Download Cell Structure Notes - Warren County Schools

CELLS
Discovery Cells
Bill Nye: Cells
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A CELL
CELL THEORY
1.
All living things
are made of cells
2. Cells are the
basic unit of life
3. Cells come from
other cells
TED: Cell Theory
Cell Theory Song
NUMBER OF CELLS
Unicellular
– composed of one cell
Multicellular- composed of many
cells that may organize into
tissues
PROKARYOTES – THE
FIRST CELLS
No Nucleus
Bacteria
Simplest type of cell
Single, circular DNA
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Contain 3 basic
cell structures:
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm with
organelles
CELL SIZE
CELL SIZE
AND
TYPES
Cells
must be observed under
microscope
Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Bacterial Cell
WHICH CELL TYPE IS LARGER?
Plant cell > _____________
Animal cell > ___________
Bacteria
_________
EXAMPLES OF ANIMAL CELLS
Muscle cells
Cheek cells
Red blood cells
EXAMPLES OF ANIMAL CELLS
white blood cell
Amoeba
red blood cell
muscle cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
Paramecium
ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Ribosome (attached)
Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
EXAMPLES OF PLANT CELLS
Guard Cells
Pollen
Xylem cells
EXAMPLES OF PLANT CELLS
Onion Epidermal Cells
root hair
Root Hair Cell
Guard Cells
PLANT CELL ORGANELLES
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN PLANT
CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS
Animal cells
Plant cells
Irregular shape
Regular shape
No cell wall
No chloroplast
Cell wall present
Have chloroplast
Vacuole small or
absent
Large central
vacuole
BACTERIA CELLS
Contain ONLY essential structures:
 Plasma membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Cell Wall
 Cilia or Flagella
 Ribosomes
 Nucleoid Region
ORGANELLES
“Mini
Organs” that perform
functions for the cell
 In cytoplasm
1. CELL/PLASMA MEMBRANE
 Composed
of double layer of
phospholipids and proteins
 Surrounds outside of ALL cells
 Controls what enters or exits the cell
Outside
of cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
2.CELL WALL
• Found in plants and
bacteria
• Made of carbs
• Supports and
protects cell
Cell wall
3. CYTOPLASM
cytoplasm
• Jelly-like
substance
• Holds organelles
• ALL cells
4. NUCLEUS
•Control center
• Contains DNA
5. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE/MEMBRANE
 Double
membranesurrounds nucleus
 Controls what exits/enters
nucleus
Nuclear
pores
6. NUCLEOLUS
Inside
nucleus
Makes
ribosomes
7. NUCLEAR PORE
 Allows
certain
things to pass
through the
nucleus
8. CYTOSKELETON
 Maintains
cell shape
 Made of proteins
 Microfilaments
 Microtubules
9. CENTRIOLES
Found only
in animal
cells
Only during
cell division
Pulls DNA
apart
10. MITOCHONDRION
(PLURAL = MITOCHONDRIA)
“Powerhouse”
of
the cell
Makes Energy
(ATP)
Has own DNA
What type of cell
would have the
most
mitochondria?
11. RIBOSOMES
 Make
PROTEINS (protein factories)
 Attached to the Endoplasmic
Reticullum or Free
Workers of
the cell!

12. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(ROUGH ER)
 Has
ribosomes
on its surface
 Makes
membrane
proteins and
proteins for
EXPORT out of
cell
13. GOLGI BODIES
Look like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, & package
molecules from ER
for storage OR
transport out of cell
Post Office of
the cell!
Golgi Animation
Materials are transported from Rough ER
to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES
14. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(SMOOTH ER)
No
ribosomes
Makes cell
products that
are USED
INSIDE the cell
Makes
membrane
lipids (steroids)
Detoxifies
(Liver)
15. LYSOSOMES
 Contain
digestive
enzymes
 Break down food,
bacteria, and worn out
cell parts
 “Suicide sacs”
16. PEROXISOME
Break
down
Hydrogen
Peroxide
produced by
lysosomes
17. VACUOLES
Storage
of
waste,
water,
nutrients
Animal
cellssmall/absent
Plant cellslarge
Central
18. CHLOROPLASTS
 Plants
only
 Site of Photosynthesis
19. VESICLE
Small,
mobile organelles
Often used to move
chemicals to other locations
in the cell where they might
be needed
Vesicles
20. CILIA & FLAGELLA
 Move
cells or
move something
across the cell
surface
 Cilia-short,
many (spirit
fingers)
 Flagella-Long
hair-like
structure for
movement
CELL MOVEMENT WITH CILIA &
FLAGELLA
CILIA MOVING AWAY DUST PARTICLES
THE LUNGS
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FROM
CELL SIZE
Question:
Are the cells in an elephant
bigger, smaller, or about
the same size as those in a
mouse?
FACTORS AFFECTING CELL SIZE
 Surface
area (plasma membrane
surface) is determined by multiplying
length times width (L x W)
 Volume of a cell is determined by
multiplying length times width times
height (L x W x H)
 Therefore, Volume increases FASTER
than the surface area
CELL SIZE
When
the surface area is no
longer great enough to get rid of
all the wastes and to get in
enough food and water, then the
cell must divide
Therefore, the cells of an
organism are close in size
CELL SIZE
Question:
Are the cells in an elephant
bigger, smaller, or about the
same size as those in a mouse?
About the same size, but …
The elephant has MANY MORE cells
than a mouse!