* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Nucleic acid
Magnesium transporter wikipedia , lookup
Bottromycin wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Protein (nutrient) wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Protein moonlighting wikipedia , lookup
Western blot wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Protein–protein interaction wikipedia , lookup
Circular dichroism wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Intrinsically disordered proteins wikipedia , lookup
Protein adsorption wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Biomolecules Nucleic Acids Lipids Biomolecules Learning Objectives • Analyze how nucleic acid structure relates to its functions • Analyze how lipid structure relates to its functions • Distinguish between the structures and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acid – polymer responsible for the reproduction of genetic materials and proteins – Nucleotide – a monomer of a nucleic acid • Composed of a phosphate group, a 5carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base – Nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil Nucleic Acids Characteristic Shape Sugar present Bases present DNA Usually double-stranded Deoxyribose Adenine, Guanine Cytosine, Thymine RNA Usually single-stranded Ribose Adenine, Guanine Cytosine, Uracil Nucleic Acids • Structure vs function – Structure: nitrogenous bases protrude from the nucleotide chain • Information is stored in the specific order of nitrogenous bases – Functions: • DNA: create proteins and transmit information from one generation to the next • RNA: act as a DNA messenger during protein synthesis Lipids • Lipid – a molecule that is insoluble in water – Not composed of specific polymers – Includes fats, oils, and steroids – Hydrophobic – insoluble in water • Due to large presence of nonpolar, hydrocarbon chains Lipids • Fats and oils – Triglyceride – a fat or oil consisting of one molecule of glycerol bonded to three fatty acids • Glycerol – 3-carbon chain bonded to hydrogen atoms and alcohol groups • Fatty acid – a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group on one end Lipids • Saturated fats – Butter and lard – Saturated fatty acid – a fatty acid in which all carbon atoms are bonded to other carbon and hydrogen atoms – Solid at room temperature Lipids • Unsaturated fats – Vegetable oil and olive oil – Unsaturated fatty acid – a fatty acid in which some carbons are bonded via double bonds to other carbon atoms • Double bonds create kinks in the molecule – Liquid at room temperature Lipids • Saturated vs. unsaturated fats Lipids • Phospholipids – Hydrophilic head – glycerol, phosphate, and a charged molecule – Hydrophobic tail – two fatty acids – Hydrophilic – soluble in water Lipids • Phospholipids – Important component of the cell membrane – Phospholipid bilayer forms when hydrophobic tails aggregate on the inside and hydrophilic heads form outer membrane Lipids • Steroid – a type of lipid consisting of a backbone of 4 carbon rings – Cholesterol – important component of cell membrane Lipids • Structure vs. function – Structure – large amount of C-H bonds – Functions • Long term energy storage • Cushioning and insulation • Chemical messengers Biomolecule comparison Macromolecule Structure (Building Blocks) Function Examples Carbohydrate Starch Monosaccharides Energy storage in plants Potatoes Glycogen Monosaccharides Energy storage in animals Liver product Cellulose Monosaccharides Structural support Paper, celery strings Chitin Monosaccharides Structural support Spider’s exoskeleton Protein Globular Amino acids Catalysis; transport Enzymes; hemoglobin Fibrous Amino acids Support Collagen, elastin Nucleotides (thymine, guanine, adenine, cytosine) Nucleotides (uracil, guanine, adenine, cytosine) Genetic code Chromosomes Protein synthesis Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Energy storage Butter and vegetable oil Phospholipids Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group Cellular boundary Cell membrane Steroids Carbon rings Messengers; membrane fluidity Prostaglandins; cholesterol Nucleic Acid DNA RNA Lipid Triglycerides Biomolecules Polymers Carbohydrates Proteins Biomolecules Learning Objectives • • • • Explain the building block idea of monomers and polymers Analyze how carbohydrate structure relates to its functions Explain the four levels of protein structure Analyze how protein structure relates to its functions Polymers • Macromolecule – a large molecule composed of smaller molecules joined together • Polymer – a large molecule composed of similar subunits joined via covalent bonds (poly means many) – Monomer – a small subunit that composes polymers (mono means one) – Dimer – two monomers bonded together (di means two) Polymers Carbohydrates • Carbohydrate – a sugar composed of monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides – Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms • Monosaccharide – the simplest sugar (saccharide means sugar) – Can exist on its own or as a monomer in a carbohydrate polymer Carbohydrates • The formation of isomers allows monosaccharides to have great diversity Carbohydrates • Disaccharide – a substance composed of two monosaccharides bonded together – Ex) glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar) Carbohydrates Disaccharide Building Blocks (Monosaccharides) Maltose Glucose + Glucose Sucrose Glucose + Fructose Lactose Glucose + Galactose Carbohydrates • Polysaccharide – a group of several monosaccharides bonded together Carbohydrates • Structure vs. function – Structure: abundant carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds – Function: energy storage – C-H bonds release energy when broken Carbohydrates • Structure vs. function – Structure: rigid polysaccharides – Function: protection Proteins • Protein – a polymer composed of amino acid monomers – Amino acid – a monomer of a protein • Consists of a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxylic acid, and a variable R group • 20 different R groups Proteins • Dipeptide – a compound composed of two amino acids bonded together • Polypeptide – a group of several amino acids bonded together • A protein is can be composed of one polypeptide chain or several chains folded together Proteins • Protein specificity – Changing the R group changes the protein – Changing the sequence of amino acids changes the protein – Each protein has a specific shape that gives it a specific function Proteins • Protein structure – Primary structure – sequence of amino acids – Secondary structure – hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide backbone – Tertiary structure – interactions between the R groups of amino acids – Quaternary structure – interactions between polypeptide chains Proteins • Protein function: structure – Fibrous proteins – a group of long, fiber-like proteins that form structural parts of cells and body tissues Proteins • Protein function: chemical messengers, protection, transport – Globular proteins – a compact, spherical variety of protein