM OR
2. Attached to the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
3. It’s like the ASSEMBLY LINE/DELIVERY SYSTEM in a factory.
iii. Endoplasmic Reticulum: an internal membrane system
1. Transports materials through the CELL.
2. ROUGH ER has ribosomes attached to it.
3. SMOOTH ER has no ribosomes attached to it.
4. It’s like the assembly line in a factory.
iv. Golgi apparatus:
1. Modifies, sorts, & packages PROTEINS & other materials to be stored or
sent out of the cell.
2. It’s like the UPS/SHIPPING DEPARTMENT of a factory.
v. Lysosomes:
1. Sac-like organelles filled w/ENZYMES to break down cell parts that are
worn out.
2. It’s like the RECYCLING/TRASH DISPOSAL of a factory.
vi. Vacuoles: stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, etc.
1. It’s like the STORAGE CLOSET/WAREHOUSE in a factory.
vii. Mitochondria: Convert ENERGY stored in food into compounds the cell can use.
1. The are enclosed by 2 MEMBRANES
2. They are known as the “POWERHOUSE” of the cell b/c energy is
released here.
3. Contain their own DNA
viii. Chloroplasts: capture the ENERGY from sunlight and convert it to chemical
energy in the form of SUGAR in a process called PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
1. Found in PLANTS some PROTISTS (ex: algae), and some BACTERIA.
2. Not found in ANIMAL cells.
3. Contain the green pigment CHLOROPHYLL.
4. Contain their own DNA.
ix. Centrioles: are used when ANIMAL cells are dividing.
1. Not found in PLANT Cells.
3. Cell Boundaries
a. Cell Membrane: a LIPID BILAYER which means it’s made of 2 layers of fats.
i. Controls what ENTERS & LEAVES the cell.
ii. Also provides PROTECTION for the cell.
iii. Like the SECURITY in a factory.
iv. Mostly made of lipids (Fats) with a few PROTEINS embedded in it.
b. Cell Walls: tough structure that surrounds the cell membrane in some cells.
i. Found in PLANTS , PROTISTS, FUNGI and BACTERIA cells.
ii. Not found in ANIMAL cells.
iii. Its main function is to SSUPPORT & PROTECT the cell.
c. Diffusion: the random movement of particles from an area of GREATER to LESSER
concentration.
i. Particles move until they reach EQUILIBRIUM, an equal amount of particles on
both sides of a membrane.
ii. B/c it is caused by random motion, it requires no ENERGY from the cell.
d. Osmosis: the diffusion of WATER.
i. Also requires no energy input from cell.
ii. Isotonic: when the 2 solutions on both sides of the membrane are EQUAL in
strength (concentration.)
iii. Hyoptonic: when the solution on the outside of the cell membrane is more/less
concentrated than the solution inside the cell.
1. Water will move INTO of the cell.
2. Cell will EXPAND b/c of this movement
3. Ex from our egg osmosis lab: WATER
iv. Hypertonic: when the solution on the outside of the cell membrane is
more/less concentrated than the solution inside the cell.
1. Water will move OUT OF the cell.
2. Cell will SHRINK b/c of this movement.
3. Example from our egg osmosis lab SYRUP.
v. Facilitated Diffusion: When particles are too LARGE to pass thru the pores in
the cell membrane, they can sometimes move through the PROTEIN channels.
1. This is still diffusion, so no ENERGY input is required from the cell.
vi. Active Transport: When particles must be moved from an area of LESSER
concentration to an area of GREATER concentration.
1. Energy is required. In fact, much of the cell’s energy is used for this.
2. Protein PUMPS in the cell membrane move the particles.
3. Endocytosis: when particles are moved INTO the cell.
a. PHAGOCYTOSIS is when food particles are moved into the cell.
b. PINOCYTOSIS is when liquid particles are moved into the cell.
4. Exocytosis:when particles are moved OUT of the cell.
4. Cell Organization
a. Unicellular organisms: made of 1 cell.
b. Multicellular organisms: made of MULTIPLE cells.
i. Cells become specialized to do different jobs.
ii. Examples of specialized cells: red blood cells, SKIN, NERVE CELLS, ETC.
iii. Cells combine to make TISSUES
1. Example of a tissue:
iv. T’s combine to make ORGANS
1. Example of an O____________:
v. Organs combine to make ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. Example of an OS_______________________
vi. OS’s combine to make an ORGANISMS
1. Example of an O: