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Chapter 3: Genetic Bases of Child Development Mechanisms of heredity Behavior genetics From genes to behavior Mechanisms of Heredity Genotype: the Human Genome project sequenced the base pairs (the DNA code) on all 23 chromosomes in 2003. The human genome contains 2025,000 protein-coding genes. Geneticists are rapidly figuring out what they do. PKU: non-carrier parents PKU: inherited inability to metabolize phenylalanine PKU: one carrier parent PKU – two carrier parents Behavior genetics: hypothetical example of polygenic inheritance 3.1: Behavioral Genetics Greater similarity among identical than fraternal twins is evidence for hereditary influences Plomin & Rowe’s (1979) twin study of sociability (text, p. 60-61) Plomin et al. (1997) adoption study (Kail, p. 362) Reaction Range: a genotype can lead to a range of phenotypes depending on the environment People with PKU genotype who eat a normal diet will be mentally retarded, but those who eat a special diet will have normal IQ The Relation Between Genes and Environment (adapted from Scarr & McCartney, 1983) conception Gene expression X experience evocative & active phenotype passive Gottlieb’s developmental systems model Identical twins’ intelligence test scores 6-24 months Relationship between childhood maltreatment, MAOA activity and antisocial behavior (gene-environment interaction) (Caspi et al., 2002)