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Cell Structure and Function
Cells are like a factory….
Common Features of All Cells
• All cells, whether they are
prokaryotic or eukaryotic,
have some common
features.
Common Features of All Cells
1. DNA, the genetic material
contained in one or more
chromosomes.
*Located in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells.
*Prokaryotic cells have no
nucleus
DNA has the instructions for the
cell
DNA Structure
Common Features of All Cells
2. Plasma membrane, a
phospholipid bilayer with
proteins that separates the cell
from the surrounding
environment
* Cell membrane controls what
enters or leaves the cell.
Common Features of All Cells
3. Cytoplasm - basically the
substance that fills the cell.
It is a jelly-like material that
is eighty percent water and
usually clear in color.
• Cell organelles are
suspended and move about
in the cytoplasm.
http://www.learner.org/courses/essential/l
ife/images/show1.cytoplasm.jpg
Common Features of All Cells
4. Ribosomes, the organelles on which protein
synthesis takes place
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTqyG7jGQZ7C6SLP0K7ZmDlvb6IE5K
toPYcYzxZOsOHGaH8hJLaJkMqOA0d
Features of Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound
nucleus and numerous membrane-enclosed
organelles (e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes,
Golgi apparatus) not found in prokaryotes.
Cell Structures Found In Both Plant
and Animal Cells
• Cell Membrane – Phospholipid bylayer.
• Controls entry and exit of materials – Shipping &
Receiving
• Contains proteins
• Responsible for
communication
between cells
• Also known as the
“Fluid Mosaic Model”
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/cell_membrane.gif
Cell Structures Found In Both Plant
and Animal Cells
• Nucleus - The large, membrane-bounded
organelle that contains the genetic material, in
the form of DNA molecules organized into
structures called chromosomes.
• Controls cell activities and passes on
hereditary information.
• This is the Main Office
http://web.bio.utk.edu/BCMB513-4/nucleus1.jpg
Cell Structures Found In Both Plant
and Animal Cells
• Cytoplasm - clear, thick,
jellylike material and
organelles found inside
cell membrane.
• Supports and protects
cell organelles.
• This is the Factory Floor
Cell Structures Found In Both Plant
and Animal Cells
• Endoplasmic reticulum - network of tubes or
membranes.
• Functions in the making lipids (fats), breaks down drugs and
harmful substances, and packages up proteins for the Golgi
apparatus.
• The Assembly Line
of the Factory
Cell Structures Found In Both Plant
and Animal Cells
• Endoplasmic reticulum –
• Two types:
1. (RER) Rough endoplasmic reticulum –
Dotted with ribosomes.
2. (SER) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – not
covered with ribosomes.
Cell Structures Found In Both Plant
and Animal Cells
• Ribosomes – Free floating
or attached to ER.
• Site of protein synthesis
• These are the Employees of
the Factory
http://bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture22/rough_er
-em.gif
Cell Structures Found In Both Plant
and Animal Cells
• Golgi Apparatus - Makes and transports
proteins and other materials out of the cell
• Finishing and Packaging of the Factory where products are processed and shipped
out
Cell Structures Found In Both Plant
and Animal Cells
• Mitochondria –
“Powerhouse” of the cell.
• Site of cellular
respiration which
produces energy (ATP)
that can be used by the
organism for life
functions.
• Cell’s Power Plant
Cell Structures Found In Both Plant
and Animal Cells
• Vacuole – One large central vacuole in plant
cells, many smaller vacuoles in animal cells.
• Storage of food, water, waste.
• Cell’s Warehouse
Cell Structures Found Only
In Animal Cells
• Lysosome - small, round, with a membrane.
• Breaks down larger food molecules into
smaller molecules
• Digests old cell parts
• “Garbage Truck” of the cell
• The Custodians
http://i300.photobucket.com/albums/nn2/aysh_photo/lysosome.png
Cell Structures Found Only
In Plant Cells
•
•
•
•
Cell Wall - outer layer
Rigid, strong, stiff
Made of cellulose
Supports and protects the
plant cell.
• This is what Robert Hooke
saw when he first looked at
dead cork cells.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/plantcell.jpg
Cell Structures Found Only
In Plant Cells
• Chloroplasts - green, oval
usually containing chlorophyll
(green pigment).
• Uses energy from sun to make
food for the plant
(photosynthesis).
http://207.239.98.140/UpperSchool/Science/Classes/AllBiology/bio/biotext/biowils
on/images/Chloroplasts_face_side_MC.jpe