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Transcript
The Cell Cycle & Cell Division Cells have a life cycle • Cells develop and grow • Somatic cells (body cells) of a multicellular organism perform specialized functions to keep the organism functioning • Life cycle of a cell is called the Cell Cycle – Interphase – Mitosis The Cell Cycle The Cell Cycle • The sequence of growth and division of a cell. • ~95% of cell cycle in interphase • Time when cell carries out its function • ~5% of cell cycle in mitosis • Cell divides Interphase The cell prepares for division • Cell carries out its “life” functions – Maintains homeostasis and carries out metabolic reactions • DNA replicated • Organelles replicated • Cell increases in size Chromosomes • Homologous Chromosomes – Pair of chromosomes that have the same types of genes on them in the same locations • Sister chromatids – A duplicated chromosome – Created after DNA replication • Centromere – Holds sister chromatids together after DNA replication Chromosomes Before replication = 2 copies of each chromosome (homologous pair) After replication = 4 copies of each chromosome (sister chromatids within a homologous pair) Cell Division: Mitosis • Cells leave interphase and enter mitosis to… – Maintain size – Growth and repair – Asexual reproduce (unicellular organisms) Mitosis can be divided into stages • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Cytokinesis Prophase The cell prepares for nuclear division • DNA condenses into chromosomes • Nuclear membrane disappears Metaphase Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate • Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell • Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at the centromere Anaphase The chromosomes divide and separate • Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart by separating the sister chromatids of each homologous pair Telophase The Nuclei Return • Chromosomes begin to uncoil • Nuclear membranes begin to form Cytokinesis The cytoplasm divides • Cytoplasm divides and separates • Cleavage furrow pinches cell membrane between the two new nuclei • Happens at the same time as telophase • 2 identical daughter cells are formed