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Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell
Cilia
Turgid
Plasma membrane
Cellulose
Polymer
Glucose
Cytoskeleton
Chromatin
DNA
RNA
Cristae
Carbohydrate
Photosynthesis
Thylakoid
Chlorophyll
Enzyme
Amino acid
Spindle
Hormone
Gene
Plasmid
Flagella (Undulipodia)
An organism with cells that do not contain a true
nucleus.
An organism having cells with a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles.
They are bacteria and, at 1-5μm are much
smaller than eukaryotic cells
Cells that have a nucleus inside a nuclear
envelope, and other membrane-bound
organelles.
Describes a cell that is full of water as a result of
entry of water due to osmosis. When the
pressure of the cell wall prevents more water
entering, the cell is said to be turgid.
Short extensions of eukaryotic cells, typically 2–
10 µm long and 0.03 µm in diameter. They may
be used for locomotion or to move fluids or
mucus over a surface, for example in the
mammalian respiratory tract.
A carbohydrate polymer (of β-glucose) that forms
plant cell walls.
The membrane that surrounds every cell, forming
the selectively permeable boundary between the
cell and its environment. It is made up of a
double layer of phospholipids with embedded
proteins.
A 6-carbon monosaccharide sugar.
A large molecule made up of many/repeating
similar, smaller molecules (monomers) covalently
bonded together.
Material staining dark red in the nucleus during
interphase of mitosis and meiosis. It consists of
nucleic acids and proteins. Chromatin condenses
into chromosomes during prophase of nuclear
division.
The network of protein fibres and microtubules
found within the cell that gives structure to the
cell and is responsible for the movement of many
materials within it.
Ribonucleic acid – a single-stranded
polynucleotide molecule that exists in three
forms. Each form plays a part in the synthesis of
proteins within cells.
Deoxyribonucleic acid – a polymer of nucleotide
molecules that form the instructions for the
synthesis of proteins found within organisms.
These nucleotides contain the 5-carbon sugar
deoxyribose.
A class of biological molecules with the general
formula Cx(H2O)y. It includes sugars, starches,
glycogen and cellulose.
The folds found in the inner membrane of a
mitochondrion. Stalked particles containing ATP
synthase are found on cristae.
Flattened membrane sacs found in chloroplasts,
which hold the pigments used in photosynthesis
and are the site of the light reactions of
photosynthesis. A stack of thylakoids forms a
granum.
Process by which plants, some bacteria and
some protoctists make food using carbon dioxide,
water and sunlight energy.
A protein molecule that acts as a biological
catalyst.
Pigments found in chloroplasts of plant (and
some protoctist) cells. Each molecule consists of
a hydrocarbon tail and a porphyrin ring head with
a magnesium atom. Chlorophyll absorbs red and
blue light, trapping the energy, and reflects green
light.
A structure consisting of protein fibres found in
eukaryotic cells during cell division.
Chromosomes become attached to the spindle at
their centromeres, and spindle fibres guide the
movement of chromosomes to opposite end of
the cell at telophase
An organic compound that contains both an
amino group
(–NH2) and a carboxyl group (–
COOH). Amino acids are the monomers of
protein molecules.
A length of DNA that carries the code for the
synthesis of one (or more) specific polypeptide.
Chemicals made in endocrine glands that are
carried in the blood to target cells/tissues/organs.
They act as chemical messengers and are
associated with developmental changes of the
organism. Most are polypeptides but some are
steroids.
Hair like extensions that stick out from surface of
cells. Each is made up of a cylinder that contains
nine microtubules in a circle and two
microtubules in a central bundle.
Small, circular piece of DNA present in some
bacterial cells. Plasmids may have genes for
antibiotic resistance. Plasmids can also be used
as vectors in genetic engineering.