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Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela November 2011 About the Adaptation Partnership Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Contributing Authors: Marius Keller, Dean Medeiros, Daniella Echeverría, Jo-Ellen Parry International Institute for Sustainable Development The Adaptation Partnership was formed in May 2010 in response to a recognized need for development practitioners to share information and lessons on adaptation efforts. Chaired by Costa Rica, Spain and the United States, the goal of the partnership is to encourage effective adaptation by serving as an interim platform to catalyze action and foster communication among the various institutions and actors engaged in the effort to scale up adaptation and resilience around the world, particularly in the context of fast start finance. The Partnership is synthesizes lessons learned and good practices, highlighting needs and priorities, and identifying opportunities for cooperation and alignment of support to build resilience to the adverse effects of climate change. It is also enhancing communities of practice engaged in the adaptation effort. Adaptation Partnership Website: http://www.adaptationpartnership.org/ Foreword In response to a growing awareness of the potential adverse effects of climate change and the particular vulnerability of developing countries to this process, a significant increase in adaptation action has been witnessed in recent years in Africa, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean. These actions are providing opportunities to: increase understanding of the implications of climate change for the achievement of development objectives in the near and long terms; identify strategies and measures that can be taken to reduce climate vulnerability; communicate and build awareness of climate risks, opportunities and potential solutions; and begin implementing actions on the ground that build capacity to adapt to a changing climate. Although the recent global upsurge in adaptation action is a welcome development, the emergence of a diverse array of efforts initiated by multiple actors within numerous jurisdictions has the potential to create confusion, lead to duplication of effort and limit the potential for sharing good practice guidance based on past efforts. Enhanced coordination among expanding networks of adaptation actors is needed to ensure resources are deployed quickly and effectively. To this end, the Adaptation Partnership was formed in 2010. Chaired by Costa Rica, Spain and the United States, the goal of the Adaptation Partnership is to encourage effective adaptation by serving as an interim platform to catalyze action and foster communication among the various institutions and actors engaged in the effort to scale up adaptation and resilience around the world. Toward this goal, the Adaptation Partnership initiated a Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action in the fall of 2010. Its purpose is to provide a baseline understanding of who is doing what on adaptation in three developing regions—Africa, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean—and in priority adaptation sectors. Based on available resources, it seeks to provide a rapid assessment of: priority interests and adaptation needs; efforts by governments to support adaptation though policy and planning; the scope of international support for adaptation efforts in different countries and sectors; and potential gaps in adaptation efforts at the country and regional levels. This document is one of 12 regional profiles completed as a contribution to the Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action in Africa, Asia-Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean. It presents a review of current and planned adaptation action in South America, covering the following 12 countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela. The review first provides an overview of adaptation action at a regional level, highlighting commonalities and differences between these countries. The appendices that follow discuss adaptation action taking place in each country. i Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Table of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................i Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. vi 1.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 Methodology....................................................................................................................... 2 3.0 Climate Projections ............................................................................................................ 8 4.0 Needs and Priorities within South America .....................................................................11 5.0 Assessment of Adaptation Action within South America ................................................ 15 5.1 Regional Level Action......................................................................................................................................................... 16 5.2 National Level Action ......................................................................................................................................................... 29 5.3 Action by Communities of Practice ................................................................................................................................. 33 6.0 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 34 References: ............................................................................................................................. 37 Appendices: Country Profiles .................................................................................................. 41 1.0 Argentina .......................................................................................................................... 48 2.0 Bolivia ............................................................................................................................ 58 3.0 Brazil ............................................................................................................................. 72 4.0 Chile ............................................................................................................................. 95 5.0 Colombia ........................................................................................................................ 105 6.0 Ecuador .......................................................................................................................... 120 7.0 Guyana ............................................................................................................................ 131 8.0 Paraguay ......................................................................................................................... 143 9.0 Peru ........................................................................................................................... 150 10.0 Suriname ......................................................................................................................... 168 ii Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 11.0 Uruguay .......................................................................................................................... 174 12.0 Venezuela ....................................................................................................................... 184 iii Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Abbreviations and Acronyms AdapCC BMU BMZ CATIE CAN CIFOR CONAMA CRM TASP ECLAC ENSO EU GDP GEF GIZ GOC IADB IAI INIA INTA IPCC MCT MDG MNACC MMAyA NGO NWP OAS OECD PIACC PCL Adaptation for Smallholders to Climate Change Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorischerheit (German Ministry for the Environment) German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Spain) (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Centre) Comunidad Andina (Andean Community of Nations) Center for International Forestry Research Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente (Chile) (National Environment Commission) Climate Risk Management Technical Assistance Support Project Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean El Niño Southern Oscillation European Union Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (Germany) Government of Colombia Inter-American Development Bank Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (National Institute for Research and Technology in Agriculture and Food) National Institute of Technology for Agriculture and Livestock (Argentina) (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (Brazil) (Ministry of Science and Technology) Millennium Development Goals Mecanismo Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (National Climate Change Adaptation Mechanism) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua (Bolivia) (Ministry for Environment and Water) Non-governmental organization Nairobi Work Programme on Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change Organization of American States Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Programa Iberoamericano de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Programme on Adaptation to Climate Change) Plataforma Climática Latinoamericana (Latin American Platform on Climate) iv Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America PRAA PREDES REGATTA RIOCC SCCF SDC SNRCC UNDP UNEP UNFCCC UNSD USDS WHO WWF “Design and Implementation of Pilot Climate Change Adaptation Measures in the Andean Region” Centre for Disaster Studies and Prevention Regional Gateway for Technology Transfer and Climate Change Action Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices) Special Climate Change Fund Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático y la Variabilidad (National System to Respond to Climate Change and Variability) United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Statistics Division United States Department of State World Health Organization World Wildlife Fund v Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Executive Summary Growing understanding of the need to adapt to the impacts of climate change has led to a significant rise in ongoing and planned adaptation action in the developing regions of the world, including South America. This upsurge in climate change adaptation action is a welcome occurrence, but enhanced coordination among expanding networks of adaptation actors is needed to ensure resources are deployed quickly and effectively. Responding to this concern, a review of current and planned adaptation action in South America was undertaken by the Adaptation Partnership1 between October 2010 and May 2011. Covering the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela, the rapid review examined: priority adaptation needs; efforts by governments to support adaptation though policy and planning; the scope of international support for adaptation efforts in different countries and sectors; and potential gaps in adaptation efforts at the country and regional level. This review of adaptation action in South America is one of 12 profiles covering regions in Africa, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean completed by the Adaptation Partnership. The continent of South America is full of geographic extremes—from the dryness of the Atacama Desert, to the lushness of the extensive Amazon Rainforest, to the snowcapped peaks of the Andes Mountains, and the fertile lowlands of the Pampas. Its heterogeneous geography has contributed to the continent’s rich diversity of ecosystems and natural resources that provide the base for many South American countries’ economies. Development levels in the continent are relatively high, with all countries being classified as at least a middle income country (OECD, 2009). Some, such as Brazil, are emerging economic powers. Yet millions of South Americans continue to live in poverty, and climatic hazards, such as heavy rainfall, hail storms, floods and droughts, continue to adversely affect national economies and local livelihoods. Climate change therefore presents an additional challenge to South American countries as they progress towards their development goals. The countries of South America have recognized this challenge and begun to prepare for the impacts of climate change. To assess the level of adaptation action in South America, a desk-based review of internet sources and relevant documentation was undertaken. The content of these sources was assessed in relation to a set of parameters established to focus the review’s scope and ensure consistency across regions. Notably, it examines discrete adaptation actions, or “policies, programs and projects designed and implemented specifically to address the current and projected impacts of climate change.” The review therefore presents only a portion of the breadth of efforts underway to reduce the vulnerability of developing countries to the impacts of climate. In particular, it does not capture the broad array of development activities that are increasing the adaptive capacity of communities and countries. As well, within the review, adaptation actions have been deemed to be “current” if they were ongoing or completed in 2009 or later. As such, the review does not Formed in 2010, the Adaptation Partnership is chaired by Costa Rica, Spain and the United States. Its goal is to encourage effective adaptation by serving as an interim platform to catalyze action and foster communication among the various institutions and actors engaged in the effort to scale up adaptation and resilience around the world. 1 vi Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America include projects completed prior to 2009 that may have contributed to building local and national adaptive capacity. The review only identifies those actions currently underway; it does not offer judgment of the effectiveness of actions taking place. In addition, reflecting the desk-based nature of the review, it is acknowledged that the content is biased toward identification of large-scale projects funded by international development assistance organizations, and those projects about which information is available online. As such, small-scale projects that meet the review’s definition of adaptation action, particularly those occurring at the community level, are not fully represented within the review. Climate Vulnerability South America’s diverse climate ranges from tropical and humid in Amazonia to semi-arid and desert, to the cool and dry conditions of Patagonia and Antarctica. The region’s climate is highly influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, resulting in extreme events such as heavy rainfall, hail storms, floods and droughts in various areas of the continent. Within this variability, important changes in the climate have been observed in recent decades. Rainfall has been increasing in south-east Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Argentinean Pampas, but decreasing in southern Chile, south-western Argentina and southern Peru. Temperatures increases of 0.5° to 1°C have been observed, which have contributed to the dramatic receding of Andean glaciers over the past few decades (Magrin et al., 2007). Climate projections indicate that further increases in temperature and changes in rainfall patterns will occur over the remainder of this century. According to Christensen et al. (2007), warming in the southern half of South America will be similar to the global average, or between 1.8o and 4.0oC by the period 2090 to 2099, but will likely be above average for Amazonia (ranging from 1.8o to 5.1°C by 2080 to 2099). Greater uncertainty persists regarding how regional precipitation patterns will change in the future, with projections ranging from positive to negative for all sub-regions, seasons and time horizons (Magrin et al., 2007). Recent analysis by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, though, shows a distinctive pattern of decreasing rainfall in the northeastern areas of South America, in the southwest of Bolivia, and in the southern two thirds of Chile, with increasing precipitation in all other areas—especially west of the Ecuadorian mainland and in western Brazil (ECLAC, 2010). Projections also suggest that the frequency of extreme events, such as heavy rainfalls and consecutive dry days, will increase in parts of South America (ECLAC, 2010; Magrin et al. (2007). However, as with precipitation, the uncertainty ranges for extreme event projections are very large. In contrast, there is considerable certainty that Andean inter-tropical glaciers will continue to recede and are very likely to disappear in the coming decades (Magrin et al., 2007). Sea level rise is also certain to continue, although the degree of change remains uncertain. These climate projections have strong implications for the sensitive human and ecological systems found in South America. Of particular concern are the potential impacts on the following key sectors (Magrin et al., 2007; Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010; Ministerio de Planificación y Desarrollo, 2007; República Argentina, 2007; República de Colombia, 2001; Secretaría de Ambiente, 2001): vii Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Water resources: Increase in the number of individuals experiencing water stress; change in availability and quality of water; lower hydroelectric power generation; and an increase in water-stressed watersheds. Agriculture: Greater salinization of land; decreased availability of pasture land; destruction of farm land; loss in crop yields; reduction in woodlands and an increase in desertification; and greater demand in irrigation. Coastal zones: Increase in coastal flooding; land erosion; salinization of drinking water resources; loss of land surface; and threats to small-scale fisheries. Public health: A rise in the spread of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and schistosomiasis; increase in heat-related health issues such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems and skin cancer; and greater occurrences of water-borne diseases. Identified adaptation needs and priorities Based on current climate projections and their potential impacts, South American countries have implicitly or explicitly identified priority areas for adaptation through their National Communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as well as national strategies, action plans, policies and mechanisms. All countries share concerns related to agriculture, and nearly all have prioritized adaptation action related to freshwater resources, coastal resources, biodiversity and forestry. Several countries also cite concerns related to human health and energy provision, while urban systems, transport, housing, fisheries, semi-arid areas, waste management and risk management have been identified to a much lesser extent. Countries have identified a wide variety of action that could be taken to reduce their vulnerability to climate change in key sectors, including (CONAMA, 2008; Magrin et al., 2007; MCT, 2010; República Argentina, 2007): Agriculture: Agro-climatic risk management systems; improving forecasting; increased research and development; introduction of hazard-resistant crops; increased and more efficient irrigation; land use planning and agro-ecological zoning; pest control; and crop insurance. Water resources: Integrated watershed management; structural measures such as water dams, storage, drainage, linkages between watersheds and artificial and rainwater recharge of reservoirs; more efficient irrigation; water efficiency and conservation measures; early warning systems for droughts and floods; aquifer monitoring systems; land use planning; and pricing and fiscal measures. Coastal zones: Vulnerability and impact studies; coastal asset inventories and monitoring; shore protection through mechanisms such as breakwaters and buffer zones; adjustment of water supply; sanitation and drainage systems for coastal cities and infrastructure; mangrove protection, biological improvement and reforestation; adjustments to shrimp farming systems; managed retreat from risky areas; and integrated coastal zone management. Human health: Epidemiological monitoring and control; disease projection systems; increased capacity to deal with emerging and spreading diseases such as malaria and dengue fever; viii Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America community health services; sanitation measures; promotion of the use of mosquito nets; implementation of malaria diagnosis and treatment programs; further vulnerability assessments for populations and health care systems; and better inter-institutional collaboration. As well, through their National Communications and other strategic documents, governments often identify non-sector-specific adaptation needs, including capacity building, awareness raising and education campaigns, as well as the development of appropriate institutions and policies to support the implementation of specific adaptation measures. Policy level actions Individually, South American countries have begun to address climate change by preparing National Communications in fulfillment of their obligations under the UNFCCC. They have also devised national climate change action plans, policies and strategies, some with an exclusive focus on adaptation. There are, however, large differences between countries. While several countries have elaborated their own precise policies, plans and programs, others not only lack any high-level policy paper, but also hardly mention climate impacts as a relevant factor in their national development plans and strategies. Among the most advanced countries in terms of policy action are Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. They have all submitted two National Communications and established relevant high-level policy documents. Furthermore, all four countries have clearly acknowledged the importance of climate change adaptation as a development issue by mainstreaming it into their development plans and strategies. South American countries are less engaged in policy action through collaborative intergovernmental processes. No regional climate change strategy exists to date, although the Andean Community (CAN) has elaborated a scoping paper for such a strategy (CAN, 2011). The strategy discusses the high vulnerability of CAN members to the impacts of climate change, particularly glacier retreat, but does not propose a common action framework or any strategic guidelines. More concrete collaborative action is taking place through the Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices (RIOCC), which brings together all Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. RIOCC provides a regional platform for knowledge exchange, capacity building and the promotion of regional adaptation projects. It is supporting its goals in part through the “Ibero-American Programme on Adaptation to Climate Change,” which, among other objectives, aims to improve institutional frameworks, support climate research and systematic observation, and promote the exchange of knowledge, experiences, tools and methods. Projects and programs that support adaptation As with policy action, there are also large differences in countries’ level of engagement in the implementation of discrete adaptation projects and programs. Peru is the clear leader, as it is involved with about 30 identified projects. Considerably fewer projects appear to be underway in Suriname, as well as Guyana, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela. Countries with a high level of policy ix Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America action are typically among those with more project-level activity. It is also observed that all countries participate in more regional or global projects than national ones. Regional projects that bring together South American countries are being implemented in all countries, and address a range of priority needs related to agriculture, freshwater supplies, human health, ecosystems/biodiversity, coastal areas and helping governments plan for climate risks. The majority of projects support research, capacity building and knowledge communication activities. The Andean countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru are participating in almost half of the regional projects underway in South America. At the national level, country-specific project are similarly addressing needs in a variety of sectors, including agriculture, freshwater resources, coastal zones, ecosystems and forests. Many others provide general, non-sector specific support for the development of climate change agendas and the policies of national governments. As with multi-country projects, most national projects emphasize capacity building and policy research; relatively few focus primarily on the implementation of fieldlevel adaptation measures. A key funder of national and regional projects and programs in South America is the Inter-American Development Bank, which is financing about 20 ongoing projects. Other key funders are the European Union, the Global Environment Facility, Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research, MDG Achievement Fund, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the governments of Germany, Spain and the United States. Adaptation communities of practice in South America Regional information exchange on climate change adaptation is occurring through a small number of identified communities of practice that bring together experts, civil society, community members and policy members. These identified networks are the Program for Local Adaptation, Red Temática sobre Adaptación al Cambio Climático y el Rol de Servicios Ecosistématicos en América Latina, Regional Policy Dialogue: Water and Climate Change Adaptation, and the Latin American Platform on Climate. Additional informal communities of practice are likely also active in South America. Needs and gaps Across South America, national governments have identified sectors vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and corresponding adaptation priorities and needs. To varying degrees, they have also developed policies and strategies to manage adaptation efforts. They are also engaged in the implementation of country-specific and multi-country adaptation projects, many of which address identified needs related to agriculture and water, as well as biodiversity, human health, coastal zones and disaster risk management. Most of these efforts remain focused on capacity building and policyrelated research. Implementation of concrete adaptation action is still the exception, although a few notable initiatives have been launched recently in various countries and sectors. x Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Despite this progress, the gap between needs and actions remains wide. Of all the priorities listed in strategic documents of the national governments of South American countries, only a small proportion has been addressed so far. Major gaps in the region’s adaptation activities could be identified as follows: Adaptation action in some key sectors remains low, such as in the areas of human health, coastal zone management, the maintenance of ecosystem services, forestry and fisheries. Adaptation action related to the hydroelectric sector in particular may require greater attention, as well as adaptation action related to South America’s sizable urban areas. The gender implications of climate change are only slightly addressed through current policies and targeted adaptation programming. Future actions could benefit from greater attention to the specific situation and needs of women. Considering the breadth of needs, adaptation action related to freshwater and agriculture could be expanded. There are still relatively few projects related to freshwater in particular, considering the potentially significant impacts climate change could have on this crucial resource. Much of the current adaptation programming in South America remains focused on assessment, research, capacity building and knowledge communication, and there may be a need to direct more attention toward on-the-ground adaptation work, such as through pilot projects that build on local experiences. Greater effort could be made by national governments to explicitly prioritize sectors in which adaptation action is needed, and to provide more detailed analysis of needed policy measures and activities. A more systematic approach to adaptation management could help facilitate stronger adaptation action. Few countries have managed to integrate their vulnerability assessments and identified adaptation actions into one coherent strategy and action plan, mainstream it into national development planning, and begin to execute actions according to prioritized needs. Greater coordination of adaptation planning between countries may be appropriate given the relative scarcity of resources to deal with multiple, integrated issues. This coordination could be achieved through intergovernmental processes such as CAN, and supported informally by encouraging the emergence of a greater number of communities of practice actively focused on sharing best practices related to adaptation. xi Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 1.0 Introduction The continent of South America, extending from the Darién Gap that separates Panama from Colombia to Terra del Fuego at its southern tip, contains 12 independent countries:2 Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, the current core members of the Andean Community Figure 1 Map of South America of Nations (CAN); Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, sometimes referred to as the Southern Cone countries; Brazil, the regional giant in terms of population and economic output; and the three Caribbean coast countries of Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela. Geographically diverse, the continent contains the driest desert on earth, the Atacama, the Andes mountain range along its western coast, the world’s largest rainforest, the Amazon, and the fertile lowlands of the Pampas. This diversity has contributed to an abundance of natural resources throughout the continent that form the basis of many of the region’s economies. Although none of the countries in the region are classified as being among the least developed countries in the world, Bolivia, Source: World Atlas (undated) Guyana, Paraguay and Suriname are ranked has having achieved a medium level of human development (UNDP, 2010). While countries such as Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay are achieving a higher level of economic development, millions of South Americans continue to live in poverty and remain vulnerable to changes in economic and climatic conditions. Climate change presents an additional challenge for these countries as they progress towards their development objectives. French Guiana, an overseas region of France, is also located along the Atlantic coast of South America, between Surinam and Brazil. As it is not an independent state, French Guiana is not examined within this review. 2 1 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Throughout the region, countries are engaged in efforts to prepare for and respond to the potential impacts of climate change. To better understand these efforts, this report provides a rapid review of current and planned adaptation action within the region. Based on available resources, it examines: identified priority adaptation needs; efforts by governments to support adaptation through policy and planning; the scope of international support for adaptation efforts in different countries and sectors; and potential gaps in adaptation efforts at the country and regional levels. The main body of the report provides an overview of adaptation actions at the regional level, highlighting commonalities and differences between Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela. In the appendices that follow, adaptation efforts in each of these countries is discussed. 2.0 Methodology A rapid review of current and planned adaptation action in South America—one that gives attention to policies, programs and projects at the national and regional levels—presents a considerable task given the breadth of actions that can and are being taken to reduce vulnerability to the short-, medium- and long-term impacts of climate change. Prior to undertaking this review, it was therefore necessary to clarify the terms that would be used within it and establish a set of parameters to limit its scope. This section provides an understanding of the research parameters established for this rapid review and the process by which the information it contains was gathered. These guidelines are presented to help clarify what the study does and does not aim to achieve. Definition of “Adaptation Action” Adaptation is generally defined as being an “adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.”3 Given the breadth of actions that may be taken which are in keeping with this definition, a critical first step in initiating the rapid review was determining the definition of “adaptation action” to be used within it. This process was influenced by the outcomes of a review of 135 “adaptation” activities undertaken by McGray et al (2007) that led to identification of three different models of adaptation activity: Serendipitous adaptation—“activities undertaken to achieve development objectives [that] have outcomes that incidentally may also support adaptation” (McGray et al, 2007, p. 13). This type of adaptation reflects the widely acknowledged intimate linkage between sustainable development and building capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change. Specifically, sustainable development can enhance adaptive capacity by strengthening institutions, promoting sound management of natural resources, improving health and education systems, promoting gender equity and fostering economic growth. 3 UNFCCC glossary of climate change acronyms: http://unfccc.int/essential_background/glossary/items/3666.php. 2 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Climate-proofing of development efforts—where activities are “added to an ongoing development initiative to ensure its success under a changing climate. In these cases, adaptation is seen as a means to a development end” (McGray et al, 2007, p. 13); and Discrete adaptation—where “adaptation to climate change is the primary objective of a project or initiative. From the beginning, implementers and funders of these efforts have climate change in mind” (McGray et al, 2007, p. 13). While recognizing the critical role of serendipitous adaptation and climate-proofing of development efforts in fostering adaptation to climate change in developing countries, a review of all three types of adaptation activities would be unmanageable. This study therefore focuses on an examination of discrete adaptation activities. Therefore, adaptation action within the review is defined as policies, programs and projects designed and implemented specifically to address the current and projected impacts of climate change. As such, specific reference has been made to supporting adaptation to climate change, and/or climate risk reduction in the objectives and/or rationale of each policy, program or project included in the study. Due to the selection of this definition, the review automatically presents a narrow snapshot of the wide breadth of activity (often funded though official development assistance4) that is helping developing countries build adaptive capacity and reduce their vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. Therefore, the review should not be viewed as fully representative of the entirety of adaptation action occurring in developing countries—nor of the degree to which vulnerability reduction is occurring in the countries and regions profiled. Rather, the review aims to contribute to understanding of the identified adaptation needs and priorities of different countries and regions and the degree to which discrete adaptation activities are contributing to meeting these needs. Definition of “Current” Action To further focus the study, adaptation action have been deemed to be “current” if they were ongoing or completed in 2009 or later. As such, the review does not include a range of projects completed prior to 2009 that may have significantly contributed to building local and national adaptive capacity. This observation is particularly true of adaptation action in the Caribbean and Pacific; reflecting the early interest and commitment of small island developing states (SIDS) to understanding and reducing their vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, countries in these regions began to explore adaptation concerns as early as the late 1990s. While the review’s definition of “current” adaptation action limits the scope of the study, the volume of discrete adaptation initiatives has accelerated in recent years, as reflected in the following trends: In 2010, official development assistance totaled US$128.7 billion (OECD, 2011)—a level of funding that significantly outstrips that which is currently provided in support of adaptation to climate change. See, for example, SEI and UNEP (2010). 4 3 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Financing for approved projects through the Least Developed Countries Fund has risen from nearly US$24 million in 2008 to US$177 million as of mid-2011;5 Adaptation financing through the Special Climate Change Fund has increased from 22 projects worth nearly US$90.73 million in 2009 (GEF, 2009) to 31 projects approved for financing in the amount of US$128 million as of mid-2011;6 and Financing for adaptation by four Bilateral Financial Institutes increased by 31 per cent from US$3,029 million in 2008 to US$3,963 million in 2009 (SEI and UNEP, 2010). Therefore, the review reflects the growing number of adaptation efforts initiated in recent years. Identification of Projects and Programs A wide range of climate adaptation related initiatives are underway throughout the world—covering the gamut from original scientific research that informs our understanding of current and future climate patterns, to capacity building and knowledge sharing, to the adoption of new planting practices by farmers, to the building of infrastructure that anticipates future climatic extremes. While acknowledging this diversity, to better achieve the specific objectives of the review, it has focused on time-bounded projects that support preparation for and/or implementation of practical adaptation action. As such, the review does not include projects and programs that focus on: conducting original scientific research that enhances knowledge of climate change impacts and development of the tools and techniques for reducing vulnerability; ongoing, long-term monitoring efforts (whether climatic or socio-economic) that are needed to inform decision-making; stand-alone capacity building and knowledge sharing workshops, conferences and training programs; and activities solely related to participation in the ongoing international climate change negotiations. As well, the review only captures adaptation action financed through international development assistance; it does not capture adaptation efforts financed solely by national governments. This focus reflects the original impetus for conducting the review—the current scaling up of adaptation action and the potential for duplication of effort and limited sharing of good practice—and the challenge of rapidly identifying nationally funded adaptation projects. This parameter is particularly important for countries such as Brazil and China, whose governments are engaged in self-driven and selffunded adaptation efforts that are not included within this review. Data collection Projects and programs were primarily identified through a desk-based review of the websites of UN agencies, bilateral development agencies, multilateral financial institutions, international research organizations and non-governmental organizations. Reflecting the desire for a rapid review, a 5 6 GEF, Least Developed Countries Fund website: http://www.thegef.org/gef/ldcf (accessed September, 2011). GEF, Special Climate Change Fund website: http://www.thegef.org/gef/sccf (accessed September, 2011). 