Download File - Somma Science

STEINWAY INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL 141Q
A NASA Explorer School
MAGNET FOR ADVANCED MATHEMATICS, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Miranda Pavlou, Principal
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Lori Adamo, A.P. - Elisa Barresi, A.P. - Steve Tenaglia, A.P. -
Living Environment Midterm Review Sheet
Textbook Pages for Review (by topic)
The Nature of Science
10 – 13
Life Processes
17-19
Levels of Organization
162-167
Cells and Organelles
151-161
Diffusion
178-183
Macromolecules
59-63
Enzymes
66-67
Photosynthesis
202-207
The Nature of Science:
Why do scientists repeat their experiments?
Verify results
Accurate / reliable data
Refine experimental observations
Vocabulary:
 Bias: occurs when a scientist’s expectations change how
the results of an experiment are viewed.
 Science: process of looking at and studying things in the
world in order to gain knowledge.
Levels of Organization:
Life Processes:
Every Good Student Needs Their Rest, Rest, Rest!
 Excretion: removal of waste products produced from life.
 Growth: increase in size or number of cells.
 Homeostasis: the process of maintaining a stable internal
environment when the external environment changes
[DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM].
 Metabolism: All the chemical reactions that happen in the
cells of an organism.
 Nutrition: taking in food and processing the materials
needed to sustain life.
 Regulation: control & coordination of various activities in
an organism.
 Reproduction: process where organisms produce new
organisms of the same type.
 Respiration: the process that releases energy from food by
chemical reactions (occurs within cells).
 Synthesis: chemical reactions that produce large molecules
from smaller molecules within an organism.
 Regulation: control & coordination of various activities in
an organism.
 Reproduction: process where organisms produce new
organisms of the same type.
 Respiration: the process that releases energy from food by
chemical reactions (occurs within cells).
 Synthesis: chemical reactions that produce large molecules
from smaller molecules within an organism.
Cells and Organelles:
Prokaryotic Cells: DNA floats in the cytoplasm; has no
organelles
Eukaryotic Cells: DNA contained in the nucleus, has
organelles
Organelles & Functions:
Cell Membrane: Regulates what enters/leaves cell
Cell Wall: Provides structure & support for plant cells
Chloroplast: Uses light energy to make glucose for the cell
through the process of photosynthesis
Cytoplasm: where all work in cell takes place
Golgi Apparatus: synthesis, packages and releases
concentrate proteins or lipids
Lysosomes: contain enzymes for breaking down waste
(animal cells)
Mitochondria: produces energy through cellular respiration
Nucleus: information center of the cell; contains genetic
material
Ribosomes: create proteins through protein synthesis
Vacuole: Stores water, food, and some wastes
Photosynthesis:
Light dependent
Light independent
1. Plants make both food and energy, because they are
autotrophs.
2. Plants go through the process of photosynthesis and
cellular respiration.
3. Chloroplasts in plant cells convert light energy
(photons) to ATP.
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight  Glucose + Oxygen
Diffusion:
 Passive Diffusion: movement of materials from a high
concentration to a low concentration until there is
equilibrium (no energy is used to do this).
 Facilitated Diffusion: when protein channels in the cell
membrane help the movement of molecules across the
membrane (no energy is used to do this).
 Active Transport: movement of materials from a low
concentration to a high concentration (energy is used to do
this).
 Osmosis: the diffusion of Water across a membrane from
High to low concentration (no energy is used to do this).
** You should review: Isotonic solution, Hypotonic solution,
& Hypertonic solution
Macromolecules:
Monomer
Polymer
Amino Acid
Protein
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acid
Simple Sugar
Starch or Carbohydrate
Enzymes:
1. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions; this means they speed
them up.
2. Enzymes are essential for chemical processes like digestion
and cellular metabolism. Without enzymes, most
physiological processes would proceed so slowly (or not at
all) that life could not exist.
3. The substrates are the reactants that undergo the chemical
reaction catalyzed by the enzyme.
4. The location where substrates bind to or interact with the
enzyme is known as the active site, because that is the site
where the chemistry occurs.
5. ENZYMES ARE SHAPE-SPECIFIC—they will not work
effectively unless the substrate is the correct shape.