Download General Biology Notes 8 The Cell (pages 190

General Biology
Notes 8 The Cell (pages 190 - 207, 50 – 53)
I. All living things are made of cells and cells are _______________ (whereas compounds and atoms are
not); almost every type of cell is ___________________
A. Some organisms are made of one cell and some of many cells
1. With __________________ organisms the one cell performs every task necessary to exist
2. With _______________ organisms cells have specialized jobs and come in different types
B. An overview of cell structure
1. All cells are filled with a watery jelly (the _______________) and are surrounded by a lipid
and protein “skin”, called the ___________ _____________, which is semipermeable
(only lets certain things in and out)
2. Almost all cells have 1 or more huge _________ molecules
3. Most cells, such as bacteria and plant cells (but not animal cells), have a shell like
structure called a _____________ ____________ outside of the cell membrane
4. Many cells have structures in the cytosol called organelles, which are small
________________ with specialized jobs; organelles have ___________________
5. All cells have big molecular complexes called ________________, which help build
proteins
II. Cells can be divided into _____ major categories, depending upon what’s inside of them
A. ___________________ ________________ - All protists (a diverse group of mostly unicellular
organisms), _____________ , plants and ___________ have eukaryotic cells
1. These cells have many different types of ______________, for example…
a. The _____________ is a large compartment that holds the cell’s DNA
b. The __________________________ is an organelle that gets energy out of
____________________________ and lipids (a process called cellular respiration)
c. The ___________________ absorbs energy from sunlight and uses it with CO2 to build
glucose (a process called ______________________________)
d. The endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus help build ______________,
carbohydrates and _______________, and deliver them to where they are used
e. The _____________________ and peroxisome break down unnecessary molecules,
among other things
2. ____________________ - organism with eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus and many
other complex organelles
B. ____________________ _________________ - two groups of organisms that are commonly
called bacteria; all prokaryotes are ____________________________
1. Prokaryotic cells/organisms do not have organelles; they are typically
_________________ and less complex than eukaryotic cells
Please turn over
2. Many bacteria have whip like structures, called ____________, which help them move
3. ___________________ - organism whose one cell lacks a nucleus and all other organelles
III. Several different kinds of _________________________ are used to investigate the cell
A. The _________________ __________________ microscope shines light up through a specimen
and then magnifies the image with a series of ___________
1. Light microscopes can magnify images at most __________ times, which allows images of
most cells and even large organelles
2. Overall magnification is determined by ______________ the magnifications obtained by
each lens (multiplying eyepiece lens magnification x nosepiece lens magnification)
3. Cells are basically transparent, so specialized ____________ are used to color cells and
tissue in order to see detail
B. _____________________ microscopes can be used to see organelles inside the cell, viruses, or
even large molecules such as many _____________ _________________ and proteins
1. Electron microscopes shoot beams of __________________ at an object, and then form
images using the way electrons interact with the specimen
2. There are several different types of electron microscope, some magnifying up to
___ ______________ times
IV. Cellular metabolism
A. “__________________________” is a term that refers to the all the chemical reactions that keep
the cell and organism alive (review chemical reactions – Notes 5)
1. _______________ ________________ assemble molecules used build the cell, store
energy, etc.
2. Chemical reactions break down molecules so their parts can be ____________________
or disposed of, to make ________________________ available for cellular needs, etc.
B. Life requires a special type of protein molecule, called an _________________, to regulate
chemical reactions; there are thousands of different types of enzymes in the cell, each of which
_______________________ a different type of chemical reaction
1. Enzymes are usually big proteins with a special ____________ (called the active site) that
allows reactant molecules to fit _____________ the enzyme (like key in lock)
a. There the enzyme helps the __________________ break and reform chemical
bonds, which creates the ___________________ of the reaction
3._______________ and sickness often occur when enzymes don’t work
a. High ________________ and changes in _____ make enzymes lose their shape
b. Many _____________ diseases involve enzymes that don’t work properly
c. Many _____________ either stop enzymes from working, or are enzymes that
break down cellular _________________