4 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America comprehensive examination of all of these organizations was not undertaken; rather an emphasis was placed on capturing initiatives involving organizations generally recognized as being actively engaged in fostering climate change adaptation. Additional information regarding current and planned adaptation action was gathered through an examination of relevant reports. The process by which data were gathered for inclusion in the review has biased its content. Notably, it is highly likely that a number of small-scale projects meeting the review’s definition of adaptation action, particularly those occurring at the community level, have not been captured. As well, the accuracy of the data captured in the review significantly depends upon the accuracy and completeness of the internet resources used. Classification of projects To support analysis of the degree to which ongoing projects are addressing the priority adaptation needs of developing countries, identified initiatives have been classified in relation to two general characterizations—their sector or areas of focus and the types of activities being implemented. For the sectors or areas in which projects are supporting adaptation action, a classification system comprised of the following 14 macro project categories was developed: food, fiber and forests; ecosystems; freshwater resources; oceans and coastal areas; disaster risk management; migration and security; gender; business; infrastructure; human settlements; human health; climate information services; governance; and multi-sectoral. These macro project categories were then divided further to provide a more detailed picture of the types of projects identified through the review. For example, the macro project category of “food, fiber and forests” was sub-divided into agriculture, pastoralism, forestry and fire management. Current adaptation projects were then labeled in relation to one or more of these sub-categories. For the types of projects being implemented, a shorter list of categories was developed. Current adaptation projects have been assessed in relation to the degree they support research, assessment, capacity building, knowledge communication, policy formation and integration, field implementation and community-based adaptation. A fuller discussion of the project classification system used during this review is provided at the beginning of the appendices. Gender analysis Within the review, assessments of the degree to which gender-sensitive adaptation action are underway in different countries and regions has focused solely upon the extent to which addressing gender inequalities is a specified objective of projects and programs. The review did not assess the degree to which individual projects and programs may or may not have integrated gender issues into their detailed design.7 Therefore, the gender analysis provided in the review should not be viewed as fully representative of the degree to which current adaptation action is gender-sensitive. For example, a project may have as its objective building resilience in the agriculture sector and target farmers in general. As no reference to gender is made in the project’s objectives, it would not be considered a gender-focused 7 5 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Assessment of the effectiveness of adaptation action It should also be noted that this rapid review does not assess the quality or effectiveness of the project and programs it includes. Therefore, the review does not provide a basis upon which to judge the degree to which completed and ongoing projects have either achieved their stated objectives and/or made a positive contribution to increasing the ability of a country or region to adapt to the impacts of climate change. It only provides an indication of the intended outcomes of the identified initiatives, the type of action being taken (e.g., capacity building, policy integration and implementation of practical actions) and their area of focus (e.g., agriculture, water and health). Scientific Information Synopsis of projected changes in climate in different countries and regions included in the review are based primarily on the content of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and national assessment reports (e.g., National Communications). New scientific analysis published since the completion of these reports may have both refined and presented revised understandings of the projected consequences of climate change in different regions of the world. Therefore, the climate projection sections of the review should be viewed as indicative of anticipated trends in climatic change at the time of publication of the cited reports. Qualification of Degree of Adaptation Action To evaluate and consistently describe the relative level of adaptation activity occurring by country in each region, a simple benchmarking process has been applied across the review. Using a scale from zero to “X”, where “X” is equivalent to the number of current adaptation projects underway in the country in a particular region with the largest number of current projects,8 the scale was divided into five equivalent quintiles. Each quintile was then assigned a descriptor as follows: “Very Low” level of adaptation action = 0 to 20 per cent of “X;” “Low” level of adaptation action = 21 to 40 per cent of “X;” “Moderate” level of adaptation action = 41 to 60 per cent of “X;” “High” level of adaptation action = 61 to 80 per cent of “X;” and “Very High” level of adaptation action = 81 to 100 per cent of “X”. All countries in the region were allocated to one of these quintiles based on the total number of current adaptation projects and programs identified through the review. This benchmark approach enabled a standard methodology to be applied across all 12 regions examined in the Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action while also recognizing their adaptation action within the review. This finding would stand even if the detailed design of the project includes having set targets to ensure the involvement of female farmers. 8 In other words, the country in the region with the highest total number of current adaptation projects was identified and used as a benchmark against which to assess performance in all other countries. 6 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America individual differences. (For example, the smaller geographies and populations of SIDS suggest that hosting, for instance, 15 projects might reflect a higher level of activity than what might be possible for larger and more populated countries.) However, this methodology does not assess the financial size of individual projects; small projects are given equal weight in comparison to large projects. This approach also does not account for a country’s comparative geographic size, population, level of development and other factors that may affect its level of adaptation activity. Therefore, these contextual influences are discussed within individual country profiles and regional comparisons. Countries and Regions Incorporated in the Review The following criteria were considered to identify countries to be included in the Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action in Africa, Asia-Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean, and determine their regional allocations: Inclusion only of non-Annex I Parties to UNFCCC; Allocation by region in accordance with the classification system used by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD, 2010); and The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee’s list of countries eligible to receive official development assistance in 2009 and 2010 (OECD, 2009). Definition of “Communities of Practice” Communities of practice traditionally have been defined as “groups of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly” (Wenger, 2006). These groups are usually defined by a shared domain of interest and relationships than enable mutual learning. Broadly speaking, two different types of communities of practice with an interest in adaptation to climate change may be identified as: Established communities of practice, usually defined by a sector or issue, which have begun to integrate consideration of adaptation needs and priorities into their existing knowledge sharing efforts (e.g., a community of foresters discussing methods of integrating projected climate risk into their management planning); and New communities of practice established specifically due to a shared interest in adaptation to climate change (e.g., community-based adaptation experts). Of these two broad groupings, the review gives attention only to communities of practice, which originated due to their shared interest in adaptation to climate change. This includes networks of non-governmental organizations actively engaged in sharing information regarding climate change. This focus reflects the greater challenge of identifying and assessing the degree to which the vast array of traditional associations and networks have begun to integrate adaptation concerns into their discussions. 7 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Anticipated Reader Finally, it should be noted that the review has been written in a manner that assumes that its readers will have a basic understanding of adaptation to climate change. As such it does not provide definitions of terms such as “National Communication” or “National Adaptation Programmes of Action.” Nor are explanations of key concepts included, such as “adaptive capacity,” “mainstreaming,” the relationship between climate change and development, or the challenges associated with the implementation of adaptation actions at the policy and program levels. 3.0 Climate Projections South America is a highly heterogeneous region in terms of climate, ranging from tropical, humid Amazonia, to the Andean highlands, to semi-arid areas and deserts, to Patagonia and Antarctica. The region’s climate is highly influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Over the past decades, climate variability and extreme events such as heavy rainfall, hail storms, floods and droughts—many related to the ENSO phenomenon—have been reported in various areas of the region. Perhaps most dramatically, in 2004, an unprecedented hurricane formed in the South Atlantic and hit north-eastern Brazil. Important changes in precipitation and temperatures also have been observed. Rainfall has been increasing in south-east Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Argentinean Pampas, but decreasing in southern Chile, south-western Argentina and southern Peru. Temperatures increases of 0.5° to 1°C have been observed in many areas.9 As a result of these trends, glaciers have retreated rapidly; some Andean glaciers in the small ranges of Peru have lost up to 80 per cent of their surface over the past few decades. At the same time, sea levels have risen by up to 2 to 3 millimeters per year in the region (Magrin et al., 2007). Climate projections indicate that further increases in temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns will occur over the remainder of this century. According to Christensen et al. (2007), warming will be similar to the global average10 in the southern half of South America, whereas it will likely be above average for Amazonia (i.e., the northern half of the continent). Based on work presented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Global Circulation Models suggest that the Amazonia region will experience a mean annual warming of 3.3oC (within a range of 1.8o to 5.1°C) by 2080 to 2099. For Southern South America, the degree of An exception has been along the western coast of southern Peru and Chile, where temperatures have been declining somewhat (ECLAC, 2010). 10 Projections presented in Christensen et al. (2007) suggest that mean annual global temperatures will rise between 1.8 o and 4.0oC by the period of 2090 to 2099 relative to temperatures in 1980 to 1999, based on upon use of the B1 emissions scenario compared to the A1F1 emissions scenario. 9 8 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America warming is projected to be less, with a mean value of 2.5°C within a range of 1.7° to 3.9°C (Christensen et al., 2007).11 More recently, results presented by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), suggest that warming in South America will range from 1° to 4°C based on use of a B212 (low emissions) scenario and from 2° to 6°C using the A2 (high emissions) scenario13 (ECLAC, 2010).14 Consistent with the IPCC’s projections, the Amazon is expected to warm more rapidly than other areas; under the A2 scenario, temperatures could increase by 5°C as early as in the period 2041 to 2070, compared to a base period of 1961 to 1990. By the end of the century (the period of 2071 to 2100), warming could reach between 7°C and 10°C. The Andes are also expected to experience above-average temperature rise. The trends are generally less pronounced for the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador as well as for the Southern parts of Argentina and Chile (ECLAC, 2010). Results presented in South American countries’ National Communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are largely in line with these projections with the exception of Peru; here, the expected rise in temperatures according to national studies is significantly lower compared to the above results (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010). Regional precipitation projections are much more uncertain, with different climate models showing entirely opposite patterns; projections range from positive to negative for all sub-regions, seasons and time horizons (Magrin et al., 2007). According to Christensen et al. (2007), annual mean precipitation is projected to decrease on the Caribbean coast, large parts of northern Brazil, the southern Andes, Chile and Patagonia. In contrast, precipitation increases are expected for Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, around the equator and in the southeast of the continent.15 The projections16 presented in ECLAC (2010) are broadly comparable, under both the B2 (low emission) and A2 (high emission) scenarios. They show a distinctive pattern of: decreasing rainfall in the north-eastern areas of South America, in the southwest of Bolivia, and in the southern two thirds of Chile; and increasing precipitation in all other areas—especially west of the Ecuadorian mainland and in western Brazil. This projection is based on averages generated by 21 global models in the multi-model data set for the A1B scenario (a medium-high emissions scenario) and assessed in comparison to a base time period of 1980 to 1999 (Christensen et al., 2007). 12 As per the IPCC’s 2001 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, the B2 scenario assume some degree of emissions mitigation through more efficient energy use and better-positioned solutions. The outcome of these processes would be lower generation, and therefore concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions (ECLAC, 2010). 13 As per the IPCC’s 2001 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, the A2 scenario assumes that there will be slower economic growth, less globalization and a steadily high rate of population growth. The outcome of this scenario is the generation of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations that far exceed current levels (ECLAC, 2010). 14 ECLAC’s results are based on information of the Brazilian National Institute on Space Research (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) and on the HadRM3P climate model. 15 Precipitation projections based on averages generated by 21 global models in the multi-model data set for the A1B scenario (a medium-high emissions scenario) and assessed in comparison to a base time period of 1980 to 1999 (Christensen et al., 2007). 16 Note that these projections are based only on use of the HadRM3P model. 11 9 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Annual mean projections can hide changes in seasonal cycles. In the Amazon basin, projections suggest that rainfall may decrease between December and February, but increase between June and August, whereas in other region the annual trend translates into similar seasonal trends (Christensen et al., 2007). National Communications and other national-level studies tend to confirm the above results. They also highlight the high levels of uncertainty around precipitation projections. Projections also suggest that the frequency of extreme events in the region will increase (Magrin et al. (2007). It is anticipated that heavy rainfall events in the tropical and southeast regions of South America will increase (ECLAC, 2010), along with the number of consecutive dry days in most areas, but particularly in eastern Brazil. However, as with precipitation, the uncertainty ranges for extreme event projections are very large. On the other hand, the rapid retreat of Andean inter-tropical glaciers is certain to continue, with projections that these glaciers are very likely to disappear in the coming decades (Magrin et al., 2007). Colombia expects to lose all its glaciers within this century (República de Colombia, 2001), and Peru projects that glaciers less than 5,000 meters above sea level may disappear between 2015 and 2020 (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010). Sea level rise is also certain to continue. However, the uncertainty range is large; applying a regional adjustment to the global projections by Meehl et al. (2007),17 McSweeney et al. (2008) predict a 0.18 to 0.43 meter increase by the 2090s according to the most optimistic scenarios and a 0.23 to 0.56 meter increase for the A2 (high emission) scenario. The uncertainty associated with climate projections in South America, especially for precipitation and extreme events, relates mainly to the inability of current Global Circulation Models to project changes in hydrological cycles at regional scales (Magrin et al., 2007). Regional Climate Models, on the other hand, have not been used extensively in South America as they are still being tested and developed. Furthermore, even if the broad regional trends can be projected with some certainty, the local climate may differ markedly from regional averages. This is especially true for mountain areas, where changes in atmospheric circulation can induce large variability at the local scale (Christensen et al., 2007). Although large information gaps remain, a number of clear messages emerge from the state of the art of climate projections for South America. First, there are clear warming trends everywhere. Future warming is likely to be more rapid in the northern half of the continent. Glacier retreat and sea level rise have also been observed and are certain to continue. Rainfall patterns are changing, with potentially large increases and decreases over different areas of South America. Under existing IPCC emissions scenarios present a range of sea level rise predictions, based on various emissions scenarios, and resulting from thermal expansion of the oceans and land ice changes. On one end of the spectrum, under the B1 emissions scenario of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (2001), global sea levels are expected to rise from between 0.18 meters to 0.38 meters over the course of the century. On the opposite end of the spectrum, emissions scenario A1F1 predicts a global sea level rise of between 0.25 meters and 0.6 meters over the same time period. There is still a significant amount of uncertainty in these projections, as records on sea level rise remain relatively short and there are uncertainties relating to the loss of land ice (Meehl et al., 2007). 17 10 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America projections, the most likely scenario is that central and south-eastern parts as well as the northern Pacific coasts will become wetter and the rest of the continent dryer. Extreme events may become more frequent. The increasing uncertainty over future climate is an important issue for climate risk reduction strategies, as it will require economies and societies to develop in a way that makes them more resilient to various potential climate stresses. The sensitivity of human and ecological systems to climatic changes translates into risks for lives and livelihoods. South America is home to an impressive array of biological diversity, but many species are very sensitive to changes in averages and extreme weather events. Water resources are affected by changes in precipitation, increased evapotranspiration due to higher temperatures, sea level rise and glacier retreat. Agriculture is a key economic sector for most South American countries, and many crops are highly sensitive to increased temperatures and changes in rainfall. Coastal areas, where large parts of the population and economic activities are located, are facing increasing sea levels. And climate can be an important risk factor in diseases such as malaria and dengue fever; it can also directly affect health problems such as heat stroke (Magrin et al., 2007). 4.0 Needs and Priorities within South America South American countries have implicitly or explicitly identified their priority areas for climate change adaptation through their National Communications to the UNFCCC as well as national strategies, action plans, policies and mechanisms. As noted in Table 1, among the priority sectors identified by countries, agriculture, sometimes explicitly linked to food security, is mentioned by all countries. Water, coastal resources, biodiversity and forestry are priority areas for almost all countries. Health and energy are also mentioned in many country documents. Further issues such as urban systems, transport, housing, fisheries, semi-arid areas, waste management and disaster risk management have been identified by some countries. As well, through their National Communications and other strategic documents, governments often identify non-sector-specific adaptation needs, including capacity building, awareness raising and education campaigns, as well as the development of appropriate institutions and policies to support the implementation of specific adaptation measures. Resource-Dependent Economic Sectors: Agriculture, livestock, fisheries and forestry Despite its decreasing role in national economies, agriculture remains a key sector for most countries of the region for a number of reasons. First, taking into account agriculture, livestock, fisheries and forestry, as well as related services such as agro-industrial production, the sector represents a large part of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for many countries; for instance, 32 per cent of GDP in Argentina (República Argentina, 2007) and 33 per cent in Guyana (CCCCC, 2009). Second, the sector is even more important in terms of exports for many countries. In Uruguay and Paraguay, agricultural goods earn more than half of their annual foreign exchange (Secretaría de Ambiente, 2001; Uruguay, 2010). Brazil is the world’s main exporter of many agricultural products, including 11 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Table 1: Comparison of priority sectors for adaptation as identified by South American countries through their National Communications and other strategic documents* Agriculture Water & Food Resources Security Biodiversity & Forestry Coastal zones Energy Human health Other Priorities Urban systems, transport Human settlements, risk management Argentina Bolivia Brazil Urban areas, semi-arid areas Chile Fishery Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Infrastructure Waste - Services, transport - Integrated risk management, economic sectors Socio-economy *Information in this table is mainly derived from: República Argentina (2007); Ministerio de Planificación y Desarrollo (2007); MCT (2010).; CONAMA (2008); República de Colombia (2001); República de Colombia (2010); Ministerio del Ambiente (2000); Guyana (2001); Guyana (2002); Secretaría de Ambiente (2001); Ministerio del Ambiente (2010); Perú (2001); Republic of Suriname (2005); SNRCC (2010); República Bolivariana de Venezuela (2005). sugarcane and beef (MCT, 2010), and Peru earns US$1.8 billion a year through agricultural exports (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010). Third, agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry provide employment and income for a large part of the South American population. In Peru, almost one fourth of the economically active population works in this sector. In rural areas, this share is 65 per cent (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010). Finally, agriculture, livestock and fisheries are essential for food security, which is a major concern for many countries including Ecuador (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2000) and Bolivia (MMAyA, 2009). Forests provide firewood and many ecosystems services such as a good microclimate, water regulation and reduced soil erosion. Agriculture is a priority sector for adaptation in all South American countries, and forestry and ecosystems for most of them. Its importance is mainly due to the high sensitivity to climate variability and change of these sectors. A range of crop simulations undertaken in the region suggest that the effects of climate change on production will vary widely depending on the crop, region and climate scenario. Positive impacts can be expected for certain crops and pastures in southern South America, especially in the mid-term. In contrast, in tropical regions impacts generally appear to be more negative, including certain dramatic reductions—such as the almost complete eradication of maize in the Venezuelan Piedmont (Magrin et al., 2007). National-level studies have been completed as well by several countries. Colombia, for instance, expects lower coffee yields due to lack of rainfall. Woodlands too could suffer due to a lack of precipitation, and desertification could increase (República de Colombia, 2010). In Peru, potato 12 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America yields could be reduced if temperatures are too high at night (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010). Paraguay expects lower milk production as the optimal temperature range will be exceeded (Secretaría de Ambiente, 2001). The vulnerability of resource-dependent sectors is compounded by high levels of poverty, lack of education and know-how, and poor access to financial services (e.g., Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010). South American governments have identified a wide range of priority adaptation measures to address the vulnerabilities of their resource-dependent sectors. For agriculture and livestock, proposed measures include: agro-climatic risk management systems and weather prediction; agricultural research, hazard-resistant varieties, genetic modification and adaptation, and technology transfer; water efficiency measures; increased and more efficient irrigation; silos and forage storage; soil conservation and management, shelterbelts, shadow nets, agroforestry and integrated production systems; land use planning and agro-ecological zoning; pest control; rural extension programs, cooperative development and insurance mechanisms; and further vulnerability and impact studies. For fisheries, the promotion of aquaculture, especially shrimp cultures, is recommended. Proposed forestry adaptation measures include sustainable forest management; the establishment of ecological corridors; monitoring systems; the introduction of resistant species; protective forest plantations; integrated rural development in watersheds; and agroforestry. Water and Energy Water resources are considered an adaptation priority by almost all South American nations due to its overarching importance for human life. Water is the crucial link between climate change and many vulnerable sectors such as agriculture, hydroelectric power and human health. Many of the observed and projected changes affect the availability and quality of water. Retreating glaciers in the Andes, for instance, threaten the water supply of cities such as La Paz and Lima (MMAyA, 2009; Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010). Since the 1970s, Peru’s glaciers have already declined by an estimated 22 per cent, resulting in a 12 per cent reduction in freshwater supply in coastal zones where 60 per cent of the population lives (Magrin et al., 2007). Peru projects that its water supply will be further reduced by 6 per cent by 2030, except in the northern part of the country. Similarly, Colombia is projected to face highly stressed water supply conditions between 2015 and 2025 (Magrin et al., 2007). Water is also relevant for energy, as many countries in the region rely on hydropower for a large part of their electricity supply (e.g. Schaeffer et al., 2008). Glacial retreat is anticipated to adversely affect electricity generation by countries like Peru and Colombia. For instance, the Mantaro River in Peru is considered to be among the most vulnerable to the impacts of glacial retreat. It generates 40 per cent of Peru’s electricity supply, which is used to support 70 per cent of the country’s industries (Magrin et al., 2007; and citations therein). Hydropower production is also vulnerable to extreme changes in rainfall associated with ENSO events, which historically have adversely affected generation capacity in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela (Magrin et 13 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America al., 2007). Glacial melting translates not only to a reduction in water availability, but also to an increased risk of landslides and floods due to a rise in glacial lakes (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010). Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns affect agriculture and water supply for human consumption across the continent. Human health can also be affected by the presence of too much or too little water. The existing vulnerability, exemplified by millions of people without access to a safe water supply, large populations in water-stressed watersheds and growing demand for water by increasing populations (Magrin et al., 2007), translate into increasing climate hazards and serious risks for lives and livelihoods. Without proper resource management, freshwater availability will continue to encounter negative impacts from climate change, and the severity of these may increase through time. Many countries have identified adaptation priorities for the water sector. These include: integrated watershed management (including mapping, planning and coordination); structural measures such as water dams, storage, drainage, linkages between watersheds and artificial and rainwater recharge of reservoirs; efficient irrigation; adjusted parameters for flood-prone infrastructure; water efficiency and conservation measures; an early warning system for droughts and floods; aquifer monitoring systems, land use planning, price and fiscal measures; and more studies. Many proposed measures relate specifically to agriculture (e.g., identify and foster high-value per water use crops and optimization of cultivation practices). Some countries have also identified adaptation actions for the energy sector. They often include general measures such as energy efficiency, energy demand management and promotion of alternative energies. Several countries, including Chile (CONAMA, 2008) and Brazil (MCT, 2010) need further vulnerability studies, especially for hydropower production. Argentina calls for better grid interconnections with other countries and nuclear energy development (República Argentina, 2007). Coastal Zones All South American countries with access to the sea18 have implicitly or explicitly prioritized coastal areas for adaptation action. Maritime coasts are vulnerable to sea level rise and related threats; this in turn affects mangrove ecosystems and increases the vulnerability of food production systems such as floodplain fisheries. Potential impacts include floods, erosion, salinization of drinking water resources, and the destruction of farm land, terrestrial and marine ecosystems (Magrin et al., 2007). Many countries have identified the specific vulnerabilities of their coastal areas in National Communications and other important documents. In countries like Guyana, large parts of the population and economic activity, especially agriculture, are concentrated in coastal areas (e.g., Guyana, 2002). In countries like Colombia and Uruguay, coastal erosion, sometimes further worsened by droughts, threatens ecosystems and tourism (República de Colombia, 2010; Uruguay, 2010). Some of Colombia’s islands could lose up to 10 per cent of their surface by the end of the 18 The only landlocked countries in South America are Bolivia and Paraguay. 14 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America century (República de Colombia, 2010). In Chile’s Golfo de Arauco, small-scale fisheries are deemed at risk from rising sea levels (CONAMA, 2008). Floods and salinity are increasing in the Rio de la Plata estuary in the proximity of Argentina’s capital Buenos Aires (República Argentina, 2007). To address such vulnerabilities, countries have identified a wide range of adaptation needs, including: vulnerability and impact studies; coastal asset inventories and monitoring; shore protection, involving the establishment of buffer zones, dikes, dams, breakwaters, beach nourishment procedures, as well as the climate-proofing of existing and planned infrastructure; adjustment of water supply, sanitation and drainage systems for coastal cities and infrastructure; mangrove protection, biological improvement and reforestation; adjustment in shrimp farming systems; managed retreat from risky areas; and integrated coastal zone management. Human Health The impacts of climate change on human health are a priority concern in all except three South American countries (Ecuador, Guyana and Venezuela). Many national strategic documents highlight the increased spread of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and schistosomiasis as one of the key consequences for health (e.g. República Argentina, 2007; Secretaría de Ambiente, 2001). Also of concern are: heat-related health issues such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems and skin cancer; water-borne diseases and water scarcity (e.g., Republic of Suriname, 2005); and the impacts of extreme climate events (Ministerio de Planificación y Desarrollo, 2007). In order to counter these threats, countries propose a range of health-related measures in their National Communications and other key documents. Many of these are not climate-specific, such as: epidemiological monitoring and control; disease projection systems; increased capacity to deal with emerging and spreading diseases such as malaria and dengue fever; community health services; sanitation measures; promotion of the use of mosquito nets; and malaria diagnosis and treatment programs. Many governments also recommend further vulnerability assessments for both the population and the health systems themselves as it appears that the links between climate and health are still not very well understood. They also call for better inter-institutional collaboration— particularly between health and risk management systems—in areas such as databases and monitoring. Through these, it is expected that the climate-related risk factors can be reduced. 5.0 Assessment of Adaptation Action within South America To help address their adaptation needs, South American countries have developed policy and project-focused strategies and actions at the regional and national level; they are also participating in activities with global reach. 15 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 5.1 Regional Level Action While few actions in South America involve all countries in the region, many adaptation projects and programs bring together a number of countries. In fact, the majority of adaptation programming underway in several South American countries is through shared initiatives that bring together Latin American countries. However, when it comes to strategy and policy formation at the intergovernmental level, there has so far been little collaboration between countries. Regional policy actions One prominent intergovernmental initiative involving all the Spanish- and Portuguese- speaking countries of South America (i.e., all countries except Suriname and Guyana), is the Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices (RIOCC), which was created in 2004 by the environment ministers of each participating country. Other countries participating in RIOCC are: the Central American states of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama; Mexico; the Caribbean states of the Dominican Republic and Cuba; as well as Spain and Portugal. RIOCC provides a regional platform for knowledge exchange, capacity building and the promotion of regional adaptation projects. Spain has been coordinating the network and funds most of its activities. RIOCC is recognized by the Nairobi Work Programme on Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change (NWP) as an official partner organization (RIOCC, 2008). In order to assist parties in improving their understanding and assessment of impacts, vulnerability and adaptation and to make informed decisions on practical adaptation actions, the “IberoAmerican Programme on Adaptation to Climate Change” (PIACC) was developed through RIOCC. PIACC specifically aims to improve institutional frameworks; synergize with regional adaptation initiatives and agencies; support climate research and systematic observation; promote the exchange of knowledge, experiences, tools and methods for evaluating impacts, vulnerability and adaptation; promote the development of adaptation projects in key sectors, with an emphasis on trans-border and multi-sectoral activities; inform and communicate PIACC’s work; and elaborate assessment reports on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation. PIACC’s activities are aligned with the NWP (RIOCC, 2008). Through the framework of PIACC, Spain and other donors support a number of regional activities such as capacity building workshops on climate scenarios as well as on the integration of adaptation into development policies and projects, and research programs on coastal zones and forestry (see Table 2). In addition, a cooperation agreement was signed with UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction in 2008 in order to promote the exchange of know-how and experiences between disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change, and to integrate both issues within regional and UNFCCC processes. Under this agreement, capacity building, institutional strengthening, coordination and communication activities have been pursued in various RIOCC countries. 16 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America No regional climate change strategy exists to date, although the Andean Community (CAN)—which currently counts Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru as full members, and Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay as associated countries—has elaborated a scoping paper for such a strategy (CAN, 2011). It highlights the high vulnerability of CAN member countries in the face of climatic hazards such as El Niño, and the lack of response capacity due to high levels of poverty and low human development indicators in many areas. As a particular threat, the paper mentions glacier retreat and the consequential water scarcity for human consumption, agriculture, industry and hydropower production (CAN, 2007). However, the paper does not propose a common action framework or any strategic guidelines. Project and program actions Table 2 shows a large number of adaptation projects that are either currently underway or very recently finalized, and that include at least two South American countries. There are sector-specific projects for agriculture, freshwater supplies, human health, ecosystems/biodiversity and coastalmarine areas, as well as many cross-sectoral projects. Almost all the projects support research and/or capacity building activities. Sectoral activities include a range of agriculture projects looking at adaptation options for potatoes, wheat and coffee, as well as at livelihoods and entire agricultural systems in certain regions. For freshwater supplies, the identified regional activities look at two of the most important rivers of the continent—the Amazon and the Rio de la Plata. Both watersheds cover a number of countries, and require integrated and transnational management, especially in the face of climate change. The projects aim at strengthening their respective institutions and propose new policies. The human health projects are primarily studying health-related vulnerability and impacts, and providing suggestions on adaptation options. The biodiversity and ecosystem-focused adaptation projects focus on knowledge generation and sharing related to the tropical Andes and mountain forests. A research project is also looking at impacts and adaptation in coastal-marine areas. The cross-sectoral projects and programs often aim at building capacities at different levels. One project, “Design and Implementation of Climate Change Adaptation Measures in the Andean Region,” funded by the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), aims at implementing specific actions to reduce the risks associated with glacier retreat. These projects are often stand-alone initiatives, although some are part of larger programs or cooperation agreement. The European Commission, for instance, launched the EUROCLIMA program to cooperate with all of Latin America on climate change. It co-financed the “Review of the Economics of Climate Change in South America” project (see Table 2) and will support further activities. As well, Spain funds the Regional Gateway for Technology Transfer and Climate Change Action (REGATTA) initiative led by UNEP. It aims mainly to improve knowledge management and information exchange throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, such as through the establishment of regional centers of excellence on climate knowledge and technologies. 