Download Structure and Properties of Proteins

Structure and Properties of Proteins
Primary Structure
Secondary
Structure
Tertiary
Quaternary
Structure
Primary Structure: made of amino acids and they’re stuck together by peptide
bonds (covalent bond).
Secondary Structure: covalent peptide bonds. Amine and carboxyl (part base and
acid), they’re going to interact. When the amino acids are interacting, the
proteins would bend. When the proteins bend because of the attractions, it’s
going to form the B-pleated sheet (functional group) or alpha helix and it’ll
depend on what the amino acids are and how they interact. When they interact
or when the amino acids get closer together. There will be further interactions
such as the sulfide functional group would interact, which causes disulfide
bridges. There will be hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
Tertiary: Disulfide bridges, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions and
hydrogen bonds. You get/add 2 tertiary proteins and they bound or stick
together. The environment can affect Tertiary. Hemoglobin has valine, protine,
etc.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal condition/structure of the cell so
that the proteins and cells would be in the right kind of shape.
Chaperonin is a protein that chaperons proteins. The chaperonin is a cylindrical
protein, so that helps other proteins take on the proper shape by letting it inside
the cylinder with proper environments.
Sickle cell and hemoglobin –
We changed one
Differences of alpha and beta is just names.
Quaternary Structure:
Properties: amine and carboxyl (part base and acid), they’re going to interact.
When the amino acids are interacting, the proteins would bend. When the
proteins bend because of the attractions, it’s going to form the B-pleated sheet
(functional group) or alpha helix and it’ll depend on what the amino acids are
and how they interact.
X-ray crystallography – shining rays onto samples, which makes patterns for use
to predict other samples
Denature – change original
Renature – put it back the way it was
Nucleic Acids
There are a lot of carboxyl group in this one. Dioxyribo nucleic acids and ribose
nucleic acid (DNA/RNA). RNA breaks down, but DNA is more stable by adding
the dioxy group. The ribose sugar or sugar phosphate backbone. The flesh of
DNA is the nucleotides (ATCG and U) are stuck on the sugar phosphate
backbone. There are two subgroups for nucleotides: purine rings (double ring)
and pyrimidine ring (single ring). A and G are purines and the rest are
pyrimidine. Double helix (two strands)
DNA and RNA are the best way that we can measure evolution. Most DNA is
genetic junk that’s why we still look at proteins. We study proteins because they
come from the functional part of DNA.
Water:
Cohesion (surface tension)
Universal Solvent (polar molecule)
Liquid
High specific heat capacity
Insulator
Evaporates while cooling
Transparent
pH7
colloid – its somewhere in between a solution/mixture. It’s tiny so they stay
suspended in the water.
Buffer – something to control something. Something to maintain the
environment in a cell or whatever.
Phi (pressure) = phip (osmosis) + phi (ionic)
Hypertonic – a lot of solute
Diffusion or osmosis is a from a higher concentration across a concentration
gradient.
Environment: