Download Biology Chapter 11-1

Biology Chapter 11
VOCAB
Multiple alleles- a gene having three or more alleles
Ex. ABO and Rh blood types
Polygenic Traits- human traits that are controlled by
a number of genes like height, skin color, and weight
Nondisjunction- the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during one of the
stages of meiosis
Sex- linked- Genes carried don the X or Y chromosomes
Sex-influenced trait- a trait caused by a gene that’s expression differs in males and
females
Amniocentesis- requires the removal of a small amount of fluid from the sac surrounding
the embryo for mapping genetic disorders
Chorionic villus biopsy- a sample from the embryonic cells are removed directly from
the surrounding embryo to map genetic disorders
A blood- A antigens, not B antigens IAIA or IAi= A
B blood- B antigens, not A antigens IBIB or IBi= B
AB- has both A and B antigens. IAIB= AB
O blood- neither A or B
ii= O
- Many human traits are inherited by the action of dominant and recessive genes,
although other traits are determined through more complicated gene interactions.
- Environmental effects on gene expressions are not inherited.
Huntington disease- produced by a single dominant gene, is a genetic disease
Sickle Cell anemia- blood cells join together to form fibers hat cause a change in red
blood cell shape causing them to having difficulty getting through the body/.
- Most types of colorblindness are caused by sex-linked genes located on the X
chromosome. Hemophilia is also sex- linked.
_ Down Syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome 21.
Chapter 12
VOCAB Breeding strategies:
Selective Breeding- the oldest way to breed by selecting a few individuals to serve as
parents for the next generation
Ex. miniature horses
Inbreeding- Crossing individuals with a similar characteristic so those characteristics
will appear in their offspring. CHANCES A GENETIC DEFECT WILL OCCUR IS
HIGH!
Ex. German Sheppard’s, toy poodles, and Great Danes
Hybridization- A cross between dissimilar individuals. (usually between different, but
related, species.)
Ex. Mules and pigs
Mutagens- substances in the environment, such as radiation and chemicals, that cause
mutations.
Genetic engineering- a form of manipulation that allows biologists to engineer a set of
genetic changes directly into an organism DNA
Restriction enzymes- places where genes can be cut a DNA sequences
Plasmids – are small circular DNA molecules in bacteria
Recombinant DNA- combined DNA from two sources.
Clone-a large number of cells grown from a single cell
DNA fingerprinting- using DNA to recognize people using
blood, sperm, or other bits of DNA
Mutations- seedless outranges and hairless mice
-By selecting the most productive plants or animals to produce the next generation,
people have found that the productivity d domesticated species can gradually be
increased.
Restriction Enzymes
- Each restriction enzyme is instructed to cut at a presides place in a DNA sequences.
-These enzymes make it possible to cut DNA into fragments that can be isolated,
separated, and analyzed.
DNA Recombination
- DNA fragments may be combined with bacterial DNA so they can be reentered into a
bacterium.
- The plasmids are removed and cut with the same restriction enzyme used to produce the
DNa fragments.
- The cuts leave sticky ends which are then joined together to complete the ring.
DNA Insertion
- The DNA is inserted back into bacteria cells which then multiply into more bacteria
with the same DNA
DNA sequencing allows for DNA to be recognized and sequences, which can be used to
recognize people by their unique DNA sequence
Transgenic plants and animals have been infused with different DNA, like th tobacco
plant that glowed due to the firefly genes it was inserted with.
Chapter 13
VOCAB
Evolution- the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient
organisms
Fitness – physical traits and behaviors that enable organisms to survive and reproduce in
their environment (Darwin)
Common descent- Specie shave all descended from a common ancestor (Darwin)
Adaptation- fitness arises through adaptation. (Darwin)
Fossils- preserved remains of ancient organisms
Geologic time scale- a way to tell Earth past using rocks
Relative Dating- using layers of rocks to determine the approximate age of fossils
Half Life- a measure of radio active decay
Radio active Dating/ Absolute dating- using the half life of elements to determine the
exact age of something
Sedimentary Rock- formed when exposed to rain, heat, and cold breaks down existing
rocks into small particles of sand, silt, and clay.
Embyros- organism at the early stage of development
Homologous structures- Parts which meet different needs but develop from the same
body parts
Vestigial Organs- organs that are so reduced in size or function that they are useless
(like a human appendix)
Living organisms evolved through gradual modification of earlier forms.
Charles Darwin came up with the theory of natural selection
Over population with multiple
characteristics.
Limited Resources
Competition
Least suited for the
environment die
Best suited for the environment
survive
They reproduce
- Hutton proposed that the Earth changed and had to be older than a few thousand years.
- Lyell agreed that the Earth had changed slowly over time
- Geologist began to discover that fossils were located in layers of sedimentary rock. The
deeper the layer of the sedimentary rock, the older the fossil
-The Earth is 4.5 billion years old
- The 4.5 Billion years are divided into ERAS and then PERIODS and the EPCOHS.
- The fossil record shows the change the followed change on Earth but is incomplete due
to lack of data.
- When embryos are small they all closely resemble each other.
Chapter 14
VOCAB
Evolution- a theory – a collection of hypothesis about how evolutionary change occurs
Artificial Selection- humans intervene to ensure that only individuals with the more
desirable traits produce offspring.
Survival of the Fittest – individuals who are well- suited to their environment survive.
Those who are not well-suited to their environment wither die or leave fewer offspring.
Natural Selection- in nature, there is a process that operates in a manner similar to
artificial selection.
Populations- groups of organisms of the same species in a given area
Gene Pool- offspring and parent soften share a common number of genes
Relative Frequency- the number of times and an allele occurs in a gene pool compared
with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur.
Evolutionary Change- involves a change in the relative frequencies of alleles in the
gene pool of a population
1) Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
1) A desire to Change- if organism have an urge to make themselves better, they
will change (incorrect)
2) Use and Disuse- If an animal did not use a particular part of its body that part
would decrease in size and might finally disappear.
3) Passing on Acquired Traits- If during the course of an organisms life they
acquired a certain trait, that trait would be passed on to the offspring (Incorrect)
2) Charles Lyell
1) The Earth was really old
3) Thomas Malthus
1) Population Control- Nature had a way of making sure that the world does not
become overpopulated with one species. War, famine, disease, competition.
4) Charles Darwin
1) Natural Selection
5) Kettlewell
1) Moths
The pepper moths in England were black and white. The white ones
flourished until the Industrial Revolution turned the trees black, and Kettlewell observed
that the black ones started to flourish as the white ones died. He examined them in length
and determined that those most suited to the environment live, those who are not die.