17 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America The Andean countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru are participating in almost half of the projects focused exclusively on South America. The Southern Cone countries of Argentina, Brazil and Chile take part in four projects each, while Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela are each involved in three projects. The Caribbean coast countries, Guyana and Suriname, participate in two regional projects. With respect to participation in projects involving a full array of Latin American and Caribbean countries, and global projects, all South American countries are engaged, with the heaviest involvement seen in Colombia and Peru. Whereas these ongoing activities cover a wide range of adaptation needs, they leave some important thematic and geographic gaps. Agriculture has so far received the most attention, while priority sectors such as coastal zones and the potential impacts of climate change on energy production, particularly in the hydroelectric sector, have not been addressed as extensively. There are also still relatively few water projects, considering the potentially significant impacts climate change could have on this crucial resource. In health, the key concerns (i.e., vector-borne and water-borne diseases as well as heat-related problems), have not been addressed through specific regional programs. This may be due to a general lack of knowledge on the exact links between climate and health. There is also a skewed regional distribution, with three countries—Colombia, Bolivia and Peru—receiving the most attention. This may, however, be explained through higher vulnerability of these areas, compared to the Southern Cone countries and language barriers inhibiting participation by nonSpanish speaking countries. Finally, there is in all areas a gap in terms of implementation of concrete adaptation action, as many ongoing projects remain focused on research and capacity building. Funding for the regional adaptation projects underway in South America is being provided by several sources, but particularly by the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB). Other funders of multiple regional adaptation projects are the European Union, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) and the Government of Germany. Over and above the regional projects previously discussed, five South American countries are the sole regional participants in some ongoing global adaptation projects: Bolivia takes part in the following three prominent global adaptation projects: o The World Bank’s “Pilot Program for Climate Resilience,” which aims at integrating climate resilience into development planning; scale-up and leverage climate resilient investment; as well as enable learning-by-doing and sharing of lessons at country, regional and global levels; o The “Community-based Adaptation Program” financed through the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and being implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); and 18 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America o The “Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Study”19 led by the World Bank that aimed to provide decision makers in developing countries with guidance on the evaluation of climate change risks and better design of adaptation strategies. Colombia is taking part in the Spanish-funded “Integrating Climate Change Risks and Opportunities into National Development” project that aims to improve the capacities of UN staff and government stakeholders to integrate risks and opportunities of climate change into national programming and development policies. Guyana is participating in the following Caribbean and global projects: o “Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change”20 project, which aims to build capacities in risk identification, vulnerability reduction, and resource access; it also promotes education and outreach as well as project management; and o “Global Climate Change Alliance,” a project financed by the European Union that supports projects focused on disaster risk reduction and integrating climate change into poverty reduction efforts. Peru is taking part in two further global initiatives: o The UNDP “Climate Risk Management Technical Assistance Support Project” (CRM TASP), which aims at increasing in-country capacities to manage current and future climate risks and is being implemented in over 20 countries worldwide; and o Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit’s (GIZ) “Adaptation for Smallholders to Climate Change” (AdapCC), which helps coffee and tea farmers of the Cafédirect supply chain to deal with climate risks and impacts. Suriname is participating in “CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas: Phase 1,”21 a project involving 15 countries from the Caribbean region focused on identifying the potential consequences of climate change for sectors related to tourism and livelihoods. Of course, the programming activities described in this review do not give a full account of adaptation-relevant action in South America. First, a number of smaller-scale projects likely have been overlooked due to more limited availability of information. Second, in many sectors there is a large overlap between adaptation and development action, meaning that many initiatives that contribute to increasing adaptive capacity, but are not labeled as discrete adaptation efforts, are not identified. This includes initiatives related to sustainable agriculture, integrated watershed management, improved access to health care services, and disaster risk reduction. The number of regional adaptation projects in South America is expected to expand in the future. One important identified initiative is the U.S. Department of State’s “Energy and Climate Partnership for the Americas,” which is already taking action. In addition, the United States plans to World Bank, http://climatechange.worldbank.org/content/economics-adaptation-climate-change-study-homepage CCCCC, http://caribbeanclimate.bz/projects/projects.html 21 CARIBSAVE, http://www.caribsave.org/index.php?id=5; and DFID, http://projects.dfid.gov.uk/project.aspx?Project=201634 19 20 19 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America implement a US$1.0 million adaptation program in Argentina, Chile and Peru.22 Programs such as EUROCLIMA and REGATTA mentioned above are set to develop new activities. At the national level, Peru is proposed as a participating country in the project “Up-scaling and Replicating Successful Approaches to Adaptation at the Local Level” proposed to the SCCF; and Uruguay is developing a project for submission to the Adaptation Fund Board. Without doubt additional projects are in development but have not been identified here either because they are not yet specific enough or because no written account has been accessed. Table 2. Current adaptation actions in South America at the regional, Latin America and Caribbean and global levels Name Objectives Participating Countries Project Details Regional Initiatives only involving South American countries Agriculture 1. Climate Change in a Living Landscape: Vulnerability and Adaptation in the Eastern Cordillera Real of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru23 Climate Change and Irrigated Agriculture: Towards a better understanding of driving forces and feedbacks between decision makers and biophysical environments and their 2. impacts on hydrological cycle and land use24 Improve regional coordination, maintain Colombia, Ecuador, the integrity of natural ecosystems and Peru promote sustainable livelihoods through targeted action that contribute to reduce major conservation threats, including climate change and the urgent need to develop adaptation strategies. Evaluate impacts of climate and land use Argentina, Chile change on irrigated agriculture and characterize feedbacks between environment and adaptation decisions; assess changes in water demands and irrigation needs at the regional level in response to changes in hydrometeorological conditions and land use; analyze the vulnerability of water and land use system; identify and evaluate adaptation opportunities for decision makers Funder(s) EU Total Budget Implementing WWF, national Agency(s) partners Duration ?–2010 Project Type Policy formation and integration Focus Area Agriculture; Ecosystem conservation Funder(s) Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research Total Budget Implementing Pontificia Agency(s) Universidad Catolica de Chile; Cornell University; Miami Rosenstrel School; INTA Duration 2007–2011 Project Type Policy formation and integration Focus Area Freshwater supply; United States Department of State, http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rpts/faststart/latinamerica/151649.htm WWF, http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/colombia/?183441/Cordillera-Real-Oriental-un-paisaje-vivo 24 IAI, http://iaibr1.iai.int/cgi-bin/SCI_Projects_Dynamic_Pages/SGP-HD/Factsheets/SGP-HD_3.pdf 22 23 20 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Participating Countries Project Details Agriculture Utilization of Potato Genetic Diversity as Tool to Adaptation to Climate Change25 3. Adaptation to Climate Change of Wheat and Potatoes Productive Systems26 4. 5. To contribute to the adaptation of potato Bolivia, Peru production systems to the expected impact of climate change, in order to develop technological alternatives to counteract the direct and potential effects of climate change (drought- and frost-tolerant varieties; high quality seeds; tools for risk evaluation) and the negative impacts on farmers and their families; as well as develop a climate change prevention and mitigation plan suited to the particular conditions of communities in the high Andes. The objective of this program is to Chile, Peru, contribute to the improvement of the Uruguay adaptive capacity of the region through an increase in the competitiveness of the productive systems of potato and wheat to climate change in South America. Specifically, the project will support the selection and development of genotypes with increased tolerance to drought and high temperatures. The project is being led and implemented by local institutions. Regional Program to The project seeks to promote integrated Bolivia, Colombia, Adaptation to Climate measures of adaptation to climate Ecuador, Peru Change in Andes Region change in the agricultural sector with the countries members of the CAN. It will strengthen national food security strategies in the context of climate change adaptation and institutions in the agriculture sector. Funder(s) IADB, cofinancing Total Budget US$742,520 Implementing Fundación para Agency(s) la Promoción e Investigación de Productores Andinos Duration 2009–? Project Type Research; Policy formation and integration Focus Area Agriculture Funder(s) IADB Total Budget US$920,000 Implementing Instituto de Agency(s) Investigaciones Agropecuarios Duration 2010– ? Project Type Research; Capacity building Focus Area Agriculture Funder(s) German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ) Total Budget Implementing GIZ, CAN, Agency(s) government ministries Duration 2011–2016 Project Type Policy formation and integration; Capacity building Focus Area Agriculture Freshwater supply 25 26 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=rg-t1690 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=rg-t1657 21 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name 6. Integrated and Sustainable Management of Transboundary Water Resources in the Amazon River Basin Considering Climate Variability and Change 27 Sustainable Management of the Water Resources of the la Plata Basin with Respect to the Effects of Climate Variability and Change28 7. Objectives Participating Countries To strengthen, in a coordinated and coherent manner, the institutional framework for planning and executing activities for the protection and sustainable management of the water resources of the Amazon River Basin, endeavoring to realize a shared vision of sustainable development in the region based upon the protection and integrated management of transboundary water resources and adaptation to climatic changes. Bolivia, Brazil, Funder(s) Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Total Budget Suriname, Implementing Venezuela Agency(s) To strengthen transboundary Argentina, Bolivia, cooperation among the riparian country Brazil, Paraguay, governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay Paraguay and Uruguay to ensure management of shared water resources of the Rio Plata in an integrated sustainable manner, within the context of climate variability and change, while capitalizing on development opportunities. Project Details GEF, cofinancing US$51.5 million UNEP, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization, OAS Duration 2009–2014 Project Type Capacity building; Policy formation and integration Focus Area Watershed management Funder(s) GEF, governments Total Budget US$62.5 million Implementing UNEP, OAS, Agency(s) National Environmental Ministries Duration 2011–2015 Project Type Capacity building; Policy formation and integration Focus Area Watershed management Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay Funder(s) IADB Total Budget US$1,202,000 Plus: Mexico Duration 2010–? Project Type Knowledge communication; Research Focus Area Human health Human health Regional Instruments for Adaptation to Climate Change by the Health Sector29 8. The project aims to create mechanisms to broaden knowledge of current and future impacts of climate on health in the population. Implementing IADB Agency(s) IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799471058 and http://www.otca.org.br/gefam/ IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799469815 29 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/regional-integration/project-information,3072.html?id=RG-T1681 27 28 22 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Participating Countries Project Details “To provide tropical Andean countries with a standard methodology for estimating climate change risks for biodiversity at local scales that can be used to design adaptation measures tailored to particular conditions. Case studies will be conducted during three years (2011–2013) on short- to mediumterm climate change trends, biodiversity patterns and gradients and the vulnerability of species and ecosystems to climate and land use changes in two cross-border areas: a) the Pacific slope of the Northern Andes, in the border region of Colombia and Ecuador; [and] (b) the Amazonian slope of the Central Andes, in the border region of Bolivia and Peru.” Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Funder(s) The objective of the project is to create a regional system of public information on climate change and its potential impact on the biodiversity of the tropical Andes. The aim of the project is to contribute in the generation of public policies and the insertion of biodiversity conservation into the national climate change plans of participant countries. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Biodiversity, Ecosystem conservation, Ecosystem restoration Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity in the Tropical Andes: Climate risk, vulnerability and decision making tools for the planning of conservation30 9. Climate Change and Biodiversity Information in the Tropical Andes (Información de Cambio Climático y Biodiversidad para el Fomento de Políticas 10. Públicas de Conservación y Adaptación en la Región de los Andes Tropicales)31 Potential Impact of Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean Mountain 11. Forest Ecosystems32 John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Total Budget Implementing IAI Agency(s) The objective of the project is to generate Regional (countries knowledge and tools for sustainable not specified) management of Ibero-American mountain forests to the potential impacts of climate change, and it will create international institutional networks that will promote the use and continuing improvement of those tools. This will Duration 2011–2013 Project Type Research Focus Area Biodiversity Funder(s) IADB; cofinancing Total Budget US$878,720 Implementing Centro Agency(s) Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño Duration 2011–? Project Type Policy formation and integration; Knowledge communication Focus Area Biodiversity; Civil society Funder(s) IADB Total Budget US$738,770 Implementing CATIE Agency(s) Duration 2011–? Project Type Capacity building; IAI, http://www.iai.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120&Itemid=68 http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=35427915 32 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=RG-T1837 30 31 23 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Participating Countries include the cooperation necessary to assure regional capacity growth in this topic. Project Details Knowledge communication Focus Area Ecosystem conservation Funder(s) Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research Multi-sectoral Coming Down the Mountain: Understanding the vulnerability of Andean communities to hydroclimatologic variability and global 33 12. environmental change Design and Implementation of Pilot Climate Change Adaptation Measures in the Andean Region (PRAA Project)34 13. Reducing Climate 14. Change Vulnerability through Adaptation35 To identify and characterize Argentina, Bolivia, vulnerabilities of specific stakeholders to Chile climate variability and climate-induced water problems; evaluate policies and capacities of water management institutions to reduce the vulnerabilities of stakeholders; and analyze results of objectives 1 and 2 relative to regional climate change scenarios and future hydrological conditions. Implement measures to meet the Bolivia, Ecuador, anticipated consequences of the Peru, Venezuela catastrophic glacier retreat induced by climate change through design and implementation of strategic pilot adaptation measures to address key impacts of glacier retreat, including: management plans for potable water systems in urban areas; promotion of less water consuming management practices in the agricultural sector; and measures to increase the natural water storage capacity of highland ecosystems. The project seeks to extend the INE/ECC South America adaptation work program throughout the (countries not different sectors of the Bank. It will specified) Total Budget Implementing University of Agency(s) Regina (Canada) Duration 2007–2011 Project Type Research; Capacity building Focus Area Agriculture; Freshwater supply Funder(s) SCCF; cofinancing Total Budget US$28.7 million Implementing World Bank with Agency(s) Government ministries, regional organizations Duration 2008–2012 Project Type Capacity building; Field implementation Focus Area Freshwater supply; Urban areas; Agriculture Funder(s) IADB Total Budget US$925,000 Implementing IADB IAI, http://iaibr1.iai.int/cgi-bin/SCI_Projects_Dynamic_Pages/SGP-HD/Factsheets/SGP-HD_4.pdf ALM, http://www.adaptationlearning.net/projects/regional-design-and-implementation-pilot-climate-changeadaptation-measures-andean-region; and http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/adaptation/CARE_PRAA_Summary.pdf 35 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=RG-T1840 33 34 24 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Participating Countries address the need to improve knowledge in the area of climate change adaptation in different countries. Review of the Economics of Climate Change in South America36 15. The purpose of the study is to make a socioeconomic analysis of the impacts of climate change in selected countries of South America, develop mitigation and adaptation policies and leverage financial resources. In addition, this project includes a component focused on the impact of climate change in coastal areas–C3A (Cambio Climatico en las Coastas de America Latina y Caribe). Project Details Agency(s) Duration 2010–? Project Type Research; Knowledge communication Focus Area Multi-sectoral Argentina, Bolivia, Funder(s) Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Total Budget Uruguay, Implementing Venezuela Agency(s) IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU, Germany ECLAC Duration 2008–2009 Project Type Assessment; Policy formation and integration Focus Area Coastal zone management; Government Participation by South American Countries in Projects that also include other Latin American and the Caribbean countries Peace Corps Renewable Across the Americas the Peace Corps will, Energy and Climate among other things, increase municipal, Change Initiative37 school and communities’ awareness and knowledge of climate change (including adaptation) and support community-led projects, including on adaptation. 16. Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname Climate Change This project is part of the Ibero-American Most RIOCC Vulnerability Evaluation Programme on the Evaluation of Impacts, countries40 17. of Coastal and Marine Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate including: 36 Funder(s) U.S. Department of State Total Budget Implementing U.S. Peace Agency(s) Corps, U.S. Department of State Duration ongoing Project Type Community based adaptation; Knowledge communication Focus Area Energy Funder(s) Spain Total Budget Implementing ECLAC, ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/dmaah/noticias/noticias/2/35232/samaniego_recc.pdf http://www.ecpamericas.org/initiatives/default.aspx?id=35 37ECPA, 25 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Areas38 Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in Ibero-America41 18. Climate Policy 2012: extension of the global project “Capacity Development for Policy 19. Makers to Address Climate Change”43 Objectives Participating Countries Project Details Change (PIACC) and aims to determine the impacts of climate change on the coasts of any country in Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. It has a particular focus on the dynamics of beaches, estuaries, lagoons, deltas, cliffs and dunes, coastal erosion, flood risks and coastal infrastructure. This initiative is linked to the project “Economics of Climate Change in Central America - Phase II”39 funded by IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU and Germany. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela Agency(s) University of Cantabria, national counterparts Duration 2009–2011 Project Type Capacity building; Assessment; Knowledge communication Focus Area Coastal zone management Part of PIACC, this project aims to generate new information and knowledge and strengthen the capacity of research institutions in the forestry sector on linking sustainable forest management with adaptation and mitigation to climate change. This includes strengthening specific research activities, developing and disseminating methodologies and case studies, strengthening human resources and fostering the representation of the forest sector in the regional and international dialogue. All RIOCC countries42 including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela Funder(s) Spain The UNDP Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded on the global project, “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change” in the LAC region to provide technical support to national policy makers and its Country Offices and strengthen capacity on Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Total Budget Implementing INIA, CIFOR, Agency(s) CATIE, Polytechnical University of Madrid Duration 2009–2011 Project Type Capacity building; Research; Knowledge communication Focus Area Forestry Funder(s) Spain, UNDP Total Budget US$3.6 million Implementing UNDP Agency(s) Duration 2009–2011 Project Type Capacity building; Policy The 21 member countries of RIOCC are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. 38 RIOCC, http://www.lariocc.net/riocc_principal/es/proyectos_iniciativas/proy_marc_piacc.htm 39 ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/mexico/cambioclimatico/index.html 41 Proyecto MIA, http://www.proyectomia.com/ 42 The 21 member countries of RIOCC are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. 43 UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/act_latin-en.aspx and http://www.undp.org/climatechange/docs/EEG_Flyer_EN.pdf 40 26 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name EUROCLIMA: Climate change regional cooperation programme44 20. Understanding Potential Impacts of Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean45 Objectives Participating Countries budgetary issues related to the post-2012 climate regime. Activities include technical backstopping for countries that begin to consider adaptation to climate change in their National Development Plans. Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Focus Area Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela formation and integration EUROCLIMA aims to provide Latin American decision-makers and the scientific community with better knowledge of climate change and its consequences, particularly in view of integrating these issues into sustainable development strategies. The expected results are: enhanced policy dialogue on climate change issues; better sharing of data and scientific information; and strengthened technical capacities. Latin America Funder(s) EC Total Budget €5 million The overall objective of this project is to improve the ability of Latin American and Caribbean countries to adapt to, and cope with, the economic impacts of climate change on development. Latin America and the Caribbean (countries not specified) Build climate resilience of vulnerable human and ecological systems in the region by integrating adaptation options into national planning processes and building the associated capacity of key regional and national institutions. The project will: undertake impact and vulnerability assessments; identify good practices and gaps in integrating adaptation into policy and plans; and support adaptation planning and its Government Implementing National Agency(s) governments 21. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into National Development Processes in Latin America and the 22. Caribbean Project Details Phase 1: 19 RIOCC countries46 Phase 2: 3–5 countries (Dominican Republic 1st country selected) Duration 2010–2013 Project Type Capacity building; Knowledge communication Focus Area Government Funder(s) ECLAC Total Budget Implementing ECLAC Agency(s) Duration ongoing Project Type Capacity building Focus Area Government; Trade; Private sector Funder(s) Spain Total Budget US$4,375,233 Implementing UNEP Agency(s) Duration 2010–2013 Project Type Assessment; Capacity building; policy formation and integration Further information available here: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/latin-america/regionalcooperation/euroclima/index_en.htm 45Further information available here: http://www.eclac.org/cgibin/getProd.asp?xml=/cooperacion/noticias/cooperacion/1/41221/P41221.xml&xsl=/cooperacion/tpl/p32f.xsl&base=/coo peracion/tpl/top-bottom.xsl 46 The 19 RIOCC countries are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 44 27 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Participating Countries integration into national development processes. It will focus on the most vulnerable sectors and ecosystems, especially water and agriculture. Project Details Focus Area Government; Agriculture; Freshwater supply Funder(s) UNDP Participation by South American countries in Global Projects Territorial Approach to Improve the resilience to climate change Climate Change and reduce the carbon footprint in sub(TACC)47 national territories in developing and transition countries through: (1) “Access to up-to-date climate change science, tolls and good practices; (2) creating a partnership and governance framework to address cross-sectoral nature of 23. climate change; and (3) developing a climate change and draft a climate change strategy and action plan to ensure a programmatic approach to climate change”. The main activities include capacity building in 500 sub-national territories worldwide and implementing plans in 50 of them. Capacity Development for Policy Makers: Addressing climate change in key sectors48 24. 25. Preparedness for Climate Change49 The project is a targeted capacity development initiative that supports two goals: 1. To increase national capacity to co-ordinate Ministerial views for more effective participation in the UNFCCC process; and 2. To assess investment and financial flows to address climate change for selected key sectors. As a result of this project, both the technical understanding of key climate change issues and their economic and policy implications within the context of the Convention will be enhanced. Albania, Algeria, Colombia, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Uganda, Uruguay and others Algeria, Bangladesh, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Gambia, Honduras, Liberia, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Paraguay, Peru, St. Lucia, Togo, Turkmenistan and Uruguay The aim of this program was for the Red 39 countries Cross and Red Crescent National Societies in countries particularly vulnerable to South American climate change to gain a better participants in Total Budget Implementing UNEP; UNDP; Agency(s) UNITAR; UNHabitat; UNCDF Duration 2009– ? Project Type Capacity building; Knowledge communication Focus Area Government Funder(s) United Nations Foundation, Finland, Switzerland, Norway, UNDP Total Budget US$7 million Implementing UNDP Agency(s) Duration 2009–2011 Project Type Capacity building; Knowledge communication Focus Area Multi-sectoral Funder(s) Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre Total Budget UNDP, http://www.unep.org/roap/Activities/ClimateChange/TerritorialApproachtoClimateChangeTACC/tabid/6844/Defaul t.aspx 48 UNDP, http://www.undp.org/climatechange/capacity-development.html 49 IFRC, http://www.climatecentre.org/site/preparedness-for-climate-change-programme 47 28 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Health Vulnerability and Climate Change Adaptation Assessments50 26. 5.2 Objectives Participating Countries Project Details understanding of climate change and its impacts to identify country-specific adaptation measures in line with risks. Activities could include organizing a workshop on risks, assessment of risks through preparation of a background document, capacity building programs, and developing climate change resilient plans. Phase 1: Argentina Bolivia Colombia Guyana Implementing National Red Agency(s) Cross/Red Crescent Societies To provide national level evidence of the linkages between climate and health; improve understanding of local and specific health risks and vulnerabilities; provide the opportunity for capacity building; and serve as a baseline analysis to monitor how health risks may be influenced by a changing climate over time. Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Ghana, India, Kyrgyz Republic, Macedonia, Mongolia, Russia, Tunisia Duration Phase 1: 2006– 2009 Phase 2: ongoing Project Type Capacity building; Policy formation and integration Focus Area Disaster risk management Funder(s) WHO Total Budget Implementing National Agency(s) Ministries Duration 2008–2010 Project Type Assessment; Capacity building Focus Area Human health National Level Action Adaptation action is occurring in all South America countries at the policy as well as the program and project levels. Policy Actions Over the last 15 years, South American nations have started to address climate change by preparing National Communications in fulfillment of their obligations under the UNFCCC and by devising national climate change action plans, policies and strategies, sometimes with an exclusive focus on adaptation. There are, however, large differences between countries. Uruguay has already submitted three National Communications, whereas six countries have only submitted one,51 including advanced countries like Chile. Several countries have elaborated their own precise policies, plans and programs, whereas others not only lack any high-level policy paper, but also hardly mention climate impacts as a relevant factor in their national development plans and strategies. Overall, in terms of WHO, http://www.who.int/globalchange/mediacentre/events/2010/costa_rica_consultation_200710/en/index.html 51 These countries are Chile, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname and Venezuela. 50 29 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Table 3: Comparison of adaptation action at the policy and program level in South America (as of May 2011) Policy Action 1st National 2nd National 3rd National Com. Com. Com. Participation in Projects/Programs National Adaptation Strategy or Plan Countryspecific/ National Multicountry Total Argentina 1997 2007 Program (2006); strategy in development 1 9 10 Bolivia 2000 2009 National Climate Change Adaptation Mechanism 2 18 20 Brazil 2004 2010 Program, Plan, Policy exist 3 9 12 Chile 2000 National Climate Change Action Plan 2 8 10 Colombia 2001 Only policy guidelines 5 15 20 Ecuador 2000 4 12 16 Guyana 2002 2 5 7 Paraguay 2001 0 7 7 Peru 2001 13 18 31 Suriname 2005 1 3 4 Uruguay 1997 2 9 11 Venezuela 2005 0 7 7 2010 Plan and policies exist; strategy in development 2010 2004 Strategy (2003) 2010 National Plan (2010) Note: Information contained in this table is based upon research completed as of May 2011. Additional project and programs, for example, may be underway in each country. Full information regarding adaptation action in each country as of May 2011 is available in the Appendix of this report. development of National Communications, government policies, plans and programs, and in terms of mainstreaming climate change adaptation into national development plans and strategies, some clear frontrunners exist. Among the most advanced countries in terms of policy action are Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. They have all submitted two National Communications and relevant high-level policy documents, such as: Bolivia’s National Climate Change Adaptation Mechanism (MNACC); Brazil’s National Climate Change Program, Plan and Policy, each elaborated in different years; Colombia’s Climate Change Policy Guidelines; and Peru’s Climate Change Strategy. Furthermore, all four countries have clearly acknowledged the importance of climate change adaptation as a development issue by mainstreaming it into their development plans and strategies. Bolivia’s National Development Plan establishes policies related to adaptation to climate change under the natural resources section. It calls for the development of a risk management and adaptation strategy for vulnerable sectors (Ministerio de Planificación y Desarrollo, 2006). The MNACC has been elaborated by the same government entity and is directly linked to the National Development Plan. In Brazil, the Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade oversees an inter-agency committee on climate change and its climate change program was launched as part of the government’s multi-year plan (MCT, 2004). Colombia’s National Development Plan (GOC, 2011) 30 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America mentions adaptation on several occasions: as a cross-cutting issue in the introduction; in the innovation, agriculture and transport chapters; and most prominently in the chapter on environmental sustainability and risk prevention. Adaptation is not only dealt with in a separate subchapter on climate change, but also in relation to biodiversity and urban development. Peru’s current development strategy, the Plan Bicentenario, also recognized the threat of climate change in the context of several of its strategic themes, including economic development and governance (Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Nacional, 2009). Most other countries do have good policy elements, but lack more solid evidence of adaptation mainstreaming. Chile, for instance, has a detailed and instructive National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (CONAMA, 2008), but climate change is not mentioned in the current government plan and the country has only published one National Communication to date. Argentina has two, and Uruguay three, National Communications as well as climate change programs, but no recognition of climate change can be found in their development plans. Ecuador, on the other hand, does recognize climate change as an important issue; it is one of seven strategic themes of its development plan (República de Ecuador, 2009). However, this recognition is not yet substantiated by any climate change policy or plan. Guyana is an interesting case, as its recent comprehensive lowcarbon development strategy (Guyana, 2010) deals with adaptation as one of eight priorities, and sets out specific short-term projects as well as longer term priorities. Paraguay has few strategic documents, but does mention climate risks as an obstacle to poverty alleviation and agricultural development in its national development policy. It also proposes the development of climate risk management strategies for agriculture (Paraguay, 2010). With only one National Communication each, no strategic government documents, and no visible mainstreaming of climate change concerns into government development plans, Venezuela and Suriname are the least advanced countries in terms of adaptation policy. There are no obvious links between a country’s size or development status and the extent of mainstreaming of adaptation into development policy. The fact that the Southern Cone countries are not among the frontrunners may be explained by the fact that they face relatively milder climate change impacts and are also less affected by current climate hazards. On the other hand, the most advanced countries in terms of mainstreaming are all in more affected areas, including the Andes (glacier retreat) and Amazonia (higher temperature rise, drought, possibly even hurricanes). However, this cannot fully explain the differences. There are notable differences between countries that are similar in terms of climate, size and development status, such as Guyana and Suriname, or Colombia and Venezuela. It is likely that political leadership, donor impact and other variables are playing an important role in influencing engagement in adaptation action. Projects and Programs As with policy action, there are also large differences in the number of current adaptation projects and programs that countries execute. Peru is the clear leader, as it is engaged in about 30 projects identified through this review. In contrast, four identified projects are being implemented in 31 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Suriname and seven in Guyana, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela. Those countries with a high level of policy action are also among those with more project-level activity. Note that the low number of projects indicated as underway in Brazil in Table 3 is artificial; this is mainly because actions with no external donor funding are not mentioned. Brazil is undertaking many self-driven and self-funded actions. It is also observed that all countries participate in more regional or global projects than national ones. This finding perhaps may be explained by the higher visibility of such projects and therefore their greater likelihood of being identified through this review. Nevertheless, it underscores the importance of regional initiatives in South America. Of the national projects identified, several focus on agriculture and water. Coastal zones, ecosystems and forests are also given attention. Most projects are multi-sectoral, with a good number addressing water and agriculture needs in an integrated manner. No country-specific project with an exclusive focus on human health or the potential impacts of climate change on energy has been identified. Many others provide general, non-sector specific support to develop climate change agendas and policies of national and sub-national governments. As with multi-country projects, most national projects emphasize capacity building and policy research; relatively few focus primarily on the implementation of concrete adaptation measures. Notable exceptions include the large Climate Change Adaptation Program in Peru, which combines policy research with concrete action such as increasing water storage and introducing new crop varieties. In Bolivia, a pilot adaptation project is implementing small local water works with funding provided by the IADB. Another example is a GEF-funded coastal zone management project in Uruguay. Countries have thus begun to address their identified adaptation priorities, but there is still a huge gap to fill between current action and needs. This is true for all areas, but some sectors have so far been left completely unaddressed by some countries. Health, for instance, has not been tackled in Bolivia, Colombia and Uruguay, among other countries, despite being an adaptation priority. The same is true for the coastal zones in Chile, Colombia and Ecuador, among others. Ecosystems, energy and risk management are also not addressed in several countries. The most significant funder of country-specific adaptation programming in South American countries is the IADB. Other key funders in the region include the GEF, the International Development Research Centre, Oxfam, MDG Achievement Fund, UNDP and the World Bank. Bilateral donors include the European Union, Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the United States. As well, the Special Climate Change Fund is financing country-level projects in Ecuador and Guyana, and Ecuador has also secured financial support from the Adaptation Fund. 32 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 5.3 Action by Communities of Practice Countries in the South American region are participating in four networks that bring together policy-makers, researchers and non-governmental organizations to build knowledge related to climate change adaptation. As described in Table 4, these networks are: Program for Local Adaptation; Red Temática sobre Adaptación al Cambio Climático y el Rol de Servicios Ecosistématicos en América Latina; Regional Policy Dialogue: Water and Climate Change Adaptation; and Latin American Platform on Climate Other formal communities of practice working in the area of adaptation to climate change have not been identified through this review, but are likely active in the region. Table 4: Selected civil society organizations with strong involvement in adaptation practice in South America Organization Program for Local Adaptation52 Geographic Type of Action scope Argentina Knowledge communication Founded by a private individual and now is supported by Fundación Avina and the Organizaçión Panamericana de la Salud, this social networking platform brings together citizens and local government based on climate change adaptation needs. Red Temática sobre Latin Adaptación al Cambio America Climático y el Rol de Servicios Ecosistématicos en América Latina (Thematic Network on Climate Change Adaptation and Ecosystem Services in Latin America) or ADAnet53 Knowledge communication Seeks to foment relationships between investigators and specialists from different research centers, ministries, institutions and non-governmental organizations. It aims to promote discussion and the exchange of knowledge about climate change and the role of ecosystems in Latin America, and does this through face-to-face meetings, courses, seminars and workshops. Regional Policy Dialogue: Water and Climate Change Adaptation Knowledge communication; Advocacy The network is a regional effort where civil society, multilateral partners, the private sector and governments collaborate in dialogue to share knowledge and lessons learned on climate change and water.54 With a clear focus on water issues related to climate change, it aims to raise awareness among the public and decision-makers, promote a united voice in global discussions, and exchange experiences. 