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BIO 131
Unit 3 Exam Review
Trunk Movements
(and special terminology)
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Extension
Flexion
Lateral Flexion
Rotation
??
•  Which Muscles perform
each action?
•  Innervations of the
muscle groups?
•  Synergists/Antagonists
??
??
Thigh & Leg Movements
(and special terminology)
 
Thigh
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Leg
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Flexion/Extension
Adduction/Abduction
Lateral/Medial Rotation
Flexion/Extension
Rotation
 
 
Which muscle helps with this?
Why is this necessary?
Which muscles
perform these
actions?
??
??
??
Compartmental
Innervations?
Ankle & Foot movements
(and special terminology)
 
Ankle & Foot
  Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion
 
 
What joint?
Inversion/eversion
 
??
What joint?
??
Which muscles
perform these
actions?
Vs.
Compartmental
Innervations?
??
Layers of the foot
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1st layer: AbDM, AbH & FDB
2nd layer: 2 tendons (??), QP, L’s
3rd layer: FHB, FDM & AdH
4th layer: Interossei (dorsal & plantar)
Innervation?
Spinal Cord
•  Meningeal layers?
•  Where is CSF?
•  2 structures derived from pia
•  Afferent/Efferent?
•  Location of neuron cell bodies?
•  Spinal nerve Rami
ventral vs. dorsal
•  Length of spinal cord?
Lumbar Cistern?
Brachial & lumbosacral plexuses
 
Brachial
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Lumbosacral
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 
RTDCB
C5-T1
Lumbar
  L1-L4
  Femoral & Obturator (L2-4)
Sacral (L4-S4)
Lumbosacral trunk (L4&L5)
Loss of function due to injury
Sciatic:
Lumbosacral +
S1-3
Cells of the Nervous System
2 main types
Surround/support
cell bodies in ganglia
Satellite
Schwann
Neurons
2 types
in PNS
Supporting Cells
have
Cell body
4 types in
CNS= neuroglia
Spaces
btwn =
Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin sheath in CNS
Ependymal
Ciliated, help
form/circulate CSF
Both can form
Nodes of
Ranvier
Astrocytes
Anchoring
Nourishment
crtl chem environment
CNS
Processes
Bundles =
PNS
Groups of =
in PNS
in CNS
Ganglia
Nuclei
Microglia
Microphages
clean up
neural debris/micro-orgs
Many inputs =
Nerves
One output =
Dendrites
do not have
Tracts
Axon
vary in
often have
Myelin Sheath
increases
conduction speed
no
C
Viscera, some
pain/touch
light
B
Viscera,
cut. pain
Site of AP generation
in saltatory conduction
thick
A
affects
diameter
SS
& Motor
Synapses (nervous system) &
Neurotransmitters
 
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Electrical-ion flow from one cell to another
Chemical-neurotransmitters
Ach
  Biogenic amines
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Catecholamines (dopamine, NE, E)
Indolamines (Serotonin, histamine)
Amino acids
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GABA & Glycine- inhibitory
Glutamate- excitatory
Peptides (endorphins & Substance P)
  Other (ATP, NO)
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EPSP-Causes AP (Na+/K+…in/out?)
IPSP- suppresses AP (Cl-…in or out?)
Reflexes
 
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Reflex arc- rapid, automatic responses to
stimuli
Components:
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Stimulus
Receptor- translates stimulus into AP
Sensory Neuron-carries AP to CNS
Integration center-CNS
Motor neuron-carries AP to effector
Effector- executes appropriate response
Review specific types of reflexes!