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TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION Bell Ringer (5 MINUTES) 1. Have your homework out on your desk and ready to turn in 2. Draw and label a nucleotide. 3. Summarize the steps of DNA replication. TURN AND TALK If DNA is universal, then why do we as humans look different from other living things? PART 1: TRANSCRIPTION To transcribe means to put information into a written form What are we learning today? Benchmark Objectives SC.912.L.16.5 – Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Compare and contrast RNA and DNA. Describe the processes of transcription and translation. Introduction • From DNA to protein • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCsk UOrA What is the essential vocabulary? RNA polymerase – enzyme that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription. Transcription – Process during which RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Intron – sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein. Exon – sequence of DNA that is involved in coding for a protein. How is DNA like or not like RNA? RNA and DNA are nucleic acids. RNA, like DNA consist of a long chain of nucleotides. There are three main differences between RNA and DNA: The sugar in RNA is ribose, the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose. RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded. RNA contains uracil (U) DNA contains thymine (T) What are the three types of RNA? Abbrev. mRNA tRNA rRNA Name Function Carries instructions for Messenger making proteins from DNA RNA to ribosomes. Transfer RNA Structure Singlestranded Reads mRNA sequence and transfers each amino acid to A clover leaf the ribosome. Binds amino acids together Ribosomal to make a peptide chain RNA (protein) Complex, with proteins How does transcription works? 1. Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. 1. Elongation: RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to add nucleotides, making a strand of RNA. 1. Termination: When RNA polymerase reaches a stop signal in the DNA, the DNA and new mRNA are released. How does transcription work? A certain gene has the following sequence of nucleotides. From left to right, write the sequence of the mRNA molecule transcribed from this gene. DNA mRNA 3’ GACAAGTCCA CAA TC 5’ Draw in your notebook what Mrs. Franklin draws on the white board PART 2: TRANSLATION To translate is to express meaning in a different language or to move something from one place to another What is the essential vocabulary? Genetic code – Instructions needed to convert DNA into proteins. Codon – Three consecutive nucleotides that in mRNA that specify a single amino acid. Anticodon – Three adjacent nucleotides located on tRNA that binds to the mRNA codon Translation – Protein synthesis using mRNA as a template. What is the essential vocabulary? Amino acid – building block, or monomer, of all proteins. Ribosome – organelle in the cell that is in charge of producing proteins Polypeptide chain – a group of amino acids joined together that form proteins How do proteins function? Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into long chains, called polypeptides chains. Each polypeptide contains a combination of any or all of the 20 different amino acids. The properties of a protein are determined by the specific amino acids in a polypeptide chain and the order in which different amino acids are joined together. amino acid + amino acid Protein What is the genetic code? The “language” of mRNA instructions is called the genetic code. RNA contains four different bases: A, U, G, C. The genetic code is read three letters at a time, each three-letter word is known as a codon. There are 64 possible three-base codons. Genetic Code Chart How does a cell interpret DNA? Consider the following RNA sequence: 5’ 3’ UCGCACGGU This sequence will be read three bases at a time as: UCG – CAC – GGU The codons represent the following amino-acids. Serine – Histidine – Glycine How does a cell interpret DNA? Consider the following RNA sequence and identify the amino acids it will code for. 5’ AUGCGCUUCUAA Consider the following DNA sequence and identify the amino acids it will code for. 3’ CTTGGAATG 5’ 3’ What is translation? The decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain is known as translation. Translation takes place on ribosomes. During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during translation. How does translation work? Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus and then enters the cytoplasm for translation. How does translation work? 1. INITIATION A ribosome attaches to an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm and a tRNA molecule carrying methionine (start codon = AUG) binds to ribosome. How does translation work? 2. ELONGATION As the ribosome reads each codon of mRNA, it directs tRNA with the matching anticodon to bring the specific amino acid into the ribosome. One at a time, the ribosome attaches each amino acid to the growing chain. How does translation work? 3. TERMINATION The polypeptide chain continues to grow until the ribosome reaches a “stop” codon (UGA, UAA, UAG) on the mRNA molecule. How does translation work? 4. DISASSEMBLY Ribosome falls apart, releasing both the newly formed polypeptide and the mRNA molecule, completing the process of translation Draw in your notebook what Mrs. Franklin draws on the white board Let’s Recap What We Learned • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCsk UOrA Partner Work 30 MIN. • • • READ ALL THE INSTRUCTIONS!!! Stay with your partner at your lab table and DO NOT walk around the room Before you ask for help, try to find the answer on your own by looking in your notes Independent Practice 15 MIN. Exit Ticket Home Learning • Make Frayer Models for the processes of transcription and translation (one Frayer Model for each) • For each process include: 1. Definition 2. Illustration 3. Steps 4. Importance in living things