1. 2. 3. Sector / area of work Latin America and the Caribbean PLACC, http://www.placc.org/ ADAnet, http://www.adaptacionyecosistemas.net/ 54 Dialogue partners include the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, Agencia Nacional de Aguas, Red Centroamericana de Acción del Agua, Consejo Consultivo de Agua, The Nature Conservancy, UN-Habitat, Gobierno de Sao Paulo, Comisión Nacional del Agua, the Global Water Partnership and Tecnológico de Monterrey, 52 53 33 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Organization 4. Plataforma Climática Latinoamericana (PCL)55 (Latin American Platform on Climate) Geographic Type of Action scope Latin America Knowledge communication Sector / area of work PCL is a space for civil society, experts, community members and policy makers engage in dialogue and exchange ideas. PCL’s aim is to link and connect existing Latin American efforts on climate change, raise awareness and influence decision making on political, social and environmental issues. 6.0 Conclusions South American countries already face multiple climatic hazards such as heavy rainfall, hail storms, floods and droughts, especially in relation with El Niño events. Climate simulations for the region project a warmer future, especially in the northern half and in the Andes. This will increase the speed of glacial retreat and sea level rise. Rainfall projections are more uncertain, but the potential ranges include changes with possibly disastrous consequences. Extreme events may increase in frequency and intensity, although these projections are even more uncertain. Governments of all countries have identified vulnerable sectors and corresponding adaptation priorities and needs. Almost all countries consider resource-dependent sectors such as agriculture, fisheries and forestry as critical areas for adaptation. Other important sectors are: freshwater, and, related to that, hydroelectric energy; coastal areas; and human health. Further issues such as urban areas or infrastructure have been identified by individual countries. In documents such as National Communications, climate change strategies and action plans, governments have identified, to varying degrees, specific or more general adaptation needs within these sectors. Countries have also developed policies and strategies to manage adaptation. On a regional level, the Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices is assisting parties in improving their understanding and assessment of impacts, vulnerability and adaptation, and in making informed decisions on practical adaptation actions. The Andean Community has produced a scoping paper on climate change and plans to provide its members with a regional strategy. On the national level, some countries have already gone a long way in assessing vulnerabilities and identifying specific adaptation measures and mainstreaming adaptation into development plans. The Andean countries of Bolivia, Colombia and Peru, as well as Brazil, have been leading the way, but smaller countries like Guyana are making impressive progress too. Policy action often goes hand in hand with a good number of current adaptation projects and programs. They are, however, unevenly distributed across countries. Possible explanatory factors for these differences include higher vulnerability and awareness, degree of political leadership, and relations with donors who support adaptation initiatives. 55 LAPC, http://www.intercambioclimatico.com/en/ 34 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America The agricultural and water sectors have received the most attention to date. Ecosystems, human health, coastal zones and disaster risk management have been addressed to a lesser extent. Adaptation needs in the energy and infrastructure sectors have not been dealt with in any specific way so far. Many projects deal with several sectors at the same time, or provide general support, such as to the development of the climate change agendas of national and regional governments. In the current situation, most projects are still predominantly focusing on capacity building and/or policy-related research. Implementation of concrete adaptation action is still the exception, although a few notable initiatives have been launched recently in various countries and sectors. Overall, the gap between needs and actions is still wide. Of all the priorities listed in the strategic documents of the national governments of South American countries, only a small number have been addressed so far. The gap is particularly wide in sectors such as human health, coastal areas, ecosystems, hydroelectric energy and urban areas. But considering the breadth of needs and their importance to long-term development, greater attention to freshwater resources and agriculture also may be required. Also, the gender implications of climate change are only slightly addressed through current policies and in targeted programming. Adaptation options could benefit from greater attention to the specific situation of women, including their limited access to decision making and credit (IFAD, 2000). The large gap in adaptation action may, however, not only have to do with a limited amount of projects and policies but also with a lack of detailed and rigorous prioritization of adaptation options. So far, many National Communications and other strategic government documents do not explicitly prioritize sectors and actions nor sufficiently detail the needed policy measures, but rather present long lists of general activities such as integrated watershed management. There is a clear need to identify more specific needs and to prioritize them rigorously based on sound and transparent methods. In addition, a more systematic approach to adaptation management would generally be helpful. Many countries have completed vulnerability assessments, lists of priority actions and strategic guidelines. However, few have managed to integrate them into one coherent strategy and action plan, mainstream it into national development planning, and begin to execute actions according to prioritized needs. Furthermore, given the scale of the problem and the relative scarcity of resources to deal with multiple, integrated issues, more coordinated and targeted action could go a long way in making South American countries more resilient to the risks associated with climate change. Although a range of shared, regional projects are underway, including those focused on important regional watersheds, intergovernmental action is presently limited. More formal collaborative efforts through bodies such as CAN may be appropriate. As well, the level of informal collaboration between practitioners through communities of practice appears to be limited, which may be limiting the sharing of good practice and lessons learned between adaptation practitioners. Building new 35 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America networks in response to needs expressed by these practitioners may also help South American countries collectively become more resilient to the risks associated with climate change. 36 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America References Comunidad Andina [CAN] (2011). Agenda Ambiental Andina–Cambio Climático. Retrieved from http://www.comunidadandina.org/desarrollo/cambio_climatico.htm Comunidad Andina [CAN] (2007). ¿Y por dónde comenzamos? Prioridades de la Comunidad Andina ante el Cambio Climático. Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Nacional (2009). Lineamientos Estratégicos para el Desarrollo Nacional 2010–2021. Christensen, J.H. et al. (2007). Regional Climate Projections. In: Solomon, S. et al. (Eds). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 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South America. Retrieved from http://www.world-atlas.us/southamerica.htm 40 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Appendices: Country Profiles The appendices to this report provide an overview of adaptation action in each of: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. To assess the level of adaptation action occurring in each of these countries, a desk-based review of internet sources and relevant documentation was undertaken. The content of these sources was assessed in relation to a set of parameters established to focus the review’s scope and ensure consistency across regions. Notably, it examines discrete adaptation actions, or policies, programs and projects designed and implemented specifically to address the current and projected impacts of climate change. Therefore, the review presents only a portion of the breadth of the efforts underway to reduce the vulnerability of developing countries to the impacts of climate change. In particular, it does not capture the broad array of development activities that are increasing the adaptive capacity of communities and countries. As well, within the review, adaptation efforts have been deemed to be “current” if they were ongoing or completed in 2009 or later. Therefore, the review does not include projects completed prior to 2009 that may have contributed to building local and national capacity to adapt. The review also only identifies those actions currently underway; it does not offer judgment of the effectiveness of actions taking place. In addition, reflecting the desk-based nature of the review, it is acknowledged that the content is biased toward identification of large-scale projects funded by international development assistance organizations and those projects about which information is available online. Therefore, small-scale projects that meet the review’s definition of adaptation action, particularly those occurring at the community level, are not fully represented within the review. A fuller explanation of the methodology used to develop the country profiles that follow is provided in the methodology section of this report. To facilitate analysis of the degree to which current adaptation projects and programs identified through the review are helping to meet the adaptation needs and priorities of developing countries, a common classification system was developed. This system examined identified projects and programs from two perspectives—their sector or areas of focus and the types of activities they are supporting. A fuller description of these two types of classifications is provided below. Sector or Area of Focus To support development of a general classification system for adaptation projects on the basis of their sector or area of focus, a review of the categories used by the Adaptation Learning Mechanism, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Nairobi Work Programme was completed and used to guide development of a series of 41 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America categories for characterizing activities included in this review. Based on this review and expert judgment, a set of 14 macro project categories were identified: food, fiber and forests; ecosystems; freshwater resources; oceans and coastal areas; disaster risk management; migration and security; gender; business; infrastructure and transportation; human settlements; human health; climate information services; governance; and multi-sectoral. Where appropriate, these macro project categories were further refined through the identification of various sub-categories. These sub-categories were then used to label the discrete adaptation projects included in the review. Definitions of the macro project categories used in the review along with descriptions of the types of projects included within their individual sub-categories are presented below. 1. Food, Fiber and Forests – Defined as the management and use of terrestrial natural resources to directly improve human wellbeing. Its sub-categories are: Agriculture – Encompassing subsistence agriculture, commercial agriculture and the rearing of confined domestic animals. Pastoralism – Encompassing the use of domestic animals as a primary means for obtaining resources from habitats (UNEP, 2007), particularly in nomadic and semi-nomadic communities. Forestry – Encompassing afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry, commercial forestry, community-based forest management and woodland management. Fire management – encompassing monitoring, planning and management to address the impact of fires on settlements and ecosystems, including forested and grassland ecosystems. 2. Ecosystems – Defined as a system of living organisms interacting together and with their physical environment, the boundaries of which may range from very small spatial scales to, ultimately, the entire Earth (IPCC, 2007). Its sub-categories are: Biodiversity – Encompassing activities related to the maintenance of living organisms at various spatial scales, including the establishment and protection of parks and bio-reserves. Ecosystem conservation – Encompassing efforts to maintain the health of particular ecosystems, such as wetlands, grasslands, forests, mangroves and coral reefs. Ecosystem restoration – Encompassing efforts to restore the health of particular ecosystems, such as wetlands, grasslands, forests, mangroves and coral reefs. 42 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 3. Freshwater Resources – Defined as the management and use of freshwater contained in terrestrial ponds, lakes, rivers, watersheds, among others. Its sub-categories are: Freshwater fisheries – Encompasses the catching, packing and selling of fish and shellfish derived from lakes, rivers and ponds, as well as through freshwater aquaculture. Watershed management – Encompassing management of the basins that supply water to different streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs, including integrated watershed management. Freshwater supply – Encompassing efforts to access and preserve freshwater for human consumption and use including drinking water sources, groundwater resources, rainwater harvesting and water infrastructure such as wells, dams and dikes. 4. Oceans and Coastal Areas – Defined as the management and use of coastal areas and oceans. Its sub-categories are: Coastal zone management – Encompassing the management of land and water resources in coastal areas, including through integrated coastal zone management and the establishment and maintenance of coastal infrastructure. Marine management – Encompassing the management and use of off-shore ocean and sea resources. Marine fisheries – Encompassing the catching, packing and selling of fish, shellfish and other aquatic resources found in the oceans and seas, including through marine and coastal aquaculture. 5. Disaster Risk Management – Defined as the “systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster” (UNISDR, 2009, pp. 10). It includes emergency response measures, preparation for extreme events and early warning systems. No sub-categories were established in relation to this macro project category. 6. Migration and Security – Defined as efforts to support the movement of people and maintain their personal security in the face of incremental climate changes or climate shocks. Migration – Encompassing preparations for and responses to the potential movement of people from one location to another due to climate change impacts. Security – Relates to personal security and freedom from violence, crime and war due to natural and human-induced disasters (UNEP, 2007) and encompasses peace building, conflict reduction and conflict avoidance activities. 43 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 7. Gender – Defined as the social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female and the relationships between women and men, and girls and boys, as well as the relations between women and those between men. These attributes, opportunities and relationships are socially constructed and are learned through socialization processes (UN Women, undated). It includes efforts to understand the vulnerability of women to the impacts of climate change, gender-sensitive adaptation strategies, and measures to improve the situation of women at the local and policy level, including through gender mainstreaming. No subcategories were established in relation to this macro project category. 8. Business – Defined as the purchase and sale of goods and services with the objective of earning a profit. Its sub-categories are: Tourism – Encompassing the adjustment and development of tourist facilities and operations to account for current and future vulnerabilities, including these actions in relation to ecotourism. Private sector – Encompassing potential impact of climate change and potential adaptation strategies on the diverse activities underway in the portion of the economy in which goods and services are produced by individuals and companies including industry, mining and other economic sectors. Trade – Encompassing the exchange of goods and services within and between countries. Insurance – Encompassing the development, testing and adjusting of insurance and risk-management schemes, including weatherbased index systems. 9. Infrastructure – Defined as the basic equipment, utilities, productive enterprises, installations, institutions and services essential for the development, operation and growth of an organization, city or nation (IPCC, 2001). Its sub-categories are: Energy – Encompassing energy-related systems and infrastructure, including small-scale and large-scale energy generation through hydroelectric power generation, wind, solar and other forms of traditional and new energy sources, as well as transmission networks. Transportation – Encompassing the components of the system required to move people and goods, including roads, bridges, railway lines, shipping corridors and ports. Waste management – Encompassing sanitation, sewage systems, drainage systems and landfills. Buildings – Encompassing actions related to built structures such as houses, schools and offices, including changes to building codes, building practices and green ways of construction. 44 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 10. Human Settlements – Defined as a place or area occupied by settlers (IPCC, 2001). Its sub-categories are: Peri-urban areas – Encompassing the outskirts of urban centers, and the transition zone between rural and urban areas. Urban areas – Encompassing municipalities, towns and cities, as well as areas in these centers (such as slums). Rural areas – Encompassing villages and other small settlements, as well as rural landscapes and integrated rural development. 11. Human Health – Defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, undated). It includes efforts to assess vulnerabilities to and the impacts of climate change on human health directly and indirectly, and the development and implementation of appropriate adaptation strategies at the local, regional and national levels. No sub-categories were established in relation to this macro project category. 12. Climate Information Services – Defined as the production and delivery of authoritative, timely and usable information about climate change, climate variability, climate trends and impacts to different users at the local, sub-national, national, regional and global levels.56 It includes efforts to develop, adjust and provide short- and long-term climate forecasts, including climate change projections, to different audiences. No sub-categories were established in relation to this macro project category. 13. Governance – Defined as the institutions (laws, property rights systems and forms of social organization) through which societies define and exercise control over resources.57 Its sub-categories are: Government – Encompassing efforts to build the capacity of government officials, either at the national or sub-national level, to prepare for and facilitate adaptation to climate change, including through the development of policies, plans, frameworks and strategies, as well as the establishment and operation of climate change trust funds. Civil society – Encompassing efforts to build the capacity of the public including non-governmental organizations, to understand, prepare for and respond to climate change. 14. Multi-sectoral – Defined as actions that simultaneously address more than one sector in one and/or multiple locations. It includes efforts that address more than one sector, which are challenging to tease apart, and in the context of this review includes large, multi-country projects in which the specific sector of focus is nationally determined and, therefore, varies from country to country. No sub-categories were established in relation to this macro project category. 56 57 Derived from: http://www.joss.ucar.edu/cscc/climate-service-definition-condensed.pdf Derived from UNEP, 2007. 45 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Types of Activities The following categories were used to organize the types of activities being completed as part of current adaptation projects and programs identified through the review: Research – Encompassing efforts to develop new knowledge and/or organize existing information so as to increase understanding of the links between climate change, human society and ecosystems and inform adaptation decision-making. Assessment – Encompassing risk, impact and vulnerability assessments, as well as monitoring of ecological and societal trends. Capacity building – Encompassing the provision of technical training, technical assistance, institutional strengthening and education. Knowledge communication – Encompassing efforts to share information, knowledge and practices related to climate change adaptation, including awareness raising and engagement of media. Policy formation and integration – Encompassing efforts to inform, develop and implement climate change adaptation plans, strategies, frameworks and policies at the local, sub-national, national and international levels. Field implementation – Encompassing physical measures to reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, including the implementation of pilot projects, construction of infrastructure, development and modification of technologies and the management of physical resources. Community-based adaptation – Encompassing actions that directly engage community members in efforts to understand, plan for and respond to the impacts of climate change. References: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] (2001). Annex B. Glossary of Terms. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Retrieved from: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/glossary/tar-ipcc-terms-en.pdf United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women [UN Women] (undated). Gender Mainstreaming: Concepts and definitions. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/conceptsandefinitions.htm United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP] (2007). Glossary. Global Environment Outlook 4. Retrieved from: http://www.unep.org/geo/geo4/report/Glossary.pdf 46 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction [UNISDR] (2009). 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva: UNISDR. Retrieved from: http://unisdr.org/files/7817_UNISDRTerminologyEnglish.pdf World Health Organization [WHO] (undated). Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from: 47 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 1.0 Argentina CATIE Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Spain) (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Centre) CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research CNACC Comisión Nacional Asesora sobre el Cambio Climático (National Consulting Commission on Climate Change) DCC Dirección de Cambio Climático (Climate Change Directorate) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECPA Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation FONTAGRO El Fondo Regional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (Regional Fund for Agricultural Technology) INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (Chile) (National Institute of Agricultural Research) INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (National Institute of Agricultural Technology) OAS Organization of American States RIOCC Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices) SAyDS Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable (Secretariat for Environment and Sustainable Development) UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme A. Adaptation Needs and Priorities Argentina’s climate is mostly temperate, but ranges from subtropical in the north to arid and cold in the far south. It presently has a high level of inter-annual climate variability due to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). El Niño conditions bring above average rainfall that can lead to floods, whereas La Niña brings drier conditions (República Argentina, 2007). The country’s climate is projected to become warmer in the coming decades. Mean annual temperatures are expected to increase by up to 4°C in some regions of the country by the 2080s, but large differences exist between regions. Southern Argentina is generally expected to warm much slower than the North. Projections for changes in rainfall patterns are largely unclear except for the Andes, where they are clearly negative (República Argentina, 2007). 48 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Argentina’s First National Communication (República Argentina, 1997) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) presents vulnerability assessments for ecosystems, agriculture, coasts, water, energy and health, as well as for the region of Cuyo. In its Second National Communication (República Argentina, 2007), Argentina identifies adaptation needs for the following sectors or regions: freshwater resources, urban systems, agriculture, energy, roads and railroads, the Maritime and River Plate Coasts, natural systems, human health, oases in the region of Cuyo, and regions of Patagonia and Comahue. In relation to these sectors and regions, the Second National Communication identifies the following adaptation needs (República Argentina, 2007): Water: Strengthen watershed governance; deepen waterways in the Paraná River; reevaluate hydroelectric potential; floodprotection dams; urban-environmental land use planning; hydrological warning systems; flood emergency plans and systems; redefine design parameters for infrastructure; and adjust existing infrastructure. Urban Systems: Relocation programs; improve norms on high-risk areas; assess the water balance in vulnerable areas; improve drainage; adjust building designs to a warmer climate; and improve urban planning so as to facilitate green space development and air movements. Agriculture: Improve weather prediction systems; establish forage storage systems; substitute winter through summer crops; tighten control systems against forest fires; genetic adaptation; and increase irrigation systems. Energy: Energy demand management; energy efficiency measures; cogeneration; public transport; grid interconnections with other countries; long-term nuclear energy generation planning; and renewable energy development. Roads and Railroads: Take climate risk into account in the design of infrastructure, including in network design, taking into account changing agricultural production and thereby changing transport routes. Maritime and River Plate Coasts: Coastal zone planning, such as defining retreat and protection zones. Natural systems: Establish protected areas along biological corridors, and study ecosystems impacts of climate change. Health: Epidemic monitoring and control; centralize statistics on infectious diseases; and programs to respond to sources of infection. Oases of the Cuyo region (Andes): Better regulation of subterranean water resources; modernize irrigation systems; change to crops that need less irrigation and add more value; and increase reservoir space. Patagonia and Comahue regions: Commission impact studies for key sectors such as tourism. B. National Level Policies and Strategic Documents As noted, Argentina has published two National Communications to the UNFCCC, the first in 1997 and the second in 2007. Between these reports, it created a National Program on Climate Change Impacts in 2006 with a view to improve understanding of vulnerability 49 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America and impacts and to help design adaptation measures. An additional program is addressing the same questions in the Antarctic region and islands (República Argentina, 2007). Argentina doesn’t have a National Development Plan per se, but its development is guided by a set of strategic national policies (see Presidencia de la Nacion Argentina, 2011). Climate change, but not adaptation in particular, is mentioned in these policies in relation to its environment. More directly, a National Climate Change Strategy is currently being elaborated through a participatory process that will address both climate change adaptation and mitigation. The Secretariat for Environment and Sustainable Development (SAyDS) is the UNFCCC focal point. It operates on climate change issues through its Climate Change Directorate (DCC). Furthermore, there is a National Consulting Commission on Climate Change (CNACC) that brings together representatives of various ministries at the national level, regional governments, universities and private sector. Table 1: Key Government Policies and Reports reflecting Adaptation Needs, Priorities and Planned Actions Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description 1. First National Communication to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change Government of Argentina Published in 1997 Multi-sectoral The initial National communication presents short vulnerability assessments for a range of sectors, but without consideration of adaptation itself. 2. National Program on Climate Change Impacts Secretariat for Environment and Sustainable Development Created in 2006 Multi-sectoral The program is meant to study impacts and vulnerability, elaborate adaptation strategies and relate those with existing government programs in other areas. It is also to develop a national policy on climate change. 3. Second National Communication to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat for Environment and Sustainable Development Published in 2007 Multi-sectoral This document describes adaptation needs for a wide range of sectors as well as ongoing adaptation activities, barriers and challenges, and identifies technical and financial needs for adaptation. 4. National Climate Change Strategy Secretariat for Environment and Sustainable Development In development Multi-sectoral The strategy is currently in development and will deal with both adaptation and mitigation. In relation to adaptation, the strategy’s objective is to identify, promote and implement adaptation measures. 50 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America C. Current Adaptation Action Argentina currently is participating in a relatively low number of discrete adaptation projects, several of which have a large policy research component. Thematically, they deal with agriculture, freshwater, coastal zones and disaster risk management, as well as with macroeconomic impacts in general. Only one country-specific adaptation project was identified through the review, “Provincial Agricultural Services III-PROSAP III,” financed by the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB). Unlikely the majority of projects underway in Argentina, this project involves implementation of specific agriculture-related adaptation measures at the community level. Table 2: Current Adaptation Action in Argentina Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Finance 20 provincial projects for agricultural and rural development, among other things in food and agricultural services (technology development and climate change adaptation, agricultural health and food safety, commercial development, land titling and regularization in rural areas, information technologies and communications, bioenergy development) IADB Programa De Servicios Agricolas Provinciales Field 2010–? implementati on National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies Capacity building; Policy formation and integration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Agriculture Provincial areas National Action 1. Provincial Agricultural Services III-PROSAP III58 Budget: US$250 million (loan) Participation in Regional and Global Actions 2. 58 59 Preparedness for Climate Change59 The aim of this program was for the Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies in countries particularly vulnerable to climate change to gain a better understanding of climate change and its impacts to identify country-specific adaptation measures in line with risks. Activities could include organizing a workshop on risks, assessment of risks through preparation of a background document, capacity building programs, and Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre Phase 1: Disaster risk Global 2006–2009 management project: Phase 2: 39 countries ongoing South American participants in Phase 1: Argentina Bolivia IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=AR-L1120 IFRC, http://www.climatecentre.org/site/preparedness-for-climate-change-programme 51 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) developing climate change resilient plans. Geographic focus (if any) Colombia Guyana In Argentina: Completed all four steps of the program.60 3. 4. 5. Climate Change and Irrigated Agriculture: Towards a better understanding of driving forces and feedbacks between decision makers and biophysical environments and their impacts on hydrological cycle and land use61 Evaluate impacts of climate and land use change on irrigated agriculture and characterize feedbacks between environment and adaptation decisions; assess changes in water demands and irrigation needs at the regional level in response to changes in hydro-meteorological conditions and land use; analyze the vulnerability of water and land use system; identify and evaluate adaptation opportunities for decision makers InterAmerican Institute for Global Change Research Coming Down the Mountain: Understanding the vulnerability of Andean communities to hydroclimatologic variability and global environmental change62 To identify and characterize vulnerabilities of specific stakeholders to climate variability and climate-induced water problems; evaluate policies and capacities of water management institutions to reduce the vulnerabilities of stakeholders; and analyze results of objectives 1 and 2 relative to regional climate change scenarios and future hydrological conditions. InterUniversity of American Regina Institute for (Canada) Global Change Research Review of the Economics of The purpose of the study is to make a Climate Change in South socioeconomic analysis of the impacts of America63 climate change in selected countries of South America, develop mitigation and Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Cornell University; Miami Rosenstrel Budget: US$7 School; INTA million Policy 2007–2011 formation and implementati on Freshwater supply; Agriculture Regional: Argentina, Chile In Argentina: Research in Argentina takes place in the Mendoza River Basin. Research; Capacity building 2007–2011 Agriculture; Freshwater supply Regional: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile In Argentina: Research in Argentina takes place in the Mendoza River Basin. IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU, Germany ECLAC Assessment; 2008–2009 Coastal zone Regional: Policy management Argentina, formation and ; Government Bolivia, Brazil, integration Chile, IFRC, http://www.climatecentre.org/downloads/File/programs/Final%20PFCC%20General%20Assembly%20Document%20with%20renewed%20table.pdf IAI, http://iaibr1.iai.int/cgi-bin/SCI_Projects_Dynamic_Pages/SGP-HD/Factsheets/SGP-HD_3.pdf 62 IAI, http://iaibr1.iai.int/cgi-bin/SCI_Projects_Dynamic_Pages/SGP-HD/Factsheets/SGP-HD_4.pdf 63 ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/dmaah/noticias/noticias/2/35232/samaniego_recc.pdf 60 61 52 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) adaptation policies and leverage financial resources. In addition, this project includes a component focused on the impact of climate change in coastal areas–C3A (Cambio Climatico en las Coastas de America Latina y Caribe). Geographic focus (if any) Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela In Argentina: Further information required. 6. Climate Change This project is part of the Ibero-American Spain ECLAC, Capacity 2009–2011 Vulnerability Evaluation of Programme on the Evaluation of Impacts, University of building; Coastal and Marine Areas64 Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Cantabria, Assessment; Change (PIACC) and aims to determine the national Knowledge impacts of climate change on the coasts of counterparts communicatio any country in Spanish and Portuguese n speaking countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. It has a particular focus on the dynamics of beaches, estuaries, lagoons, deltas, cliffs and dunes, coastal erosion, flood risks and coastal infrastructure. This In Argentina: Further information required. initiative is linked to the project “Economics of Climate Change in Central America - Phase II”65 funded by IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU and Germany. Coastal zone Most RIOCC management countries66 including: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela 7. Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in IberoAmerica67 Forestry Part of PIACC, this project aims to generate Spain new information and knowledge and strengthen the capacity of research institutions in the forestry sector on linking sustainable forest management with adaptation and mitigation to climate change. INIA, CIFOR, CATIE, Polytechnical University of Madrid Capacity 2009–2011 building; Research; Knowledge communicatio n RIOCC countries, including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, RIOCC, http://www.lariocc.net/riocc_principal/es/proyectos_iniciativas/proy_marc_piacc.htm See ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/mexico/cambioclimatico/index.html 66 The 21 member countries of RIOCC are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. 67 Proyecto MIA, http://www.proyectomia.com/ 64 65 53 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration This includes strengthening specific research activities, developing and disseminating methodologies and case studies, strengthening human resources and fostering the representation of the forest sector in the regional and international dialogue. In Argentina: Further information required. 8. Climate Policy 2012: Extension of the global project “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change”68 The UNDP Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded on the global project, “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change” in the LAC region to provide technical support to national policy makers and its Country Offices and strengthen capacity on budgetary issues related to the post-2012 climate regime. Activities include technical backstopping for countries that begin to consider adaptation to climate change in their National Development Plans. Spain, UNDP UNDP Budget: US$3.6 million Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela Capacity 2009–2011 building; Policy formation and integration Government LAC Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela In Argentina: Further information required.69 9. 68 69 Integrating Climate Change Build climate resilience of vulnerable human Spain Adaptation into National and ecological systems in the region by UNEP Assessment; Capacity 2010–2013 Government; LAC Region: Agriculture; Phase 1: 19 UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/act_latin-en.aspx and http://www.undp.org/climatechange/docs/EEG_Flyer_EN.pdf UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/argentina-en.aspx 54 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Development Processes in Latin America and the Caribbean 10. Sustainable Management of the Water Resources of the la Plata Basin with Respect to the Effects of Climate Variability and Change71 Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) integrating adaptation options into national Budget: building; planning processes and building the US$4,375,233 policy associated capacity of key regional and formation and national institutions. The project will: integration undertake impact and vulnerability assessments; identify good practices and gaps in integrating adaptation into policy and plans; and support adaptation planning and its integration into national development processes. It will focus on the In Argentina: Further information required. most vulnerable sectors and ecosystems, especially water and agriculture. Freshwater supply RIOCC countries70 To strengthen transboundary cooperation among the riparian country governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay to ensure management of shared water resources of the River Plate in an integrated sustainable manner, within the context of climate variability and change, while capitalizing on development opportunities. Watershed Regional: management Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay GEF, national UNEP, OAS, governments National environmental Budget: ministries US$62.5 million Duration Capacity 2011–2015 building; Policy formation and integration Phase 2: 3-5 countries (Dominican Republic 1st country selected) In Argentina: The project involves environmental and coastal protection programs in several rivers belonging to the River Plate Basin. D. Proposed Adaptation Action A limited number of planned adaptation projects expected to be implemented in Argentina have been identified through this review. They include a pledge by the United States to invest around US$1million on adaptation in Argentina, Peru and Chile through the “Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas” (ECPA). As well, Argentina’s project “Increasing Climate Resilience and Enhancing Sustainable Land Management in the Southwest of the Buenos Aires Province,” was endorsed by the Adaptation Fund Board at its June 2011 meeting. The 19 RIOCC countries are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 71 IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799469815 70 55 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Table 3: Proposed Adaptation Actions in Argentina Name 1. Objectives Type of project Priority Sector(s) Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas Geographic focus (if any) Regional: Argentina, Chile, Peru Notes: Announced as part of the United States’ Fast Start Financing, this initiative will provide approximately $1 million for adaptation to climate change. No further details are known. 2. Impacts of Climate Change in Agricultural Zones and Relevant Sectors in Chile Argentina and Dominican Republic: Economy, production, water requirements, adaptation and policy orientation Contribute to the competitiveness and food security of Policy formation and Agriculture LAC Region: the agricultural sector in Argentina, Chile and Dominican integration Argentina, Chile, Republic through new knowledge generated by the Dominican Republic simulation and evaluation of economic and productive Notes: Call for bids issued in 2010 (FONTAGRO, 2010) impacts of climate change, proposition of adaptation measures by sector and resulting policy recommendations and support strategies. 3. Increasing Climate Resilience and Enhancing Sustainable Land Management in the Southwest of the Buenos Aires Province72 “The main project objective is to reduce climate vulnerability of the agriculture sector in the Southwest of the Province of Buenos Aires suffering from manmade and increasingly climate change induced desertification processes. Climate resilience and sustainable land management of affected agroecosystems will be enhanced through pilot adaptation measures focusing on water, crops and livestock management.”73 Planned components will implement measures that reduce the vulnerability of institutions and communities, including taking concrete measures related to water resource management, crop management, and livestock and pasture management. 72 73 Implementation Sustainable land management Southwest of the Buenos Aires Province Notes: Project endorsed by the Adaptation Fund Board in June 2011. Planned Implementing Agency: World Bank Requested budget: US$4,311,703 Adaptation Fund, http://www.adaptation-fund.org/document/1313-increasing-climate-resilience-and-enhancing-sustainable-land-management-southwest-buen From: http://www.adaptation-fund.org/sites/default/files/Adaptation%20Fund%20Argentina.pdf 56 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America E. Assessment Although climate change adaptation does not appear to be a priority issue for the Argentinian government, the issue has gained greater attention in recent years. A national-level commission on climate change with a mandate to elaborate adaptation strategies and link them to government policies was established in 2006, and a National Climate Change Strategy, with adaptation as one of the key pillars, is currently in development. Through its National Communications, Argentina has also identified relatively specific lines of action for adaptation in a range of sectors, including freshwater supplies, agriculture, urban systems, human health, ecosystems, energy and infrastructure. It has also separately addressed the needs of two vulnerable regions are addressed separately—the oases of the Cuyo region in the Andes and the regions of Patagonia and Comahue. However, few of the needs identified by the country are being explicitly addressed through current adaptation programming. Existing projects are addressing concerns related to water and agriculture primarily, with less attention being given to coastal zone management and disaster risk management. Gaps in programming appear exist in relation to human health, urban systems, energy, infrastructure and the gender dimensions of climate change. References: El Fondo Regional de Tecnología Agropecuaria [FONTAGRO] (2010). Perfil de Proyecto Convocatoria Cambio Climático FONTAGRO 2010. Retrieved from http://www.fontagro.org/calls/2010/evalperfiles/10012.pdf Presidencia de la Nación Argentina (2011). Políticas de Estado. Retrieved from http://www.casarosada.gov.ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=34 República Argentina (1997). Primera Comunicación del Gobierno de la República Argentina Según Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/argnc1s.pdf República Argentina (2007). Comunicación Nacional de la República Argentina a la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/argnc1s.pdf 57 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 2.0 Bolivia CAN CATIE CIFOR CICC EU GEF GIZ IADB IAI INIA MMAyA MNACC OAS PNCC RIOCC SCCF UNEP Comunidad Andina (Andean Community of Nations) Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Spain) (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Centre) Center for International Forestry Research Consejo Interinstitucional del Cambio Climático European Union Global Environment Facility Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (Germany) Inter-American Development Bank Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (National Institute for Research and Technology in Agriculture and Food) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua (Ministry for Environment and Water) Mecanismo Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (National Climate Change Adaptation Mechanism) Organization of American States Programa Nacional de Cambios Climáticos (National Climate Change Programme) Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices) Special Climate Change Fund United Nations Environment Programme A. Adaptation Needs and Priorities Bolivia currently faces a number of climate hazards, particularly droughts and floods, which typically occur in relation to El Niño or La Niña years (MMAyA, 2009). In the decades to come, the country’s climate is expected to warm, with mean annual temperatures projected to increase up to 5° to 6°C by 2100. Precipitation is projected to increase in the rainy season but to decrease in the dry season. It is also anticipated to decrease in the highlands and the north, whereas it could increase in the southeastern plains. Rapid glacier retreat due to higher temperatures is also an important trend for the country (MMAyA, 2009). 58 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Through its National Communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and National Climate Change Adaptation Mechanism, Bolivia has noted the vulnerability of its ecosystems, forests, agriculture, livestock, water, human settlements and health sectors to the impacts of climate change. The country’s First and Second National Communications also suggest priority adaptation actions in relation to some of these sectors (CICC, 2000; MMAyA, 2009): Forests: Sustainable forest management; improving the well-being of forest inhabitants; improved efficiency of industrial processes; development and growth of the sector; identification of resistant species; and reducing habitat fragmentation. Agriculture: Soil and water management; agricultural research; and interactive technology transfer. Livestock: Identification of resistant pastures; introduction of native pastures; introduction of new livestock; migration; changing pastoral seasons; and supplementary diet. Freshwater: Coordinated planning of water use for each watershed; establishment of regulations; irrigation and storage works; infrastructure development, including treatment plants, dams, water mains, sanitation infrastructure and irrigation systems; conservation policies; quality control in water bodies; controlled and remunerated supply systems; adoption of emergency plans; linkages between watersheds; prediction system for floods and droughts; and capacity building and education regarding the management and consumption of water. Human health: Transmitter surveillance; chemical control; reservoir control; biological control; reduction of contact between vector and human beings; community participation; epidemiological and climatic surveillance; and health and sanitation education. The National Climate Change Adaptation Mechanism (MNACC) further translates the general stipulations of the National Development Plan into adaptation policies and actions for key sectors, as presented in Table 1. Table 1: Adaptation policies and actions for key sectors in Bolivia as identified through its National Climate Change Adaptation Mechanism Sector Policies Measures and Implementation Strategies Water Conserve and manage water quantity and quality for various purposes, taking into account climate scenarios Regulate, legislate and conduct education activities with a view to maintaining water quality Integrate climate change and its impacts into water policies; Promote efficient use of water for irrigation Alternative technologies for intensive water management in agriculture, industry, mining, etc. Generate vulnerability studies for population centers in the context of climate risks Ensure water supply to aquifers Synergies with other water policies 59 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Sector Policies Measures and Implementation Strategies Identify alternative energies in the face of hydropower vulnerability Improve water storage Promote rainwater capture Programs for efficient water use Interconnections between watersheds Health Standardized community health systems taking into account climate change Independence and strong leadership of the health system Social empowerment Acknowledge and analyze determinants of health, including climate change Epidemiologic monitoring covering climate risks Strong integration of risk reduction action with existing health policy is key Inclusion of climate change in health policies and programs Identification of current situation and future scenarios for health vulnerability Proactive behavior of National Health System Social participation and promotion Prevention and environmental protection for health Develop bioclimatic monitoring systems for prioritized diseases. Food Security and Sovereignty Guarantee availability and access of food through adaptation measures on agricultural production and the conservation and management of agrobiodiversity Information and monitoring systems with better links to climate scenarios Establish an adaptation fund Early warning system and integrated watershed management Availability phytogenic resources for adaptation Develop vulnerability indicators Establish food security early warning system develop phytosanitary monitoring systems under climate scenarios Strengthen genetic plant improvement systems Plant disease control Analyze the economic damages of climate change Support agro-biodiversity conservation Strengthen systematic observation systems (e.g. agro-meteorology) Create programs for exploiting the positive impacts of climate change on agriculture Consolidate adjusted agricultural calendars for regions Develop integrated public policies on adaptation Develop control systems for protected watersheds to promote sustainable production Establish one institutional framework for food security Ecosystems Protect areas, balancing attenuation zones and biological corridors Identify climate-sensitive ecosystems Extend protected areas Implement biological corridors Sustainable management of attenuation zones in protected areas Avoid deforestation to regulate hydrological cycle Alternative agricultural methods to slash-and-burn Monitoring of forest fires and ecosystem change Multilayered cultures, agro-forestry and tree nurseries 60 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Sector Policies Measures and Implementation Strategies Promote protection of native species in arid and semiarid areas Forestation in wetlands Social participation in management of protected areas Human Settlements and Risk Management Human settlements in new areas based on agroecological zoning and land use planning Adaptations linked to human settlement systems and risk management Safe housing and infrastructure for integrated human development Territorial planning and climate risk management Territorial planning and planning of human settlements in urban and rural areas Improvement of construction technology taking into account climate scenarios Intensive integration of risk and disaster management through the generation of information on extreme events Develop programs to improve housing and roads taking into account climate extremes Capacity building on the use of climate scenarios Planning of new settlements Watershed protection Improve drainage systems Generate information on vulnerability of infrastructure Early warning systems B. National Level Policies and Strategic Documents Bolivia has been active in establishing a policy framework for its response to the impacts of climate change. In addition to publication of two National Communications, its 2006 National Development Plan establishes policies related to adaptation to climate change under the natural resources section. The plan calls for the development of a risk management and adaptation strategy for vulnerable sectors (Ministerio de Planificación y Desarrollo, 2006). The MNACC translates the general stipulations of the National Development Plan into an action plan for adaptation. It is divided into seven programs, of which five are sector-specific (water, health, food security, ecosystems, human settlements and risk management) and the other two concern scientific investigation and capacity building, communication and education (Ministerio de Planificación y Desarrollo, 2007). The Ministry for Environment and Water (MMAyA) is the government focal point for climate change and executes its work in the area through the National Climate Change Programme. Table 2: Key Government Policies and Reports reflecting Adaptation Needs, Priorities and Planned Actions Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description 1. Consejo Interinstitucional del Cambio Climático Published in 2000 Multi-sectoral First National Communication to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change The First National Communication assesses the vulnerability of a number of sectors and proposes adaptation measures for most of them. 61 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description 2. National Development Plan Ministry for Planning and Development Published in 2006 Multi-sectoral The Plan mentions adaptation as one important policy under the environmental resources section, which calls for an adaptation and risk reduction strategy for vulnerable sectors. 3. National Climate Change Adaptation Mechanism (MNACC) Ministry for Planning and Development Published in 2007 Multi-sectoral The MNACC translates the general stipulations of the National Development Plan into an action plan for adaptation. It is divided into five sectoral programs and two programs relating to scientific investigation and capacity building, communication and education. 4. Second National Communication to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change Ministry for Published in 2009 Environment and Water Multi-sectoral The Second National Communication presents vulnerability assessments for several sectors, describes ongoing projects and policies as well as the priorities for future assessments and initiatives. C. Current Adaptation Action Bolivia is involved in a high number of adaptation projects and programs in comparison to other countries in South America, most of which are part of regional or global projects. Many of these projects focus on issues related to agriculture and/or freshwater supply, two sectors that have been identified as particularly vulnerable to climate change due to glacier retreat, changing temperatures and rainfall. One of these initiatives explicitly considers the vulnerability of ecosystems. Other projects aim to build national capacities to mainstream climate risks into policies and programs and address concerns related to human health, another a priority sector. Most projects focus on research and capacity building; few projects involving the actual implementation of recommended adaptation measures. Table 3: Current Project and Program Adaptation Action in Bolivia Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) The objective of this project is to support the Government of Bolivia in the preparation of activities for phase 1 of the Pilot Program on IADB; cofinancing IADB 2009 - ? Government National National Action 1. 74 Support to Mainstream Climate Change into the Planning Process74 Capacity building IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=BO-T1095 62 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project IADB; cofinancing Ministry for Environment and Water Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Community 2010 - ? based adaptation; Field implementati on Agriculture; Freshwater supply National Research; Capacity building Agriculture; Freshwater supply Regional: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile Climate Resilience (PPCR), as well as contribute to enhance the country’s capacity to coordinate and plan activities related to the Program. 2. Pilot Adaptation Measures This project will finance small local works to to Climate Change in the help mitigate the impacts of climate change Water Sector75 and reduce vulnerability of agricultural production and the general population and to generate lessons learned that will help the design of similar works to be financed under the “Pilot Program for Climate Resilience” implementation on Bolivia. Budget: US$812,000 Participation in Regional and Global Actions 3. 4. Coming Down the Mountain: Understanding the vulnerability of Andean communities to hydroclimatologic variability and global environmental change76 To identify and characterize vulnerabilities of specific stakeholders to climate variability and climate-induced water problems; evaluate policies and capacities of water management institutions to reduce the vulnerabilities of stakeholders; and analyze results of objectives 1 and 2 relative to regional climate change scenarios and future hydrological conditions. InterUniversity of American Regina Institute for (Canada) Global Change Research 2007–2011 In Bolivia: Research in Bolivia takes place in the Coquecota River Basin. Health Vulnerability and To provide national level evidence of the World Health National Climate Change linkages between climate and health; improve Organization Ministries Adaptation Assessments77 understanding of local and specific health risks and vulnerabilities; provide the opportunity for capacity building; and serve as a baseline analysis to monitor how health risks may be influenced by a changing climate over time. Assessment; Capacity building 2008–2010 Human health Global: 15 countries including Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Ghana, India, Kyrgyz IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=BO-G1001 IAI, http://iaibr1.iai.int/cgi-bin/SCI_Projects_Dynamic_Pages/SGP-HD/Factsheets/SGP-HD_4.pdf 77 WHO, http://www.who.int/globalchange/mediacentre/events/2010/costa_rica_consultation_200710/en/index.html 75 76 63 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Republic, Mongolia and Tunisia In Bolivia: Assessment completed and overview available.78 5. 6. 7. Design and Implementation of Pilot Climate Change Adaptation Measures in the Andean Region (PRAA Project)79 Utilization of Potato Genetic Diversity as Tool to Adaptation to Climate Change80 Implement measures to meet the anticipated consequences of the catastrophic glacier retreat induced by climate change through design and implementation of strategic pilot adaptation measures to address key impacts of glacier retreat, including: management plans for potable water systems in urban areas; promotion of less water consuming management practices in the agricultural sector; and measures to increase the natural water storage capacity of highland ecosystems. SCCF cofinancing To contribute to the adaptation of potato production systems to the expected impact of climate change, in order to develop technological alternatives to counteract the direct and potential effects of climate change (drought- and frost-tolerant varieties; high quality seeds; tools for risk evaluation) and the negative impacts on farmers and their families; as well as develop a climate change prevention and mitigation plan suited to the particular conditions of communities in the high Andes. IADB, cofinancing Integrated and Sustainable To strengthen, in a coordinated and coherent Budget: US$28.7 million World Bank with Government ministries, regional organizations Capacity 2008–2012 building; Field implementati on Freshwater supply; Urban areas; Agriculture Regional: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela In Bolivia: Implementation of measures in the Andes: Tuni watershed, other watersheds affected by glacier retreat, defensive constructions in Huayhuasi and El Palomar. Budget: US$742,520 Fundación para la Promoción e Investigación de Productores Andinos Research; 2009 - ? Policy formation and integration Agriculture Regional: Bolivia, Peru Watershed Regional: In Bolivia: Further information required. GEF, co- UNEP, Amazon Capacity 2009–2014 WHO, http://www.who.int/globalchange/mediacentre/events/2010/costa_rica_consultation_200710/bolivia_va_Presentation.pdf ALM, http://www.adaptationlearning.net/projects/regional-design-and-implementation-pilot-climate-change-adaptation-measures-andean-region; and http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/adaptation/CARE_PRAA_Summary.pdf 80 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=rg-t1690 78 79 64 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Management of Transboundary Water Resources in the Amazon River Basin Considering Climate Variability and Change 81 8. Regional Instruments for Adaptation to Climate Change by the Health Sector82 Objectives Funder(s) manner, the institutional framework for planning and executing activities for the protection and sustainable management of the water resources of the Amazon River Basin, endeavoring to realize a shared vision of sustainable development in the region based upon the protection and integrated management of transboundary water resources and adaptation to climatic changes. financing Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Cooperation Treaty Budget: US$ Organization, 51.5 million OAS Duration building; Policy formation and integration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) management Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela In Bolivia: Further information required. The project aims to create mechanisms to IADB, coIADB broaden knowledge of current and future financing impacts of climate on health in the population. Budget: US$1,202,000 Knowledge 2010 - ? communicatio n; Research Human health LAC Region: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay In Bolivia: Further information required. 9. Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR)83 PPCR aims to pilot and demonstrate ways in which climate risk and resilience may be integrated into core development planning and implementation in a way that is consistent with poverty reduction and sustainable development goals. In this way, the PPCR provides incentives for scaled-up action and initiates transformational change. The pilot programs and projects implemented under the PPCR are country-led, build on NAPAs and other relevant country studies and strategies. World Bank’s World Bank Strategic Climate Fund Policy 2008– formation and ongoing integration US$971.75 million pledged as of February 2011 Multi-sectoral Global: Bolivia, Cambodia, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Tajikistan, Yemen, Zambia Regional Programs: Caribbean and Pacific (includes Papua New Guinea, IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799471058 and http://www.otca.org.br/gefam/ IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/regional-integration/project-information,3072.html?id=RG-T1681 83 CIF, http://www.climatefundsupdate.org/listing/pilot-program-for-climate-resilience 81 82 65 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Samoa, Tonga) In Bolivia: The program is currently financing assessment work and capacity development activities.84 10. Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity in the Tropical Andes: Climate risk, vulnerability and decision making tools for the planning of conservation85 “To provide tropical Andean countries with a standard methodology for estimating climate change risks for biodiversity at local scales that can be used to design adaptation measures tailored to particular conditions. Case studies will be conducted during three years (2011 2013) on short- to medium-term climate change trends, biodiversity patterns and gradients and the vulnerability of species and ecosystems to climate and land use changes in two cross-border areas: a) the Pacific slope of the Northern Andes, in the border region of Colombia and Ecuador; [and] (b) the Amazonian slope of the Central Andes, in the border region of Bolivia and Peru.” John D. and IAI Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation 11. Sustainable Management of the Water Resources of the la Plata Basin with Respect to the Effects of Climate Variability and Change86 To strengthen transboundary cooperation among the riparian country governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay to ensure management of shared water resources of the River Plate in an integrated sustainable manner, within the context of climate variability and change, while capitalizing on development opportunities. GEF, national UNEP, OAS, governments National environmental Budget: ministries US$62.5 million Research 2011–2013 Biodiversity Regional: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru In Bolivia: To be determined Capacity 2011–2015 building; Policy formation and integration Watershed Regional: management Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay In Bolivia: The project involves environmental and riparian protection programs in rivers belonging to the River Plate Basin. PPRC, http://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/content/bolivia IAI, http://www.iai.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120&Itemid=68 86 IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799469815 84 85 66 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) 12. Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change87 The two specific objectives of the study were: (1) to develop a global estimate of adaptation costs to inform the international community’s efforts to tailor support and provide new and additional resources to help vulnerable developing countries meet adaptation costs; and (2) to support decision makers in developing countries to better evaluate and assess the risks posed by climate change and to better design strategies to adapt to climate change. Netherlands, World Bank Switzerland and the United Kingdom 13. Review of the Economics The purpose of the study is to make a of Climate Change in South socioeconomic analysis of the impacts of America88 climate change in selected countries of South America, develop mitigation and adaptation policies and leverage financial resources. In addition, this project includes a component focused on the impact of climate change in coastal areas–C3A (Cambio Climatico en las Coastas de America Latina y Caribe). Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Research; 2008–2010 Multi-sectoral Global: Policy Bangladesh, formation and Bolivia, integration Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique, Samoa and Viet Nam In Bolivia: Results of the Economics of Adaptation Study’s country case study in Bolivia are accessible here: http://climatechange.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/documents/EACC_Bolivia.pdf IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU, Germany ECLAC Assessment; 2008–2009 Coastal zone Regional: Policy management Argentina, formation and ; Government Bolivia, Brazil, integration Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela In Bolivia: Further information required. 14. Preparedness for Climate Change89 The aim of this program was for the Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies in countries particularly vulnerable to climate change to gain a better understanding of climate change and its impacts to identify country-specific adaptation measures in line with risks. Activities could include organizing a workshop on risks, assessment of risks Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies Capacity building; Policy formation and integration Phase 1: Disaster risk Global project: 2006–2009 management 39 countries Phase 2: ongoing South American participants in Phase 1: Argentina Bolivia World Bank, http://climatechange.worldbank.org/content/economics-adaptation-climate-change-study-homepage ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/dmaah/noticias/noticias/2/35232/samaniego_recc.pdf 89 IFRC, http://www.climatecentre.org/site/preparedness-for-climate-change-programme 87 88 67 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives through preparation of a background document, capacity building programs, and developing climate change resilient plans. 15. Community-based Adaptation (CBA) Programme90 The objective of the program is to enhance the capacity of communities in the pilot countries to adapt to climate change including variability. Planned outcomes are: • Enhanced adaptive capacity allows communities to reduce their vulnerability to adverse impacts of future climate hazards; • National policies and programs include community-based adaptation priorities to promote replication, up-scaling and integration of best practices derived from community-based adaptation projects; and cooperation among member countries promotes global innovation in adaptation to climate change including variability. 16. Climate Policy 2012: Extension of the global project “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change”92 The UNDP Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded on the global project, “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change” in the LAC region to provide technical support to national policy makers and its Country Offices and strengthen capacity on budgetary issues related to the post-2012 climate regime. Activities include technical backstopping for countries that begin to consider adaptation to climate change in their National Development Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Colombia Guyana In Bolivia: Further information required. GEF UNDP (Strategic Priority on Adaptation), co-financing Budget: US$6.7 million Knowledge 2009–2011 communicatio n; Capacity Building; Communitybased adaptation Multi-sectoral Global: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Samoa, Viet Nam In Bolivia: The project focuses on three main themes: security/agriculture, water resources, and natural ecosystems.91 Spain, UNDP UNDP Budget: US$3.6 million Capacity 2009–2011 building; Policy formation and integration Government LAC Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, UNDP, http://www.undp-adaptation.org/projects/websites/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=203 PAR, http://agrobiodiversityplatform.org/climatechange/2010/10/27/resilience-to-climate-change-the-community-based-adaptation-project-in-bolivia/ 92 UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/act_latin-en.aspx and http://www.undp.org/climatechange/docs/EEG_Flyer_EN.pdf 90 91 68 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Plans. Geographic focus (if any) Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela In Bolivia: To be identified. 17. Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in IberoAmerica93 Part of PIACC, this project aims to generate Spain INIA, CIFOR, new information and knowledge and CATIE, strengthen the capacity of research Polytechnical institutions in the forestry sector on linking University of sustainable forest management with Madrid adaptation and mitigation to climate change. This includes strengthening specific research activities, developing and disseminating methodologies and case studies, strengthening human resources and fostering the representation of the forest sector in the regional and international dialogue. In Bolivia: To be identified. Capacity 2009–2011 building; Research; Knowledge communicatio n Forestry RIOCC countries,94 including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela 18. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into National Development Processes in Latin America and the Caribbean Build climate resilience of vulnerable human Spain UNEP and ecological systems in the region by integrating adaptation options into national Budget: planning processes and building the associated US$4,375,233 capacity of key regional and national institutions. The project will: undertake impact Assessment; 2010–2013 Capacity building; policy formation and integration Government; Agriculture; Freshwater supply LAC Region: Phase 1: 19 RIOCC countries95 Phase 2: 3-5 Proyecto MIA, http://www.proyectomia.com/ The 21 member countries of RIOCC are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. 95 The 19 RIOCC countries are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 93 94 69 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives and vulnerability assessments; identify good practices and gaps in integrating adaptation into policy and plans; and support adaptation planning and its integration into national development processes. It will focus on the most vulnerable sectors and ecosystems, especially water and agriculture. Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) countries (Dominican Republic 1st country selected) In Bolivia: Further information required. 19. Climate Change and Biodiversity Information in the Tropical Andes (Información de Cambio Climático y Biodiversidad para el Fomento de Políticas Públicas de Conservación y Adaptación en la Región de los Andes Tropicales)96 The objective of the project is to create a regional system of public information on climate change and its potential impact on the biodiversity of the tropical Andes. The aim of the project is to contribute in the generation of public policies and the insertion of biodiversity conservation into the national climate change plans of participant countries. IADB; cofinancing 20. Regional Program to Adaptation to Climate Change in Andes Region The project seeks to promote integrated measures of adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector with the countries members of the CAN. It will strengthen national food security strategies in the context of climate change adaptation and institutions in the agriculture sector. German GIZ, CAN, Federal Ministries Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ) Budget: US$878,720 Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño Policy 2011 - ? formation and integration; Knowledge communicatio n Biodiversity; Regional: Civil society Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru In Bolivia: Further information required. Capacity 2011–2016 building; Policy formation and integration Agriculture Regional: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru In Bolivia: Further information required. D. Proposed Adaptation Action No proposed actions have been identified beyond the priorities presented in the MNACC. 96 IADB, http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=35427915 70 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America E. Assessment Climate change, and adaptation in particular, has received ample recognition at the highest policy levels in Bolivia. The National Development Plan acknowledges the threats of climate change to development and calls for the development of an adaptation and risk reduction strategy. The National Climate Change Adaptation Mechanism translates this call into a range of policies and actions in explicitly prioritized sectors. The MNACC has been developed by the Ministry of Planning and Development, which further highlights the important of adaptation to the government. Bolivia also has a long-standing and clear structure for climate change action, with a respectable National Climate Change Programme being the core agency. A range of adaptation activities are already being executed in the country, often related to capacity building and policy research. Freshwater supply and agriculture, two of the five priority sectors, have received most of the attention of current activities. However, health, ecosystems as well as human settlements, disaster risk management and gender have remained largely unaddressed by adaptation action. The main challenge for Bolivia, it seems, is to translate its comprehensive and coherent policy framework into concrete adaptation action on the ground. References: Consejo Interinstitucional del Cambio Climático (2000). Primera Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bolnc1e.pdf Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua [MMAyA] (2009). Segunda Comunicación Nacional del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bolnc2.pdf Ministerio de Planificación y Desarrollo (2006). Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. Ministerio de Planificación y Desarrollo (2007). Mecanismo Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático. 71 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 3.0 Brazil BMU CATIE CEDEPLAR CDM CIA CIFOR CIM CPTEC ECLAC EU FNMC GDP GEF GHG GIZ GPMC IADB IEM INIA INPE IVIG INCT IPCC MBSCG Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorischerheit (German Ministry for the Environment) Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Spain) (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Centre) Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional de Minas Gerais (Center for Regional Development and Planning of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais) Clean Development Mechanism Central Intelligence Agency Center for International Forestry Research Comitê Interministerial sobre Mudança do Clima (Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change) Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (Centre for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies) Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean European Union Fundo Nacional Sobre Mudança Climática (National Climate Change Fund) Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility greenhouse gas Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit Grupo de Pesquisa em Mudanças Climáticas (Climate Change Research Group) (housed under INPE) Inter-American Development Bank Integrated Ecosystem Management Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (Chile) (National Institute of Agricultural Research) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (National Institute on Space Research) Instituto Virtual de Mudanças Globais (Virtual Institute of Global Changes) Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (National Institute of Science and Technology) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Modelo Brasileiro do Sistema Climático Global (Brazilian Global Climate System Model) 72 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America MCT MMA OAS PBMC PNMC REDE CLIMA RIOCC UNDP UNEP UNFCCC Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (Ministry of Science and Technology) Ministério do Meio Ambiente (Ministry of Environment) Organization of American States Painel Brasileiros de Mudanças Climáticas (Brazilian Panel on Climate Change) Plano Nacional sobre Mudanças Climáticas (National Climate Change Plan) Rede Brasileira de Pesquisas sobre Mudanças Climáticas Globais (Brazilian Global Climate Change Research Network) Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices) United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Brazil expands over an area 8,514,800 square kilometers, making it the largest country in South America and the fifth largest country in the world (CIA, 2011). The vast Brazilian territory supports a diverse mosaic of ecosystems which are estimated to be home to 1.8 million species, representing approximately 13 per cent of the world’s species (Lewinsohn and Prado, 2005). Brazil is also the fifth most populous country in the world, with an estimated 2011 population of 203.43 million (CIA, 2011) of which approximately 24 per cent live in the coastal zone (MCT 2010). Brazil’s economy outweighs the economies of all other South American countries combined and ranks eighth globally (MCT 2010). It is the main exporter of several agricultural products, including sugarcane, beef, chicken, coffee, orange juice, tobacco and alcohol, and is ranked second in corn and soy bean exports (MCT 2010). Brazil is also amongst the largest producers of various manufactured products, including cement, aluminum, chemicals, petrochemical feedstock, and oil (MCT 2010). High rates of deforestation are a concern in the country. However, Brazil has recently implemented legal, administrative and economic measures to help curb deforestation, particularly in the Amazon (MCT 2010). A. Adaptation Needs and Priorities According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (Parry et al., 2007; in MCT 2010) key potential impacts of climate change in Brazil include: A very high-probability the less frequent and more variable rainfall will exacerbate water insecurity in the semi-arid northeastern Brazil, particularly if population growth is considered. Groundwater recharge may diminish by 70 per cent in Brazil’s Northeast. 73 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America A high probability of increased rainfall in south-eastern Brazil will compromise crop yields and increase the frequency and intensity of flooding. A high probability of biodiversity loss, including the gradual replacement of the Amazon with savannahs and desertification of semi-arid regions in Northeast Brazil. A high probability that increasing sea level will affect Brazil’s coastal areas. Global climate change could raise rainfall rates, thus exacerbating impacts caused by erosion and landslides. Brazil’s northeast is particularly vulnerable as erosion has already caused sedimentation of reservoirs and subsequently reduced water storage and supply capacity. Shanty towns (favelas), located on steep slopes in metropolitan areas, are also especially vulnerable to erosion and landslides. Climate change may impact human health, particularly with the spread of vector-borne diseases (i.e. dengue fever) and diseases resulting from diminished water quality. Moreover, warming of the South Atlantic Ocean may contribute to the increasing intensity and frequency of tropical storms. For example, the first-ever reported hurricane in the South Atlantic, which made landfall in southern Brazil in March 2004, has been attributed to warming of the South Atlantic (Pezza and Simmonds 2005). To better understand the impacts of climate change, the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT) has been actively supporting down-scaling methods and the development of regional models. There is a relatively high degree of uncertainty associated with the existing climate change scenario projections generated by the various global climate models used by the IPCC (MCT 2010), since they use different formulas to simulate physical processes at a relatively low level of resolution, and conflicting scenarios are sometimes generated. For example, some models project a drier climate for the Amazon whereas other models project a wetter Amazon (MCT 2010). Similarly, some models suggest an increase in total rainfall for semi-arid Northeast Brazil (MCT 2010). Consequently, the MCT has recognized the need to develop climate modeling capacity in Brazil, particularly with regards to downscaling methods to provide more detailed and accurate projections to better inform adaptation policy for water security, natural ecosystem conservation, agriculture, and human health (MCT 2010). The MCT, through the Brazilian National Institute on Space Research (INPE), has therefore supported the development and progressive refinement of regional climate models for South America (see for example: Alves and Marengo, 2009; Chou et al., 2011; Marengo et al., 2009a; Marengo et al., 2009b; Pesquero et al., 2010). In 74 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 2007, INPE published a series of seminal Climate Change Reports97 (see Marengo et al. [2007] for a summary) which focused specifically on Brazil and reported on climatic changes and impacts in the diverse regions of Brazil. These results are summarized in Table 1. Various impact studies have also been conducted and published based on research presented in the INPE 2007 Climate Change Reports, including Climate Change and Energy Security in Brazil (Schaeffer et al,. 2008), Global Warming and the New Geography in Agricultural Production in Brazil (Assad and Pinto 2008), and Climate Change, Migration and Health: Scenarios for the Northeast region of Brazil (CEDEPLAR and Fiocruz 2008), along with reports on economic impacts of climate change in Brazil (Marcovitch et al., 2010; ECLAC 2009). Table 1. Climate change projections and impacts across different regions of Brazil based on INPE 2007 Climate Change Reports Brazilian Region Climate Change projection North (including the Amazon) Pessimistic A2 Scenario: Temperatures rise by 4-8 C, 15-20% rainfall reduction Optimistic B2 Scenario: Temperatures rise by 3-5oC, 5-15% rainfall reduction Increase in extreme rainfall events in the Western Amazon and increase in consecutive days without rain in the Eastern Amazon Possibility of more intense and frequent droughts after 2050 loss of ecosystem services and biodiversity in the Amazon reduced river flows, affecting transportation and hydroelectric power reduced humidity and thus favorable conditions for forest fires risk that the Amazon may become a savannah impacts on human health, migration and commerce effects on the transportation of atmospheric humidity to the southeast of South America Northeast Pessimistic A2 Scenario: Temperatures rise by 2-4oC, 15-20% rainfall reduction Optimistic B2 Scenario: Temperatures rise by 1-3oC, 10-15% rainfall reduction Increased consecutive days without rain and air dryness Increased evapotranspiration from reservoirs Possibility of more frequent and intense droughts Increased desertification risk Possible sea level rise loss of ecosystem services and biodiversity from the caatinga biome reduced river flows, affecting transportation and hydroelectric power reduced agricultural productivity resulting from increased aridity compromised water security impacts on human health, migration, tourism and employment increased social conflict potential reduction in in aquifer recharge by 2050 Central-West (including the Pantanal) Pessimistic A2 Scenario: Temperatures rise by 3-6oC, increased rainfall intensity and irregularity Optimistic B2 Scenario: Temperatures rise by 2-4oC, increased rainfall intensity and irregularity increased number of extreme rainfall events and consecutive days without rainfall reduced agricultural productivity increased heat waves with impacts on health and energy consumption increased social conflict 97 Potential Impacts o INPE/CCST, http://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.br/ 75 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Brazilian Region Climate Change projection Potential Impacts compromised water security impacts on the pantanal and cerrado biomes, increased fire risk Southeast Pessimistic A2 Scenario: Temperatures rise by 3-3oC, increased rainfall intensity and irregularity Optimistic B2 Scenario: Temperatures rise by 2-3oC, increased rainfall intensity and irregularity Possible sea level rise South Pessimistic A2: Temperatures rise by 2-4oC, 5-10% increase in rainfall intensity and irregularity Optimistic B2: Temperatures rise by 1-3oC, 0-5% increase in rainfall intensity and irregularity increased extreme rainfall events and cyclones increased frequency of heat waves and warmer nights possible sea level rise health impacts including increased occurrence of tropical diseases agricultural productivity compromised by higher temperatures and intense rainfall increased cost of food increased flooding and landslide risk increased social conflict impacts on ecosystems such as the Araucária forest and pampas increased frequency of flooding and landslides reduced agricultural productivity and compromised food security increased heat waves with impacts on health and energy consumption compromised water security increased social conflict impacts on ecosystems such as the Atlantic Rainforest According to the Initial and Second National Communication (MCT 2004; MCT 2010) priority adaptation research areas include: Drought in the Northeast, as well as in other regions of the country and its impacts on agriculture and hydroelectric generation; Floods that present a serious problem in various regions, including the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro; Frost and its impacts, mainly on coffee and orange crops, in particular in the South and Southeast regions; Impacts of climate change on the productivity of agricultural crops (corn, soybean, wheat, etc.) of considerable importance to Brazil’s GDP; Vulnerability of coastal zones because of rising sea levels, and implementation of a preventative approach in selecting sites for urban expansion and industrial development; Vulnerability in the area of human health, especially related to the transmission of various infectious diseases whose vectors and parasites are particularly sensible to climatic changes (malaria, dengue, etc.); Impacts of climate change on the electrical sector given the predominance of hydroelectric generation in the country; and Coral bleaching along Brazilian coastlines. 76 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America B. National Level Policies Recognizing the increasing importance of climate change, the Brazilian government has developed and allocated budgetary resources to various national level organizations, the first of which was the development of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Global Climate Change98 in 1999. Overseen by the Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade, the role of the Inter-Ministerial Committee is to disseminate the Brazilian federal government’s actions with regards to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and serves as the Designated National Authority for Clean Development Mechanism projects. In the year 2000, the Brazilian government launched the Climate Change Program as part of its 2000-2003 Multi-Year Plan (MCT 2004). The main objective of the Climate Change Program was to generate scientific research related to greenhouse gas emissions and the refinement of climate change policy. The Climate Change Program included six main actions, of which two pertained directly to adaptation: Action 1–Development of studies on vulnerability and adaptation to the impacts of climate change. The key objective was to study climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation in the areas of agriculture, ecosystems, biodiversity, water resources, coastal resources and human health. Action 2–Development of forecasting models to monitor climatic changes. The key objective was to begin a process of scientific research and development of climate information systems, with the goal of reducing uncertainty about the causes, effects, magnitude and changes over time of climatic changes and the economic and social consequences of various response strategies. The National Climate Change Program continues to operate as part of the Brazilian Ministry of Environment, and seeks to enhance Brazil’s capacity to mitigate and adapt to climate change (see Table 2). A National Climate Change Plan (PNMC) has also been elaborated with participation from the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (CIM),99,100 which includes the Chief of Staff of Brazil,101 the Secretariat of Strategic Affairs, 15 federal ministries102 and the Brazilian Forum on Climate Change. In addition to the development of the PNMC, the CIM is also responsible for the dissemination, implementation and evaluation of the PNMC. Although the PNMC places much greater emphasis on mitigation than on adaptation, it still identifies adaptation priorities and potential synergies MDICE, http://www.desenvolvimento.gov.br/sitio/interna/interna.php?area=1&menu=783&refr=482 The Inter-ministerial Committee on Climate Change is different than the Inter-ministerial Committee on Global Climate Change (See Table 2). 100 Federal Decree describing structure and function of CIM: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2007/Decreto/D6263.htm 101 The Chief of Staff of the Presidency of the Republic (Chefe da Casa Civil da Presidência da República) is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of Brazil and a senior aide to the President. 102 Ministries of: Agriculture, Livestock & Food Supply; Science & Technology; Defense; Education; Finance; National Integration; Health; Cities; Foreign Affairs; Mines & Energy; Agriculture Development; Development, Industry & Foreign Trade; Environment; Planning, Budget & Management; Transportation 98 99 77 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America with existing programs to: combat desertification (Program of National Action to Combat Desertification and Mitigate Drought–PAN Brasil103); establish integrated watershed resource management; and link with the National Environmental Council104 and the Brazilian Unified Health System. To legally enforce the over-arching goals of the PNMC, a National Climate Change Policy was also passed in December 2009, which recognizes the importance of climate change vulnerability studies and the need to integrate climate change adaptation into municipal, regional and national policy. The National Climate Change Policy lists a National Climate Change Plan and a National Climate Change Fund as instruments to reach its objectives. The Brazilian government, via the Ministry of Environment (MMA), initiated the National Climate Change Fund (FNMC)105 concurrently with the National Climate Change Policy in December 2009106 and operationalized the FNMC in October 2010.107 The FNMC receives a significant portion of its funds from oil production revenue108 and provides financial support to initiatives that seek to reduce greenhouse emissions, assess climate change impacts, or adapt to climate change impacts. The Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT) has also submitted Brazil’s Initial and Second National Communication (MCT 2004; MCT 2010) to the UNFCCC. Similar to the initial actions of the National Climate Change Program, one of the main objectives of the Second National Communication was to further elaborate a methodological framework to evaluate vulnerability and adaptation measures, with two main components focused on: 1) the development of more detailed climate projections for Brazil; and 2) the preliminary analysis of key climate change impacts with specific emphasis on Brazil’s national circumstances. The National Institute on Space Research (INPE), which is directly linked to the MCT, has been the national entity responsible for the coordinating climate modeling and future climate change scenarios and adaptation research (MCT 2010). In particular, INPE’s Climate Change Research Group (GPMC) has taken the lead with climate modeling, vulnerability analyses, and impact and adaptation studies. The GPMC has considerable capacity since it collaborates with researchers from diverse academic and research institutes, including the University of São Paulo, University of Campinas, and Brazilian Foundation for Sustainable Development, as well as Brazilian federal government institutions such as the Brazilian Enterprise for Agricultural Research and the Brazilian National Institute for Meteorology MMA, http://www.mma.gov.br/estruturas/sedr_desertif/_arquivos/pan_brasil_portugues.pdf MMA, http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/processos/B92F43DF/RelatFinalGTAdaMudCli_200804021.pdf 105 MMA, http://www.mma.gov.br/sitio/index.php?ido=conteudo.monta&idEstrutura=251 106 Government of Brazil, http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2009/Lei/L12114.htm 107 Government of Brazil http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2010/Decreto/D7343.htm 108 According to the CIA World Factbook, Brazil is ranked 9 th globally in total barrels of oil produced per day; just above Kuwait (10 th) and Venezuela (11th). CIA, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2173rank.html. 103 104 78 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America (INMET).109 The GPMC is currently working on improving the regional climate model, for example, to include dynamic vegetation and changes in land use.110 All the improvements are expected to fill in gaps from existing scenarios, further reduce margins of error and increase spatial resolution from 40x40 square kilometers to 20x20 square kilometers to better assess climate change impacts (MCT 2010). In addition to regional models, INPE is also developing the Brazilian Global Climate System Model in collaboration with climate centers in South America, South Africa, India and Europe (MCT 2010). Such plans to contribute global climate modeling research reflect Brazil’s progressively advancing capacity for modeling climate change impacts. In addition to actively supporting climate modeling research, the MCT has also strived to increase technical capacity via an interdisciplinary approach, with the development of the National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT) for Climate Change111 and Brazilian Global Climate Change Research Network (Rede CLIMA).112 The INCT for Climate Change aims at developing a comprehensive interdisciplinary research network on climate change with Brazilian and international research groups (MCT 2010). The INCT is housed within INPE and provides scientific and technical expertise to Rede CLIMA. The main objectives of Rede CLIMA are to disseminate climate change research and help establish additional research partnerships. The Brazilian Climate Change Forum113 is another network that links researchers but also provides an opportunity to listen to public concerns and priorities via public hearings organized across the country. It was established in June 2000, and is coordinated by the Virtual Institute of Global Change (Alberto Luiz Coimbra Post-graduate and Engineering Research Institute of the Federal University of Rio De Janeiro). The main objectives of the Brazilian Climate Change Forum are to plan and implement climate change forums at the state level and public hearings in diverse regions of the country, as well as promote interdisciplinary studies on climate change adaptation. The Brazilian Panel on Climate Change (PBMC)114 was also created in September 2009 by the MCT and MMA.115 The PBMC is a national, scientific organization that mirrors the IPCC, which synthesizes and evaluates climate change in Brazil, including impacts, INPE/CCST, http://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.br/ Current models assume that existing vegetation is not altered by climate change, however, climate change would alter vegetation type and density and dynamic modeling can include these effects. 111INPE, http://www.ccst.inpe.br/inct/ 112 INPE, http://www.ccst.inpe.br/redeclima/ 113 Forumclima, http://www.forumclima.org.br 114 PBMC, http://www.pbmc.coppe.ufrj.br/index.php?area=historia 115 PBMC, http://www.pbmc.coppe.ufrj.br/portaria356.pdf 109 110 79 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America vulnerability and adaptation actions. The PBMC directly supports activities outlined in the National Climate Change Plan, including supporting state and municipal policy development on climate change mitigation and adaptation. The First National Assessment Report is anticipated to be complete for 2012. Table 2: Key Government Policies and Reports reflecting Adaptation Needs, Priorities and Planned Actions Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status 1. National Climate Change Program116 Ministry of Science and Technology Established in Multi-sectoral 2000 The program enhances Brazil’s scientific, technological and institutional capacity to better understand climate change, identify impacts in Brazil, and support policy development at the national and international level. This includes supporting preparation of the Second National Communication of Brazil (MCT 2010). 2. Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC 117 Ministry of Science and Technology Released Dec Multi-sectoral 2004 With regards to adaptation, the 1st National Communication presents climate change impacts in the semi-arid region, coastal zone, health, electrical sector, agriculture, disaster preparedness, and regional climate modeling. The integration of climate change issues is also presented but is mostly applicable to mitigation. 3. National Climate Change Plan118 Inter-Ministerial Committee Completed on Climate Change September 2008 and open for public consultation Multi-sectoral Briefly addresses the identification of climate change impacts, vulnerability mapping and adaptation options. Adaptation measures identified include synergies with: National Program to Combat Desertification and Drought Mitigation (PAN Brasil); Framework for the Sustainable Water Resources Management of the Prata Watershed; the work and role of National Environmental Council to identify and adopt adaptation measures; and capacity building to better address climate variability within the Unified Health System. 4. National Climate Change Policy119 Public administration Multi-sectoral Promotes adaptation measures to reduce environmental, social, and economic vulnerability to climate change through the integration of adaptation measures in local, region and national policy; promotion of bilateral, regional, and multi-lateral international cooperation for financing, capacity development, and research for adaptation Established December 2009 Sector(s) of Focus Summary description MCT, http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/77650.html#tlt UNFCCC, http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?such=j&symbol=BRA/COM/1%20B%20COPY%201%20ENG#beg 118 MMA, http://www.mma.gov.br/estruturas/169/_arquivos/169_29092008073244.pdf 119 Government of Brazil, http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2009/lei/l12187.htm 116 117 80 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description actions. 5. Second National Communication to the UNFCCC120 Ministry of Science and Technology, under the National Climate Change Program Released November 2010 Multi-sectoral With regards to adaptation, the Second National Communication presents the regional climate model (Eta-CPTEC Model) and introduces the MBSCG along with the impacts of climate change on the semi-arid region, urban areas, coastal zone, human health, energy and water resources, forests, agriculture and livestock, and disaster preparedness. As in the First National Communication, integration of climate change issues is focused primarily on mitigation. 6. Third National Communication to the UNFCCC Ministry of Science and Technology Currently being compiled Multi-sectoral Will present updated and refined analysis of climate change impacts and adaptation, for example, will present progress with the MBSCG (MCT 2010). C. Current Adaptation Action The current adaptation actions outlined in Table 3 reflect those that significantly rely on contributions from external donors. This restriction reflect the difficulty of capturing all of Brazil’s current climate change adaptation actions due its strong and rapidly advancing capacity to assess climate change impacts and act upon the outcomes of this research. The strong civil society presence in Brazil also provides solid support for the profusion of social and environmental initiatives that may serendipitously support adaptation to climate change. For example, the Semi-Arid Brazilian Network (Articulação no Semi-Árido Brasileiro) is comprised of more than 700 entities and has been developing water infrastructure across Northeast Brazil. This work includes the One Million Cistern Program (Programa Um Milhão de Cisternas)121 that will provide five million people in Northeast Brazil with potable water, reducing their vulnerability to drought. Of the current adaptation actions identified in Table 3, one involves the development of high resolution climate scenarios and the others focus on integrated approaches for natural resource management whilst addressing potential climate change impacts. The integration of climate change adaptation into natural resource management plans reflects an evolution of climate change adaptation planning away from previous climate change impact assessments. A small number of identified projects are being implemented solely in Brazil; the 120 121 MCT, http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/326984.html ASA, http://www.asabrasil.org.br/Portal/Informacoes.asp?COD_MENU=1150 81 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America remainder involve other countries, primarily from within the Latin American region. An exception is Brazil’s participation in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) project “Health Vulnerability and Climate Change Adaptation Assessments.” The limited number of solely Brazilian projects funded by large-scale external funders may reflect international recognition of Brazil’s internal capacity. Table 3. Current Adaptation Actions in Brazil Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Rio de Janeiro Sustainable Integrated Ecosystem Management in Productive Landscapes of the North-Northwestern Fluminense122 The aim of this project for Brazil is to address threats to biodiversity of global importance; reverse land degradation in agricultural landscapes; enhance carbon sequestration, and increase awareness at all levels of the value of adopting an integrated ecosystems management (IEM) approach in managing natural resources. This project has four components. Component 1 supports planning for IEM actions. Component 2 supports systems for adopting IEM and sustainable management practices. Component 3 supports organization and capacity building for IEM. Component 4 finances project management, monitoring, and evaluation. GEF, cofinancing Secretariat of Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development (SEAPPA) 2005–2011 Ecosystem conservation NorthNorthwester n parts of Rio de Janeiro State Multiplying Best Practice in Adaptation to Climate Change123 In response to growing aridity in Brazil’s north, BMU the project seeks to prepare the rural population to cope through the Budget: € implementation of proven local strategies. This 871,241 includes expansion of existing irrigation pilot projects, establishing of a network of municipalities and organizations seeking to disseminate successful adaptation measures, and provision of training measures. National Action 1. 2. 122 123 Budget: GEF: US$13.52 million Capacity Building; Policy Formation and integration Centro Clima, Field 2008–2010 Rural areas; Universidade implementati Freshwater Federal do Rio on supply de Janeiro Northern Brazil World Bank, http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P075379 BMU, http://www.bmu-klimaschutzinitiative.de/en/projects?p=2&d=457 82 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives 3. The project aims to contribute to better BMU understand the links between to climate change and biodiversity by helping to Budget: € coordinate biodiversity monitoring in selected 3,500,000 Brazilian protected areas. It will provide information relevant to decisions on mitigation. It is also anticipated that the project will help prepare for decisions related to protected areas and climate change. Monitoring ClimateRelevant Biodiversity with Regard to Mitigation and Adaptation124 Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Instituto Chico Research; Mendes de Capacity Conservação building da Biodiversidade, MMA, state environmental authorities, others 2010–2013 Biodiversity Geographic focus (if any) Participation in Regional and Global Actions 4. Review of the Economics of Climate Change in South America125 The purpose of the study is to make a socioeconomic analysis of the impacts of climate change in selected countries of South America, develop mitigation and adaptation policies and leverage financial resources. In addition, this project includes a component focused on the impact of climate change in coastal areas–C3A (Cambio Climatico en las Coastas de America Latina y Caribe). IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU, Germany ECLAC Assessment; 2008–2009 Coastal zone Policy management; formation and Government integration Regional: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela In Brazil: Further information required. 5. Health Vulnerability and To provide national level evidence of the World Health National Climate Change linkages between climate and health; improve Organization Ministries Adaptation Assessments126 understanding of local and specific health risks and vulnerabilities; provide the opportunity for capacity building; and serve as a baseline analysis to monitor how health risks may be influenced by a changing climate over time. Assessment; Capacity building 2008–2010 Human health Global: 15 countries including Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Ghana, India, Kyrgyz BMU, http://www.bmu-klimaschutzinitiative.de/en/projects?p=1&d=650 ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/dmaah/noticias/noticias/2/35232/samaniego_recc.pdf 126 WHO, http://www.who.int/globalchange/mediacentre/events/2010/costa_rica_consultation_200710/en/index.html 124 125 83 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Republic, Mongolia and Tunisia In Brazil: Assessment completed and short summary available. 127 6. Climate Change Vulnerability Evaluation of Coastal and Marine Areas128 This project is part of the Ibero-American Spain ECLAC, Capacity 2009–2011 Programme on the Evaluation of Impacts, University of building; Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Cantabria, Assessment; Change (PIACC) and aims to determine the national Knowledge impacts of climate change on the coasts of any counterparts communicatio country in Spanish and Portuguese speaking n countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. It has a particular focus on the dynamics of beaches, estuaries, lagoons, deltas, cliffs and dunes, coastal erosion, flood risks and coastal infrastructure. This initiative is linked to the In Brazil: Further information required. project “Economics of Climate Change in Central America - Phase II”129 funded by IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU and Germany. Coastal zone management Most RIOCC countries130 including: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela 7. Climate Policy 2012: Extension of the global project “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change”131 The UNDP Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded on the global project, “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change” in the LAC region to provide technical support to national policy makers and its Country Offices and strengthen capacity on budgetary issues related to the post-2012 climate regime. Activities include technical backstopping for Government LAC Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Spain, UNDP UNDP Budget: US$3.6 million Capacity 2009–2011 building; Policy formation and integration See: WHO, http://www.who.int/globalchange/mediacentre/events/2010/costa_rica_consultation_200710/SUMMARY_Manaus_Brazil_VA.pdf RIOCC, http://www.lariocc.net/riocc_principal/es/proyectos_iniciativas/proy_marc_piacc.htm 129 See ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/mexico/cambioclimatico/index.html 130 The 21 member countries of RIOCC are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. 131 UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/act_latin-en.aspx and http://www.undp.org/climatechange/docs/EEG_Flyer_EN.pdf 127 128 84 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) countries that begin to consider adaptation to climate change in their National Development Plans. Geographic focus (if any) Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela In Brazil: Further information required. 8. Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in IberoAmerica132 Part of PIACC, this project aims to generate Spain new information and knowledge and strengthen the capacity of research institutions in the forestry sector on linking sustainable forest management with adaptation and mitigation to climate change. This includes strengthening specific research activities, developing and disseminating methodologies and case studies, strengthening human resources and fostering the representation of the forest sector in the regional and international dialogue. INIA, CIFOR, CATIE, Polytechnical University of Madrid Capacity 2009–2011 building; Research; Knowledge communicatio n Forestry RIOCC countries, including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela In Brazil: Further information required. 9. 132 Integrated and Sustainable Management of Transboundary Water Resources in the Amazon River Basin Considering To strengthen, in a coordinated and coherent manner, the institutional framework for planning and executing activities for the protection and sustainable management of the water resources of the Amazon River GEF, cofinancing UNEP, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Budget: US$ Organization, 51.5 million OAS Capacity 2009–2014 Watershed building; management Policy formation and integration Regional: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Proyecto MIA, http://www.proyectomia.com/ 85 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Climate Variability and Change 133 Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Basin, endeavoring to realize a shared vision of sustainable development in the region based upon the protection and integrated In Brazil: Further information required. management of transboundary water resources and adaptation to climatic changes. 10. Regional Instruments for Adaptation to Climate Change by the Health Sector134 The project aims to create mechanisms to IADB, coIADB broaden knowledge of current and future financing impacts of climate on health in the population. Budget: US$1,202,000 11. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into National Development Processes in Latin America and the Caribbean Build climate resilience of vulnerable human and ecological systems in the region by integrating adaptation options into national planning processes and building the associated capacity of key regional and national institutions. The project will: undertake impact and vulnerability assessments; identify good practices and gaps in integrating adaptation into policy and plans; and support adaptation planning and its integration into national development processes. It will focus on the most vulnerable sectors and ecosystems, especially water and agriculture. Spain To strengthen transboundary cooperation among the riparian country governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay to ensure management of shared GEF, national UNEP, OAS, governments National environmental Budget: ministries Knowledge 2010 - ? communicatio n; Research Geographic focus (if any) Suriname, Venezuela Human health LAC Region: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay Government; Agriculture; Freshwater supply LAC Region: Phase 1: 19 RIOCC countries135 In Brazil: Further information required. 12. Sustainable Management of the Water Resources of the la Plata Basin with Respect to the Effects of UNEP Budget: US$4,375,233 Assessment; 2010–2013 Capacity building; policy formation and integration Phase 2: 3-5 countries (Dominican Republic 1st country selected) In Brazil: Further information required. Capacity 2011–2015 building; Policy formation and Watershed management Regional: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799471058 and http://www.otca.org.br/gefam/ IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/regional-integration/project-information,3072.html?id=RG-T1681 135 The 19 RIOCC countries are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 133 134 86 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Climate Variability and Change136 Objectives Funder(s) water resources of the River Plate in an integrated sustainable manner, within the context of climate variability and change, while capitalizing on development opportunities. US$62.5 million Implementing Type of Agency(s) project integration Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Uruguay In Brazil: Further information required. D. Proposed Adaptation Action As in the assessment of current adaptation actions, providing a complete overview of all of Brazil’s proposed adaptation actions would be very challenging considering the diverse institutes engaged in climate change adaptation research. Moreover, the recently published Second National Communication (MCT, 2010) does not clearly define concrete adaptation actions. However, it does provide a summary of general adaptation actions that need to be pursued across diverse areas, namely: forests, agriculture and livestock, biodiversity, semiarid, energy and water resources, coastal zones, urban areas, and human health. These are presented in Table 4. Table 4. Future adaptation actions identified by Brazil (from MCT 2010). Sector Proposed Adaptation Actions Forests Expand the quantity and quality of data and information needed for climate change vulnerability, impact and adaptation studies, and use methods and tools that permit a better regional and local evaluation of forest ecosystems; Expand scientific knowledge on the potential impacts of climate change on forests and on the productive forest sector in general, as well as identify the systems’ vulnerabilities; Monitor the economic and environmental impacts of extractive activities, emphasizing the permanent follow-up on direct and indirect environmental impacts of logging; Disseminate information on already perceived impacts and their locations, and project the expected impacts of global climate change from diverse emissions scenarios, warning about the irreversible impacts, estimating the different risks and identifying opportunities related to climate change; Develop technologies, methods and practices to make forests more resilient to the impacts of climate change; Establish methodologies and practices to define priority areas for the creation of ecological corridors in ecosystems that are sensitive to climate change. Agriculture and Map agriculture and livestock sector vulnerabilities in the country; Livestock Establish and implement solid ST&I programs on the evaluation of global climate change impacts on agriculture and possible adaptation measures, considering the main agricultural and fodder crops, including significant extreme events for agriculture; 136 IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799469815 87 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Sector Proposed Adaptation Actions Evaluate the spatial distribution of plant diseases based on current climate conditions and global and regional climate change estimates; Implement agroclimatological and agro-ecological zoning; Develop and implement thermal comfort technologies for livestock production systems; Implement integrated production systems and crop-livestock-forest systems; Develop research on emissions of the main greenhouse gases in different areas and planting methods (direct planting x traditional planting) (pulp, grains, sugarcane, etc.) and forests; Evaluate the effects of growing CO2 concentrations in the soil-plant system of existing agricultural ecosystems in the country, together with projected increases in temperature, water balance and nutrients; Develop genetic improvements for animals and plants to deal with new climate conditions and the increase in pest and disease incidence; Develop rural extension aimed at adapting the productive sector to the effects of global climate change, aimed at providing guidance about adaptation measures; Implement integrated ST&I actions aimed at food security in rural areas, especially semi-arid regions; Implement public policies guided by modern scientific and technological knowledge in agronomy that maximize and intensify the use of biome areas that were already altered, together with policies for adding value, via industrialization, to primary agricultural or forest products. Biodiversity Survey of paleoecological, paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate issues and environmental and ecological records, incorporating knowledge of the current distribution of species and communities, reconstruction of migratory processes and evolution of threatened fauna and flora communities in each state; Restructure and integrate initiatives related to biological inventories (species and genetic variability) and environmental information (study of soils and climate and hydrological data) and implement a national program that includes the private sector; Support the consolidation of an organized and shared infrastructure of data (biological and abiotic) through the dynamic integration of distributed information systems with the adoption of internationally accepted standards and protocols that facilitate the development of consistent analyses and predictive modeling; Improve and develop models that are able to simulate synergic effects associated with ecosystems (climate change, fire, climate extremes, soil use, socioeconomic aspects and ecological niche for species); Design and implement monitoring systems for global climate change impacts on species (native, endemic, threatened, exotic), defining the biological indicators of the impact on species, populations and ecosystems; Develop models to recover degraded areas, restore ecosystems and control biological invasions; Implement research programs that study the role of ecological complexity and interactivity in ecosystem functioning, including ecophysiological studies related to water and thermal stress; Review conservation priorities and establish ecological corridors, taking into account the impact of global climate change on biodiversity; Structure the National Program for Biological Resource Centers (off-site conservation, such as germplasm). Semi-arid Assess the vulnerability of semi-arid areas to land use change, climate change, population increases and conflict regarding the use of natural resources, including a risk and vulnerability map, integrating the different sectorial vulnerabilities; Evaluate water potential in the watersheds and hydrogeological basins in semi-arid areas; 88 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Sector Proposed Adaptation Actions Evaluate food security in semi-arid areas; Conduct a multi-criteria analysis for mapping regional vocation and proposing appropriate policies for identified regional vocations; Develop applied research directed at evaluating global climate change impacts and mapping their risks, and identify vulnerable populations to establish adaptation measures; Study the impacts on biodiversity, especially on Caatinga vegetation, riparian forests, and mountainside forests; Implement technological improvements for capturing, storing and treating water; Develop crops and agricultural systems adapted to semi-arid areas in the context of variability and global climate change; Define, at the northeast region state level, awareness and environmental education programs on global climate change and vulnerabilities, their impacts and possible adaptation measures, with an emphasis on semi-arid regions. Energy and Water Resources Elaborate climate vulnerability maps by watershed taking into account the multiple uses of water; Reduce generation vulnerability in the electricity system by integrating energy sources and enterprises at various scales; Develop models for the energy sector capable of taking into account global climate change scenarios to increase the reliability of simulation results for the sector; Develop integration strategies, at the hydroelectric generation planning and operation levels, as well as water resource plans, for aspects tied to global climate change to reduce the vulnerability of energy and water supply; Review operational rules for hydroelectric plants taking into account the possible impacts of global climate change; Review hydroelectric generation arrangements in the already installed park, mainly in relation to the multiple uses of water, whether for extreme drought and flooding periods or to guarantee better adaptation to population and economic growth needs of watersheds; Assess the factors that can influence agricultural crops for alcohol and biodiesel production; Research and development, demonstration and deployment that speeds up production of lignocellulosic biofuels on a commercial scale within the context of sustainable regional development; Establish strategies to stimulate greater continental and regional integration between watersheds and electric systems; Promote the National Water Resource Policy, supporting the implementation of its management instruments (such as the Water Resource Plans, classification of water bodies, licensing and charging for the use of water) and its management system (such as Water Basin Committees and Water Agencies); Promote management of water resource demand (rational use, multiple uses, reuse, saving equipment, loss control); Intensify and expand sector energy efficiency programs; Promote a savings policy and production incentives for reducing consumption and increasing energy efficiency in residential, industrial and service sectors. Coastal Zones Map and identify more susceptible regions and the evolution of their occupation, considering, among other things, urban areas, port regions, public roads, production activities and biodiversity; Preserve & recover the technical records of coastal and port engineering works, including cartographic information, technical drawings, images and reports; Elaborate risk studies for coastal zones, considering environmental, technical, engineering and socioeconomic aspects; 89 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Sector Proposed Adaptation Actions Implement permanent & long-term environmental monitoring programs involving meteorological, oceanographic, geodesic & geomorphological parameters; Implement an environmental monitoring system for the most threatened ecosystems (such as mangroves, coral reefs, etc.); Update land cartography of the coastal strip between 0 and 20 meters of altitude, with a 1 meter vertical resolution, or greater, vertical datum compatible with nautical charts, encompassing the entire width of coastal plains from the coastline; Elaborate guidelines and technical norms for coastal and maritime works that incorporate possible global climate change impacts on works & constructions; Develop techniques for biological improvement of mangroves, aimed at reforestation; Promote Integrated Coastal Management through the integration of water resource management programs and plans with those for coastal management. Urban Areas Human Health Research aimed at developing and applying methods for analyzing population vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate on health; Analyze political and institutional adaptive capacity of the National Civil Defense System and other entities linked to human health; Update and expand available studies by incorporating data and information from other sectors that have direct relevance, such as determining factors for the state of the population’s health (water quality/availability; food security, etc.); Conduct research to improve the model for morbi-mortality projections (Brazilian Climate and Health Model) with the objective of providing early warnings to the population from changes in weather and climate conditions; Extend regional climate modeling studies to produce climate scenarios for shorter periods of time, aimed at creating compatibility with socioeconomic and health scenarios; Identify the impacts of global climate change on human health and its physical and financial quantification, including, among others, information on food production, endemic infectious disease treatment costs and those related to air pollution, mortality and material impacts; Integration between civil defense databases (municipalities and states) and medical care bodies, aimed at improvements in the quality of records on health problems caused by extreme climate events; Implement systems directed at environmental, epidemiological and entomological surveillance in specific locations and situations aimed at the early detection of signs of climate change’s biological effects (phenology, geographic distribution of species, etc). Evaluate the vulnerability and map the areas of risk for flooding and landslides in cities; Assess the economic, social and environmental impacts in relation to climate related events, such as floods and landslides; Evaluate the possibilities of water supply in major cities and alternative sources for water supply during emergency and post-disaster periods; Identify alternatives to low-income population housing in risk areas; Reformulate the road system and sewage collection system, especially in coastal cities; Regulate constructions through the Building Code and Director Plan, adapting them to future global climate change scenarios (rising temperatures, intense rains and rising sea level); Re-naturalize (recreate micro climates, re-vegetation, drainage, revitalization of watercourses) urban areas; Adopt construction techniques that can adapt to higher temperatures, such as ecological roofs, buildings with natural illumination and ventilation, etc. 90 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America E. Assessment Brazil’s rapid economic development has helped enable the country to build considerable internal capacity to address climate change adaptation with significantly less international assistance than other developing countries. Its National Climate Change Program led to the development of the National Climate Change Plan, which is legally reinforced by the National Climate Change Policy and financially supported by the National Climate Change Fund. Brazil has invested heavily into the development and progressive refinement of regional climate models to assess climate change impacts in Brazil and South America. With the development of the Brazilian Global Climate System Model, Brazil will also soon be an important contributor at the international level for the assessment of global climate change. The Brazilian government has also enhanced the technical capacity to address climate change adaptation through the creation of social capital via the development of research networks, such as the Brazil Global Climate Change Research Network, which aims to better organize and synergize efforts between researchers through the dissemination of climate modeling research for use in vulnerability analysis research. In addition to a technical approach, the Brazilian government has also invested in multi-stakeholder, public engagement via the Brazilian Climate Change Forum, to seek feedback from the public and diverse groups on adaptation challenges and priorities. The National Climate Change Fund provides direct financial support to support research that addresses adaptation priorities. Moreover, the second Working Group of the Brazilian Panel on Climate Change will provide a synthesis of climate change vulnerability, impacts and adaptation options in the First National Assessment Report, which is anticipated to be released to the public in 2012. The numerous institutions and policies addressing climate change adaptation in Brazil confer a certain level of functional redundancy ensuring that various mechanisms are in place so that climate change mitigation and adaptation may be integrated into policy across various scales and sectors. However, this overlap may also present a challenge for accountability since institutional responsibility is poorly defined, as is apparent in the National Climate Change Policy. Thus it remains to be seen how quickly and effectively adaptation policy will progress. Moreover, even though climate change adaptation is recognized as being inevitable in both the National Climate Change Plan and the Second National Communication, there is relatively little emphasis placed on it compared to mitigation. The recent emphasis placed on climate modeling and assessment of climate change impacts will enable Brazil to develop effective adaptation plans in the near future. Brazil’s strong internal capacity will also assist it with planning, implementation and evaluation of future adaptation programming. As such Brazil is well positioned to respond to the challenge of climate change. 91 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America References: Alves, L.M. and Marengo, J. (2009). Assessment of regional seasonal predictability using the PRECIS regional climate modeling system over South America. Theor Appl Climatol 100: 337-350. Assad, E., and Pinto, H.S. (2008). Aquecimento global e a nova geografia da produção agrícola no Brasil. São Paulo: EMBRAPACEPAGRI/UNICAMP. 82p. Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz [CEDEPLAR/FIOCRUZ] (2008). Mudanças climáticas, migrações e saúde: cenários para o Nordeste Brasileiro, 2000-2050. Belo Horizonte: CEDEPLAR/FIOCRUZ. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe [ECLAC] (2009). La economía del cambio climático en América Latina–Síntesis 2009. Santiago, Chile: Impreso en Naciones Unidas. 69pp. Chou, S.C., Marengo, J.A., Lyra, A.A., Sueiro, G., Pesquero, J.F., Alves, L.M., Kay, G., Betts, R., Chagas, D.J., Gomes, J.L., et al., (2011). Downscaling of South America present climate driven by 4-member HadCM3 runs. Climate Dynamics DOI: 10.1007/s00382-0111002-8. Central Intelligence Agency [CIA] (2011). Brazil. The World Factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/geos/br.html Lewinsohn, T.M. and Prado, P.I. (2005). How many species are there in Brazil? Conservation Biology. 19: 619-624. Marcovitch, J. (ed.) et al., (2010). Economia da mudança do clima no Brasil: custos e oportunidades. São Paulo: IBEP Gráfica, 82p. Retrieved from http:// www.economiadoclima.org.br/files/biblioteca/ Economia_do_clima.pdf 92 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Marengo, J.A., Ambrizzi, T., da Rocha, R.P., Alves, L.M., Cuadra, S.V., Valverde, M.C., Torres, R.R., Santos, D.C., Ferraz, S.E.T. (2009a). Future Change of Climate in South America in the late Twenty-First Century: Intercomparison of scenarios from three regional climate models. Climate Dynamics. DOI 10.1007/s00382-009-0721-6. Marengo, J.A., Jones, R., Alves, L.M., and Valverde, M.C. (2009b). Future change of temperature and precipitation extremes in South America as derived from the PRECIS regional climate modeling system. International Journal of Climatology. DOI: 10.1002/joc. Marengo, J.A., Nobre, C.A., Salati, E., and Ambrizzi, T. (2007). Caracterização do clima atual e definição das Alterações climáticas para o território brasileiro ao longo do Século XXI. Brasilia: Ministerio do Meio Ambiente. 54pp. Retrieved from http://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.br/~rmclima/pdfs/prod_probio/Sumario.pdf Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia [MCT] (2004). Brazil’s Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Brasilia: Ministry of Science and Technology. 275pp. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/brazilnc1e.pdf Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia [MCT] (2010). Brazil. Second National Communication of Brazil to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Brasilia: Secretaria de Políticas y Programas de Investigación y Desarrollo. Retrieved from http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/326984.html Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden P.J., and Hanson, C.E. (Eds) (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 976pp. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg2_report_impacts_adaptation_and_vulner ability.htm Pesquero, J.F., Chou, S.C., Nobre, C.A., and Marengo, J.A. (2010). Climate downscaling over South America for 1961-1970 using the Eta Model. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 99: 75-93. 93 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Pezza, A.B. and Simmonds, I. (2005). The First South Atlantic Hurricane: Unprecedented blocking, low shear, and climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32: L15712, doi:10.1029/2005GL023390. Retrieved from http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~apezza/climate.dir/papers/2005/Pezza_Simmonds_2005.GRL.pdf Schaeffer, R., Szklo, A.S., de Lucena, A.F.P., de Souza, R.R., Borba, B.S.M.C., da Costa, I.V.L., Júnior, A.O.P., da Cunha, S.H. (2008). Mudanças Climáticas e Segurança Energética no Brasil. Rio De Janeiro: COPPE-UFRJ. 35pp. Retrieved from http://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.br/~rmclima/pdfs/destaques/CLIMA_E_SEGURANCA-EnERGETICA_FINAL.pdf 94 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 4.0 Chile BMU CATIE Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorischerheit (German Ministry for the Environment) Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Spain) (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Centre) CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research CONAMA Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente (National Environment Commission) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECPA Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas EU European Union FONTAGRO El Fondo Regional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (Regional Fund for Agricultural Technology) IADB Inter-American Development Bank INIA Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (National Institute of Agricultural Research) INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (Argentina) (National Institute of Agricultural Technology) MMA Ministerio del Ambiente (Ministry of Environment) RIOCC Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices) UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change A. Adaptation Needs and Priorities Climate projections for Chile suggest that its mean annual temperatures could increase by 1° to 4°C degrees by the end of this century, with higher increases expected for the north and the Andes. Rainfall is projected to decrease in many areas of Chile; however, the degree to which this will occur varies depending on the region and the scenarios (CONAMA, 2008). These projected changes will likely augment the existing climate hazards Chile faces due to the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which in its El Niño phase brings heavy rains in Chile, whereas La Niña leads to drought (CONAMA, 2008). Through Chile’s First National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), it examined the vulnerability of its agriculture, forests, water, coastal areas and fishing resources to the impacts of climate (CONAMA, 95 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 2000). Through its National Climate Change Action Plan (CONAMA, 2008), Chile has since prioritized the following sectors for adaptation action: water; biodiversity; agriculture, livestock and forestry; energy; infrastructure and coastal urban zones; fisheries; and health. Within these sectors, lines of action proposed by the National Climate Change Action Plan (CONAMA, 2008) are: Freshwater: evaluate climate change effects on the hydrological cycle; update water balances in critical areas; project future availability of water for consumption and production; project hydrological trends; design aquifer monitoring systems; advance engagements made in the National Strategy for Integrated Watershed Management; execute study on water use and efficiency; apply water balance models to non-regulated watersheds; create an environmental research center for the northern desert, with a focus on water; build desalination plants in northern Chile; put laws on irrigation and canal rehabilitation into practice; execute studies on oceanography and meteorology of marine biodiversity and submarine morphology; and build a boat for research on marine biodiversity and other topics. Biodiversity: Evaluate the effects of climate change in areas of high environmental value and interest; analyze effects of climate change on species; initiate the rehabilitation of degraded systems; and develop a project on terrestrial influence of climate change. Agriculture, livestock and forestry: Analyze climate vulnerability and adaptation; systematize policies and strategies; evaluate socioeconomic impacts of climate change; identify adaptation measures and projects, in particular for small-scale farmers; develop a agro-climatic risk management system; execute a genetic improvement program to develop adapted agricultural and forestry varieties; and promote efficient water use in agriculture. Energy: Evaluate hydrological vulnerability of the energy sector and its effects on energy security in Chile. Infrastructure and coastal urban zones: Elaborate impact scenarios for susceptible infrastructure in riparian and coastal zones; economic evaluation of impacts and preventive measures; elaborate criteria for the adaptation of regional emergency plans; adjust design of new bridges and hydrologic infrastructure; increase irrigate surface by 50 per cent through the construction of new dams; expand irrigation and water policies to include small dams, artificial aquifer recharge, canal refurbishment and glacier management; expand infrastructure and barrier program in riparian and coastal areas; improve capacity for prediction and response of hydrologic emergencies, incorporate results of impact studies into urban planning in coastal and riparian zones; and improve linkages between urban planning tools and studies on coasts and watersheds conducted by other agencies. Fisheries: Model distribution and abundance of marine species in accordance with climate change scenarios; and elaborate impact scenarios on extraction of marine resources. Health: Elaborate impact scenarios; elaborate criteria for adaptation; economic evaluation of preventive measures; strengthen the capacities of health staff in the context of changing needs; identify vulnerable areas and population; strengthen monitoring of 96 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America environmental health variables; interact with other sectors to identify health impacts of climate change; strengthen and create new capacities to face yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria and other vector diseases; and incorporate climate change impacts on health into risk management by adapting monitoring systems and emergency plans. B. National Level Policies and Strategic Documents To support its response to climate change, a National Advisory Committee on Global Change was established by in 1996. It was first headed by the National Environment Committee (CONAMA) and since 2010 by the newly created Ministry for Environment (MMA). Its understanding of climate change was furthered by the publication of Chile’s National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2000, and its response planning by the creation of Chile’s National Climate Change Strategy in 2006. Adaptation is one of the strategy’s three strategic themes. Three objectives fall under this theme: environmental and socioeconomic impact assessment, definition of adaptation measures and execution of and follow-up on adaptation measures The strategy identifies key challenges as being important knowledge gaps in terms of vulnerability and adaptation, as well as the need to integrate adaptation into development plans at different levels. (CONAMA, 2006). With a view to specifying the strategic lines of the National Climate Change Strategy, CONAMA (2008) has also elaborated a National Climate Change Action Plan for the period 2008 to 2012. It describes climate scenarios and vulnerability assessments, and contains a detailed list of short- and medium-term actions to address knowledge and capacity gaps in adaptation. It also calls for a national adaptation plan, which has not yet been published. Chile’s current government plan does not refer to adaptation to climate change (Gobierno de Chile, 2011). Table 1: Key Government Policies and Reports reflecting Adaptation Needs, Priorities and Planned Actions Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description 1. First National Communication to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change CONAMA Submitted in 2000 Agriculture, forests, water, coastal areas and fishing. Chile’s First National Communication provides results on vulnerability assessments for a number of sectors. 2. National Climate Change Strategy CONAMA; National Advisory Committee on Global Change Published in 2006 Multi-sectoral The strategy describes achievements, opportunities and challenges for Chile in the context of climate change. Adaptation is one of three strategic themes. 3. National Climate Change Action Published in Freshwater supply; biodiversity; This detailed plan lays out climate scenarios and CONAMA 97 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Plan Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description 2008 agriculture, livestock and forestry; energy; infrastructure and coastal urban zones; marine fisheries; and human health vulnerability assessment for various sectors and describes specific lines of adaptation action for each sector. C. Current Adaptation Action A relatively low number of adaptation projects are being implemented in Chile compared to other South American countries. Most of them are research-oriented and analyze impacts and potential adaptation options in sectors such as energy, freshwater supply, urban areas, agriculture, land-use and human health, as well as general economic analysis. The majority of projects emphasize assessment of vulnerabilities, identification of adaptation strategies, capacity building and research. Little action involving concrete adaptation action exists to date. All except two of the projects in which Chile is involved are regional or global in nature. Table 2: Current Adaptation Action in Chile Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Develop climate change adaptation measures for the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile in the key areas of energy, water and land use, through the following steps: climate change impact; develop, evaluate, prioritize and plan to implement climate adaptation measures; and spread results to other cities in the Latin America region through a regional learning network. BMU (through International Climate Initiative) CONAMA, ECLAC, Universities in Germany and Chile Ministry for Public Works Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Assessment; 2009–2012 Knowledge communicatio n Energy; Freshwater supply; Urban areas Santiago de Chile Research Freshwater supply Glaciers and watersheds National Action 1. 2. 137 Developing a Climate Adaptation Strategy for Santiago de Chile and a Network of Megacities137 Climate Change Action Plan for Glacier Budget: US$2.14 million Evaluation of the economic impact of glacier IADB, comelting and develop a monitoring plan for the financing 2010 - ? BMU, http://www.bmu-klimaschutzinitiative.de/en/projects?p=3&d=507 98 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Conservation Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Freshwater supply; Agriculture Regional: Argentina, Chile Agriculture; Freshwater supply Regional: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile National Glacier Strategy. Budget: US$212,000 Participation in Regional and Global Actions 3. 4. 5. Climate Change and Irrigated Agriculture: Towards a better understanding of driving forces and feedbacks between decision makers and biophysical environments and their impacts on hydrological cycle and land use138 Evaluate impacts of climate and land use change on irrigated agriculture and characterize feedbacks between environment and adaptation decisions; assess changes in water demands and irrigation needs at the regional level in response to changes in hydrometeorological conditions and land use; analyze the vulnerability of water and land use system; identify and evaluate adaptation opportunities for decision makers InterAmerican Institute for Global Change Research Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Cornell University; Miami Rosenstrel Budget: US$7 School; INTA million Coming Down the Mountain: Understanding the vulnerability of Andean communities to hydroclimatologic variability and global environmental change139 To identify and characterize vulnerabilities of specific stakeholders to climate variability and climate-induced water problems; evaluate policies and capacities of water management institutions to reduce the vulnerabilities of stakeholders; and analyze results of objectives 1 and 2 relative to regional climate change scenarios and future hydrological conditions. InterUniversity of American Regina Institute for (Canada) Global Change Research Review of the Economics of Climate Change in South America140 The purpose of the study is to make a socioeconomic analysis of the impacts of climate change in selected countries of South America, develop mitigation and adaptation policies and leverage financial resources. In addition, this project includes a component IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU, Germany Policy 2007–2011 formation and implementati on In Chile: Analysis takes place in the Rio Maipo River Basin. Research; Capacity building 2007–2011 In Chile: Research in Chile takes place in the Elqui River Basin. ECLAC Assessment; 2008–2009 Coastal zone Policy management; formation and Government integration Regional: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, IAI, http://iaibr1.iai.int/cgi-bin/SCI_Projects_Dynamic_Pages/SGP-HD/Factsheets/SGP-HD_3.pdf IAI, http://iaibr1.iai.int/cgi-bin/SCI_Projects_Dynamic_Pages/SGP-HD/Factsheets/SGP-HD_4.pdf 140 ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/dmaah/noticias/noticias/2/35232/samaniego_recc.pdf 138 139 99 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) focused on the impact of climate change in coastal areas–C3A (Cambio Climatico en las Coastas de America Latina y Caribe). Geographic focus (if any) Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela In Chile: Further information needed. 6. Climate Change Vulnerability Evaluation of Coastal and Marine Areas141 This project is part of the Ibero-American Spain ECLAC, Capacity 2009–2011 Programme on the Evaluation of Impacts, University of building; Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Cantabria, Assessment; Change (PIACC) and aims to determine the national Knowledge impacts of climate change on the coasts of any counterparts communicatio country in Spanish and Portuguese speaking n countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. It has a particular focus on the dynamics of beaches, estuaries, lagoons, deltas, cliffs and dunes, coastal erosion, flood risks and coastal infrastructure. This initiative is linked to the project “Economics of Climate Change in In Chile: Further information required. Central America - Phase II”142 funded by IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU and Germany. Coastal zone management Most RIOCC countries143 including: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela 7. Climate Policy 2012: Extension of the global project “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change”144 The UNDP Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded on the global project, “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change” in the LAC region to provide technical support to national policy makers and its Country Offices and strengthen capacity on budgetary issues related to the post-2012 climate regime. Government LAC Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Spain, UNDP UNDP Budget: US$3.6 million Capacity 2009–2011 building; Policy formation and integration RIOCC, http://www.lariocc.net/riocc_principal/es/proyectos_iniciativas/proy_marc_piacc.htm See ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/mexico/cambioclimatico/index.html 143 The 21 member countries of RIOCC are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. 144 UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/act_latin-en.aspx and http://www.undp.org/climatechange/docs/EEG_Flyer_EN.pdf 141 142 100 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Activities include technical backstopping for countries that begin to consider adaptation to climate change in their National Development Plans. Geographic focus (if any) Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela In Chile: Further information required. 8. Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in IberoAmerica145 Part of PIACC, this project aims to generate Spain new information and knowledge and strengthen the capacity of research institutions in the forestry sector on linking sustainable forest management with adaptation and mitigation to climate change. This includes strengthening specific research activities, developing and disseminating methodologies and case studies, strengthening human resources and fostering the representation of the forest sector in the regional and international dialogue. INIA, CIFOR, CATIE, Polytechnical University of Madrid Capacity 2009–2011 building; Research; Knowledge communicatio n Forestry RIOCC countries, including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela Agriculture Regional: Chile, Peru, In Chile: Further information required. 9. 145 Adaptation to Climate Change of Wheat and The objective of this program is to contribute to the improvement of the adaptive capacity IADB, cofinancing Instituto de Research; Investigaciones Capacity 2010 - ? Proyecto MIA, http://www.proyectomia.com/ 101 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Potatoes Productive Systems146 10. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into National Development Processes in Latin America and the Caribbean Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) of the region, through an increase in the Agropecuarios building competitiveness of the productive systems of Budget: potato and wheat to climate change in South US$920,000 America. Specifically, the project will support In Chile: Further information required. the selection and development of genotypes with increased tolerance to drought and high temperatures. The project is being led and implemented by local institutions. Build climate resilience of vulnerable human and ecological systems in the region by integrating adaptation options into national planning processes and building the associated capacity of key regional and national institutions. The project will: undertake impact and vulnerability assessments; identify good practices and gaps in integrating adaptation into policy and plans; and support adaptation planning and its integration into national development processes. It will focus on the most vulnerable sectors and ecosystems, especially water and agriculture. Spain Budget: US$4,375,233 UNEP Assessment; 2010–2013 Capacity building; policy formation and integration Geographic focus (if any) Uruguay Government; Agriculture; Freshwater supply LAC Region: Phase 1: 19 RIOCC countries147 Phase 2: 3-5 countries (Dominican Republic 1st country selected) In Chile: Further information needed. D. Proposed Adaptation Action In the future, Chile expects to benefit from a commitment by the United States to invest around US$1 million in adaptation in Argentina, Peru and Chile through the Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas. As well, Argentina is likely to participate in the project “Impacts of Climate Change in Agricultural Zones and Relevant Sectors in Chile Argentina and Dominican Republic: Economy, production, water requirements, adaptation and policy orientation” supported by the Regional Fund for Agricultural Technology. IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=rg-t1657 The 19 RIOCC countries are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 146 147 102 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Table 3: Proposed Adaptation Actions Name 1. Objectives Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas Type of project Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Regional: Argentina, Chile, Peru Notes: Announced as part of the United States’ Fast Start Financing, this initiative will provide approximately $1 million for adaptation to climate change. No further details are known. 2. Impacts of Climate Change in Agricultural Zones and Relevant Sectors in Chile Argentina and Dominican Republic: Economy, production, water requirements, adaptation and policy orientation Contribute to the competitiveness and food Policy formation and Agriculture LAC Region: security of the agricultural sector in Argentina, integration Argentina, Chile, Dominican Chile and Dominican Republic through new Republic knowledge generated by the simulation and Notes: Call for bids issued in 2010 (FONTAGRO, 2010) evaluation of economic and productive impacts of climate change, proposition of adaptation measures by sector and resulting policy recommendations and support strategies. E. Assessment Climate change has been recognized in Chile as an important topic. In 2006, a climate change strategy was published, and a detailed action plan followed two years later. This plan identifies priority sectors for adaptation and proposes lines of action for each. However, the recommendations often relate to institutional arrangements or further vulnerability and adaptation assessments, but rarely to specific actions, suggesting that the knowledge basis for adaptation action is largely missing. The country’s relatively low number of current adaptation projects tend to address identified sectoral priorities such as agriculture, water and coastal resources. Most are research projects and their outcomes therefore may improve the thin knowledge basis for concrete adaptation action in the country. It is also worth noting that some of the prioritized sectors have been left almost completely unaddressed so far, including fisheries, forests and ecosystems. Nor have areas such as the gender dimensions of climate change or urban systems been addressed through targeted adaptation projects in Chile. In sum, although Chile has a sound policy framework and is slowly building up the basis for targeted adaptation action, there is a long way to go from identifying key climate risks to developing and implementing an action plan for concrete adaptation measures in vulnerable sectors. 103 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America References: CONAMA (2000). Chile’s First National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. CONAMA (2006). Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático. CONAMA (2008). Plan de Acción Nacional de Cambio Climático. 2008–2012. El Fondo Regional de Tecnología Agropecuaria [FONTAGRO] (2010). Perfil de Proyecto Convocatoria Cambio Climático FONTAGRO 2010. Retrieved from http://www.fontagro.org/calls/2010/evalperfiles/10012.pdf Gobierno de Chile (2011). Programa de Gobierno. Retrieved from http://www.gob.cl/programa-de-gobierno/ 104 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 5.0 Colombia BMZ CAN CATIE CIFOR DNP ECPA EU GEF GIZ IADB IAI IDEAM INIA OAS RIOCC UNCDF UNDP UNEP UNITAR UNOPS USDS German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation Comunidad Andina (Andean Community of Nations) Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Spain) (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Centre) Center for International Forestry Research National Development Plan Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas European Union Global Environment Facility Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (Germany) Inter-American Development Bank Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research Instituto de la Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (Institute for Hydrology, Meteorology, and Environmental Studies) Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (Chile) (National Institute of Agricultural Research) Organization of American States Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices) United Nations Capital Development Fund United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Institute for Training and Research United Nations Office for Project Services United States Department of State 105 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America A. Adaptation Needs and Priorities Colombia currently experiences about 1.7 disasters per year (PreventionWeb, 2011), including droughts (often related to the El Niño phenomenon) and floods (related to La Niña). In this century, most of the territory is expected to experience temperature increases of 2.4°C by the period 2041 to 2070, according to the average of several scenarios. The highest increases in temperature are expected in the highlands. Rainfall is expected to increase in coastal areas, the Amazon and near the city of Medellín, but to decrease in most of the highland areas (República de Colombia, 2010). National priority areas for adaptation in Colombia have been identified in several key documents: Colombia’s First National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, submitted in 2001, address the impacts of climate change on a number of sectors, including coastal zones and islands, freshwater, mountain ecosystems, glacial zones, agriculture and human health. It also proposes a range of adaptation measures for the health sector, including public education, monitoring and evaluation, interventions in the ecosystem, biological control, chemical control and infrastructure development (República de Colombia, 2001). A strategic document on climate change published by the Ministry of the Environment in 2002 highlights water, agriculture and health as key areas for action (Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, 2002) The Second National Communication published in 2010 mentions water, biodiversity, coasts and the energy and farming sectors in particular in the context of adaptation. It does not propose concrete adaptation actions, but it highlights the importance of technology transfer and research, risk management, land use management, impact reduction, community-based adaptation, institutional change, biodiversity protection and valuation, as well as cooperation and adaptation finance (República de Colombia, 2010). Colombia’s National Development Plan (2010-2014), referring to the National Communications, identifies human settlements, water, health, infrastructure, energy, agriculture, ecosystems and biodiversity as the most vulnerable sectors. It only mentions the provision of green public spaces in cities as a specific climate adaptation measure, but calls for a general prioritization of adaptation actions (NDP, 2010). 106 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America B. National Level Policies and Strategic Documents Colombia has made progress with respect to the planning for the impacts of adaptation and integrating adaptation concerns into national policy processes. Its National Development Plan (2010–2014) mentions adaptation on several occasions: as a cross-cutting issue in the introduction; the innovation, agriculture and transport chapters; and most prominently in the chapter on environmental sustainability and risk prevention. Adaptation is not only dealt with in a separate sub-chapter on climate change, but also in relation to biodiversity and urban development. The plan also states that sectors should start to formulate their own climate change adaptation plans, and that territories will receive support from the central government to prepare their territorial climate change adaptation plans. Guidelines for a National Climate Change Policy were elaborated in 2002, but they never became a formal public policy document for implementation. An official National Climate Change Policy was adopted by Colombia in July 2011. In its Second National Communication (República de Colombia, 2010), Colombia proposes the elaboration of a National Adaptation to Climate Change Plan (PNACC)that would focus on water, implementation of adaptation measures, extreme events and vulnerability evaluation. The National Department of Planning is currently leading the formulation of the PNACC, with the support of the Ministry of Environment and the Institute for Hydrology, Meteorology, and Environmental Studies (IDEAM). This Plan will consist of Sectoral and Territorial Adaptation plans. In addition, a national Adaptation Fund was established by decree in late 2010 (DNP, 2011). Formation of this fund was spurred by the last La Niña period, the impacts of which affected more than three million people and devastated infrastructure and crops throughout most of the country. The Institute for Hydrology, Meteorology, and Environmental Studies, a part of the Ministry for Environment, Housing and Land Planning, is the central government agency responsible for climate change. A new institutional arrangement for climate change at the national level is being set up as defined in the National Climate Change Policy document (adopted in July 2011). It includes a National System for Climate Change, with an Executive Council on Climate Change, and four thematic inter-institutional commissions. 107 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Table 1: Key Government Policies and Reports reflecting Adaptation Needs, Priorities and Planned Actions Name of Policy Action Government Division Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description Responsible 1. First National Communication to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change IDEAM 2. Guidelines for a Climate Change Policy 3. Submitted in 2001 Multi-sectoral The First National Communication presents short vulnerability assessments for a range of sectors as well as adaptation options for malaria and dengue. Ministry for Published in Environment, National 2002 Department for Planning Multi-sectoral The document aims at guiding the elaboration of a climate change policy by highlighting general lines of action. For adaptation, it states the goal should be to improve adaptive capacities in key sectors such as water, agriculture and health. Second National Communication to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change IDEAM Submitted in 2010 Multi-sectoral The Second National Communication focuses on detailed climate information, vulnerability assessments in some sectors, and guidelines for climate change adaptation, as well as a description of key adaptation activities. 4. National Development Plan 20102014 Government of Colombia Published in 2010 Multi-sectoral 5. Climate Change National Policy Ministry for Adopted in 2011 Environment, National Department for Planning Institutional arrangements The current development plan mentions adaptation to climate change on several occasions under the header environmental sustainability and risk prevention. It considers human settlements, water, health, infrastructure, energy, agriculture, ecosystems and biodiversity as key sectors for adaptation and calls for the elaboration of a National Adaptation Strategy. The policy establishes a National System for Climate Change, with an Executive Council on Climate Change, and four thematic inter institutional commissions. C. Current Adaptation Action Colombia is attracting a comparatively high number of national and regional climate change adaptation projects, many of which are focused on research and/or capacity building. Several programs assist the government in developing climate change strategies and the respective institutional capacities. Beyond these, the sectoral focuses of most projects are freshwater resources, human health, agriculture and coastal zone management. 108 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Table 2: Current Adaptation Action in Colombia Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Improve climate information and to support adaptation in high mountain ecosystems, continental island and ocean island. GEF, World Bank Several government ministries and agencies Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) National Action 1. National Pilot Project for Adaptation to Climate Change: High mountain ecosystems, Colombia's Caribbean insular areas and human health148 Budget: US$6.17 million Field 2006–2011 implementati on; Capacity building Human health; Highlands, Ecosystem rivers, islands conservation; Climate information services 2. Program to Support the Program to support the design and Development of a Climate implementation of a Climate Change Change Agenda149 Adaptation and Mitigation strategy for Colombia. The components to be included are: a) potential to mitigate impacts in transport, energy, agriculture, livestock and forestry sectors, b) biofuels development, c) prevention and mitigation of natural disasters and d) institutional strengthening. IADB Government of Capacity 2009 - ? Colombia building; Budget: Policy US$$250 formation and million (loan) integration Government 3. Support to the Institutional Strengthening of the MAVDT in Climate Change150 IADB, cofinancing Financial Fund of Development Budget: Projects US$1,125,000 (Fonade) Capacity 2010 - ? building; Policy formation and integration Government SantanderBoyacá, others 4. Integration of Ecosystems Pilot program involving participatory and Adaptation to Climate construction of pilot water storage, handling Spain, Various through the ministries and Field implementati Freshwater supply; Municipalities of Puracé and This Technical Cooperation will support the strengthening of the institutional capacity of the government to advance in an integrated manner in its climate change agenda. The project is specifically aimed at supporting of the Ministry for Environment, Housing and Territorial Development (MAVDT) in the preparation of climate change related activities. GEF, http://gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projID=2019 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=CO-L1063 150 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=CO-T1126 148 149 109 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Change in the Colombian Massif151 Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project and treatment models, and alternative rural incomes, improve food production and nutrition. MDG government Achievement agencies Fund Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) on; Capacity building Agriculture Popayán Capacity building; Research Freshwater supply Andes (potentially other Andean countries, but only Colombia is mentioned specifically) Budget: US$$4 million 5. Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas (ECPA)–Tropical Glacier Retreat Adaptation152 ECPA program to support adaptation work in USDS the Andean region to address the impact of tropical glacier retreat in mountainous and Budget: glacial areas as a result of climate change. The US$$1 million initiative seeks to build capacity for water resource management, improve citizens’ ability to make long-range plans to adapt to climate change, and support research on hydrological cycles and glacier dynamics, so that better policy decisions can be made Participation in Regional and Global Actions 6. Integrated and Sustainable Management of Transboundary Water Resources in the Amazon River Basin Considering Climate Variability and Change 153 To strengthen, in a coordinated and coherent manner, the institutional framework for planning and executing activities for the protection and sustainable management of the water resources of the Amazon River Basin, endeavoring to realize a shared vision of sustainable development in the region based upon the protection and integrated management of transboundary water resources and adaptation to climatic changes. GEF, cofinancing UNEP, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Budget: US$ Organization, 51.5 million OAS Capacity 2009–2014 Watershed building; management Policy formation and integration Regional: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela In Colombia: Further information required. MDG Fund, http://www.mdgfund.org/program/integrationecosystemsandadaptationclimatechangecolombianmassif USDS, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/164681.pdf 153 IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799471058 and http://www.otca.org.br/gefam/ 151 152 110 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration 7. The aim of this program was for the Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies in countries particularly vulnerable to climate change to gain a better understanding of climate change and its impacts to identify country-specific adaptation measures in line with risks. Activities could include organizing a workshop on risks, assessment of risks through preparation of a background document, capacity building programs, and developing climate change resilient plans. Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies Phase 1: Disaster risk 2006–2009 management Phase 2: ongoing Preparedness for Climate Change154 Capacity building; Policy formation and integration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Global project: 39 countries South American participants in Phase 1: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Guyana In Colombia: Further information required. 8. Climate Change in a Living Landscape: Vulnerability and Adaptation in the Eastern Cordillera Real of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru155 Improve regional coordination, maintain the EU integrity of natural ecosystems and promote sustainable livelihoods through targeted action that contribute to reduce major conservation threats, including climate change and the urgent need to develop adaptation strategies. WWF, national Policy ?–2010 partners formation and integration Agriculture; Ecosystem conservation Regional: Eastern Cordillera Real linking Colombia, Ecuador and Peru In Colombia: Research focused on Putumayo and Caquetá watersheds in the Eastern Cordillera Real 9. Capacity Development for Policy Makers: Addressing climate change in key sectors156 The project is a targeted capacity development initiative that supports two goals: 1. To increase national capacity to co-ordinate Ministerial views for more effective participation in the UNFCCC process; and 2. To United Nations Foundation and the Government UNDP is implementing the project in partnership with the Capacity 2008–2010 Multi-sectoral building; Knowledge communicatio n Global: 20 countries157 including Colombia, IFRC, http://www.climatecentre.org/site/preparedness-for-climate-change-programme WWF, http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/colombia/?183441/Cordillera-Real-Oriental-un-paisaje-vivo 156 UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/ 157 These countries are Algeria, Bangladesh, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Gambia, Honduras, Liberia, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Togo, Turkmenistan and Uruguay. 154 155 111 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project assess investment and financial flows to address climate change for selected key sectors. As a result of this project, both the technical understanding of key climate change issues and their economic and policy implications within the context of the Convention will be enhanced. s of Switzerland, Finland, Spain and Norway. UNFCCC Secretariat, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the United Nations Environment Programme $6,953,413 USD Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay In Colombia: The focus sector is agriculture.158 10. Climate Policy 2012: Extension of the global project “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change”159 158 159 The UNDP Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded on the global project, “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change” in the LAC region to provide technical support to national policy makers and its Country Offices and strengthen capacity on budgetary issues related to the post-2012 climate regime. Activities include technical backstopping for countries that begin to consider adaptation to climate change in their National Development Plans. Spain, UNDP UNDP Budget: US$3.6 million Capacity 2009–2011 building; Policy formation and integration Government LAC Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/colombia-en.aspx UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/act_latin-en.aspx and http://www.undp.org/climatechange/docs/EEG_Flyer_EN.pdf 112 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) In Colombia: see description for the project “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change.” 11. Climate Change Vulnerability Evaluation of Coastal and Marine Areas160 This project is part of the Ibero-American Spain ECLAC, Capacity 2009–2011 Programme on the Evaluation of Impacts, University of building; Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Cantabria, Assessment; Change (PIACC) and aims to determine the national Knowledge impacts of climate change on the coasts of any counterparts communicatio country in Spanish and Portuguese speaking n countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. It has a particular focus on the dynamics of beaches, estuaries, lagoons, deltas, cliffs and dunes, coastal erosion, flood risks and coastal infrastructure. This initiative is linked to the In Colombia: Further information required. project “Economics of Climate Change in Central America - Phase II”161 funded by IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU and Germany. Coastal zone management Most RIOCC countries162 including: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela 12. Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in IberoAmerica163 Part of PIACC, this project aims to generate Spain new information and knowledge and strengthen the capacity of research institutions in the forestry sector on linking sustainable forest management with adaptation and mitigation to climate change. This includes strengthening specific research activities, developing and disseminating methodologies and case studies, strengthening human resources and fostering the representation of the forest sector in the regional and international dialogue. Forestry RIOCC countries, including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela INIA, CIFOR, CATIE, Polytechnical University of Madrid Capacity 2009–2011 building; Research; Knowledge communicatio n RIOCC, http://www.lariocc.net/riocc_principal/es/proyectos_iniciativas/proy_marc_piacc.htm See ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/mexico/cambioclimatico/index.html 162 The 21 member countries of RIOCC are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. 163 Proyecto MIA, http://www.proyectomia.com/ 160 161 113 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) In Colombia: Further information required. 13. Integrating Climate Change Risks and Opportunities into National Development Processes and United Nations Country Programming164 The purpose of the project was to develop the capacity of UN staff and Government stakeholders to integrate risks and opportunities of climate change in national programming and development policies, such as their United Nations Development Assistance Framework, sectoral programs, and development plans. 14. Territorial Approach to Improve the resilience to climate change and 165 Climate Change (TACC) reduce the carbon footprint in sub-national territories in developing and transition countries through: (1) “Access to up-to-date climate change science, tolls and good practices; (2) creating a partnership and governance framework to address crosssectoral nature of climate change; and (3) developing a climate change and draft a climate change strategy and action plan to ensure a programmatic approach to climate change”. The main activities include capacity building in 500 sub-national territories worldwide and implementing plans in 50 of them. 15. Regional Instruments for Adaptation to Climate Change by the Health Sector166 Spain UNDP Budget: US$1.2 million Policy 2008–2010 Government formation and (closed) integration Global: Cape Verde, Colombia, El Salvador, Malawi and Nicaragua In Colombia: Further information required. UNDP UNEP; UNDP; Capacity 2009 - ? UNITAR; UNbuilding; Habitat; UNCDF Knowledge communicatio n Government Global: Albania, Algeria, Colombia, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Uganda, Uruguay and others In Colombia: The project is being implemented in the Capital Area (Bogotá-Cundinamarca) The project aims to create mechanisms to IADB, coIADB broaden knowledge of current and future financing impacts of climate on health in the population. Budget: US$1,202,000 Knowledge 2010 - ? communicatio n; Research Human health LAC Region: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/integrating-climate-change-risks-and-opportunities-national-development-processes-and-unite-2 and UNDP, http://www.undp.org/climatechange/integrating_cc_risks.shtml 165 UNDP, http://www.unep.org/roap/Activities/ClimateChange/TerritorialApproachtoClimateChangeTACC/tabid/6844/Default.aspx 166 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/regional-integration/project-information,3072.html?id=RG-T1681 164 114 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) 2011–2013 Biodiversity Regional: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Capacity 2011–2016 building; Policy formation and integration Agriculture Regional: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru In Colombia: Further information required. 16. Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity in the Tropical Andes: Climate risk, vulnerability and decision making tools for the planning of conservation167 “To provide tropical Andean countries with a standard methodology for estimating climate change risks for biodiversity at local scales that can be used to design adaptation measures tailored to particular conditions. Case studies will be conducted during three years (2011 2013) on short- to medium-term climate change trends, biodiversity patterns and gradients and the vulnerability of species and ecosystems to climate and land use changes in two cross-border areas: a) the Pacific slope of the Northern Andes, in the border region of Colombia and Ecuador; [and] (b) the Amazonian slope of the Central Andes, in the border region of Bolivia and Peru.” John D. and IAI Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation 17. Regional Program to Adaptation to Climate Change in Andes Region The project seeks to promote integrated measures of adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector with the countries members of the CAN. It will strengthen national food security strategies in the context of climate change adaptation and institutions in the agriculture sector. German GIZ, CAN, Federal Ministries Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ) The purpose of the study is to make a socioeconomic analysis of the impacts of climate change in selected countries of South America, develop mitigation and adaptation policies and leverage financial resources. In addition, this project includes a component focused on the impact of climate change in IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU, Germany 18. Review of the Economics of Climate Change in South America168 167 168 Research In Colombia: Further information required. In Colombia: Further information required. ECLAC Assessment; 2008–2009 Coastal zone Policy management; formation and Government integration Regional: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, IAI, http://www.iai.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120&Itemid=68 ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/dmaah/noticias/noticias/2/35232/samaniego_recc.pdf 115 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) coastal areas–C3A (Cambio Climatico en las Coastas de America Latina y Caribe). Geographic focus (if any) Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela In Colombia: Further information required. 19. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into National Development Processes in Latin America and the Caribbean 20. Climate Change and Biodiversity Information in the Tropical Andes (Información de Cambio Climático y Biodiversidad para el Fomento de Políticas Públicas de Conservación y Adaptación en la Región de los Andes Tropicales)170 Build climate resilience of vulnerable human and ecological systems in the region by integrating adaptation options into national planning processes and building the associated capacity of key regional and national institutions. The project will: undertake impact and vulnerability assessments; identify good practices and gaps in integrating adaptation into policy and plans; and support adaptation planning and its integration into national development processes. It will focus on the most vulnerable sectors and ecosystems, especially water and agriculture. Spain The objective of the project is to create a regional system of public information on climate change and its potential impact on the biodiversity of the tropical Andes. The aim of the project is to contribute in the generation of public policies and the insertion of biodiversity conservation into the national climate change plans of participant countries. IADB; cofinancing UNEP Budget: US$4,375,233 Assessment; 2010–2013 Capacity building; policy formation and integration Government; Agriculture; Freshwater supply LAC Region: Phase 1: 19 RIOCC countries169 Phase 2: 3-5 countries (Dominican Republic 1st country selected) In Colombia: Further information required. Budget: US$878,720 Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño Policy 2011 - ? formation and integration; Knowledge communicatio n Biodiversity; Civil society Regional: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru In Colombia: Further information required. The 19 RIOCC countries are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 170 IADB, http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=35427915 169 116 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America D. Proposed Adaptation Action Colombia has identified a number of adaptation projects for implementation in the future, as noted in Table 3. This includes seeking funding from the IADB to support implementation of the country’s PNACC and a project on disaster risk management and adaptation. Table 3: Proposed Adaptation Actions in Colombia Name Objectives Type of project Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) 1. Seeks to influence the processes of environmental, territorial and sectorial planning, to make informed decisions, taking into account the climate drivers and projections, thus effectively reducing the vulnerability of populations, ecosystems and sectors, and increasing overall social, economic and ecosystem resilience to respond to climate events and weather disasters. Policy formation and integration Government National 2. Flood risk management for the middle and lower Watershed “Magdalena River” Implementation of adaptation activities to reduce vulnerability of communities to flood risks. Field implementation 3. Coastal erosion mitigation Implementation of activities to reduce the impacts of erosion caused by sea level rise. Field implementation National Adaptation Climate Change Plan (PNACC) Notes: IADB is anticipated to provide a loan of over US$50 million to support this initiative. Watershed management Magdalena Watershed Coastal zone management Coastal area Notes: Notes: 4. Restoration, recovery and rehabilitation of ecosystems in the Magdalena-Cauca macro watershed and the Caribbean Implementation of adaptation activities to increase resilience of ecosystems to climate change impacts. Field implementation 5. Environmental Management of the Colombian Massif Implementation of adaptation activities to increase resilience of ecosystems to climate change impacts. Field implementation 6. Definition of the National Ecological Structure of the Development of research activities to define strategic areas and ecosystems conservation Research Coastal zone Magdalena–Cauca management; Ecosystem conservation Notes: Ecosystem conservation Colombian Massif Ecosystem conservation National Notes: Notes: 117 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Nation Objectives Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Field implementation Watershed management Ubaté - Suarez under adaptation to climate change measures. 7. Environmental management strategy for the basin Ubaté Suarez - Laguna Fuquene 8. PBP-Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation Program Type of project Notes: Not available Loan Operation Notes: IADB is anticipated to provide a loan of over US$50 million to support this initiative. 9. Project on Adaptation to Climate Implementation of adaptation and mitigation Capacity building, Change in the region of the activities in the metropolitan region of Bogotá, research. Bogotá Corridor focused on mountain ecosystems. Notes: Mountain Ecosystems. Bogotá Metropolitan Region. E. Assessment Climate change has received a lot of attention in Colombia and the importance of adaptation has been widely acknowledge at the highest political levels, emphasized by the ample reference to adaptation in the current National Development Plan. The National Development Plan calls for an adaptation policy, which could help to identify priority areas more clearly, and specify and prioritize adaptation measures for these areas. As well, many projects are currently being implemented, and they tend to address some of the priorities identified in the two National Communications the country has submitted to date. Gaps in programming appear to exist with respect to human settlements, energy, the gender dimensions of climate change, and ecosystem conservation. References: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (2002). Lineamientos de Política de Cambio Climático. National Development Plan [NDP] (2011). Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. Retrieved from http://www.dnp.gov.co/PortalWeb/PND/PND20102014.aspx 118 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America República de Colombia (2001). Primera Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. República de Colombia (2010). Segunda Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. PreventionWeb (2011). Retrieved from www.preventionweb.net 119 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 6.0 Ecuador CAN CATIE CIFOR ECLAC ENSO GEF GIZ IADB IAI INIA OAS PACC RIOCC SCCF UNFCCC UNDP UNEP USAID WWF Comunidad Andina (Andean Community of Nations) Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Spain) (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Centre) Center for International Forestry Research Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean El Niño Southern Oscillation Global Environment Facility Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (Germany) Inter-American Development Bank Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (Chile) (National Institute of Agricultural Research) Organization of American States Programa de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (Adaptation to Climate Change Programme) Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices) Special Climate Change Fund United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United States Agency for International Development World Wildlife Fund A. Adaptation Needs and Priorities Climate variability in Ecuador is currently largely associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. El Niño years bring much more rainfall and floods in the coastal plains and western Andes, but the northwestern and eastern parts can experience droughts at the same time (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2000). In the decades to come, models used in development of Ecuador’s First National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change project that mean annual temperatures will increase 120 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America by 1° to 2°C. Greater uncertainty exists with projected changes in average rainfall, with models ranging from a decline of 15 per cent to an increase of 20 per cent (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2000). Although a timeline for these changes is not indicated in the National Communication, subsequent vulnerability studies suggest the horizon is 2030. Ecuador’s First National Communication also presents vulnerability assessments for agriculture, forestry, coastal zones and water. Along with each sectoral vulnerability assessment, it suggests a number of adaptation measures for each sector (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2000): Agriculture: Agro-ecological zoning and adjusted seasons for sowing and harvesting; introduction of higher-yield varieties; irrigation; suitable use of fertilizers; and pest and disease control systems. Forestry: Protective forest plantations; sustainable management of production plantations; integrated rural development in watersheds; agroforestry and woodland/grazing land systems; forestry protection against pests and disease; protection against forest fires; sustainable management of native forests; sustainable management of fragile ecosystems; and a comprehensive antidesertification program. Coastal zones: Establishment of a biophysical monitoring and climate change surveillance program; adjustment of the sewage system for the city of Guayaquil; adjustment of a clean water system for the city of Guayaquil; mangrove protection and reforestation; adjustment of shrimp farming systems; establishment of withdrawal lines, buffer zones and urban protection borders; adjustment and maintenance of road drainage systems; and the hydraulic fill for densely populated urban zones. Notable, no measures for the water sector were identified. The National Communication notes that implementation of its proposed measures will require institutional and technological cooperation, training and information, as well as financial resources. It also recommends that vulnerability assessments be undertaken for sectors such as health, fishing and fragile ecosystems, including mountain zones and those with erosion problems and droughts. Further assessments are suggested for agriculture and coastal areas, and an extension of the adaptation analysis to the water sector is proposed. Beyond the National Communication, the Ecuador’s climate change policy proposed in the National Development Plan highlights fragile ecosystems such as peat lands, mangroves and wetlands, infrastructure and food security in the context of adaptation (República del Ecuador, 2009). 121 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America B. National Level Policies and Strategic Documents Ecuador’s National Development Plan 2009–2013 (República del Ecuador, 2009) mentions climate change adaptation and mitigation as one of seven policies under the objective rights of nature and promotion of a healthy and sustainable environment. The policy includes the formation of adaptation programs, with particular attention given to: ecosystems; emergency prevention programs for infrastructure; adaptation initiatives related to energy and food security; vulnerability and impact assessments; and technology transfer. The plan also contains quantitative goals: by 2013, the percentage of high-risk areas in the ecosystems vulnerability index should drop to 23 per cent, and the proportion of medium-risk areas to 69 per cent. The Ministry for Environment, through the National Climate Committee, is responsible for adaptation policy (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2011). In 2008, a draft climate change strategy was floated, but the document does not appear to have been officially adopted. Table 1: Key Government Policies and Reports reflecting Adaptation Needs, Priorities and Planned Actions Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status 1. First National Communication to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change Ministry of Environment Published in 2000 3. National Development Plan 2009- National Planning 2013 Council Published in 2009 Sector(s) of Focus Summary description Agriculture; Forestry; Coastal Detailed vulnerability assessments along with zone management; Freshwater evaluated adaptation measures are presented supply for a range of sectors. Further vulnerability and adaptation assessments are recommended. Multi-sectoral The development plan contains 12 key objectives, of which one relates to the environment. Under this objective, a climate change policy including key sectors for adaptation is outlined. C. Current Adaptation Action In line with Ecuador’s priority areas, a number of current adaptation initiatives deal with biodiversity and forests, freshwater and agriculture. To date, lesser attention has been given to the priority area of the impacts of climate change on Ecuador’s coastal areas. Nor have issues such as the impacts of climate change on gender and areas such as human health, energy and human settlements been addressed. A majority of projects are focused on capacity building and policy research, but implementation of specific adaptation actions is a key component in several projects. Most of the adaptation programming in Ecuador is occurring through its participation in several regional and global projects. Several of these projects are funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). 122 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Table 2: Current Adaptation Action in Ecuador Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Support conservation and sustainable management of the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve, in the context of which the development of climate change responses and access to finance will be improved. Spain, UNDP, through the government MDG Achievement Fund Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) National Action 1. Conservation and Sustainable Management of the Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve171 Capacity 2008–2010 Biodiversity; building; Forestry Policy formation and integration Yasuní Biosphere Reserve Special Ministry of Climate Environment Change Fund, UNDP, Government Policy 2008 - ? formation and integration; Capacity building Freshwater supply Key national watersheds, United States Field [2010] - ? implementati on Watershed management High grasslands Capacity building; Community- Agriculture Pichincha Province and Jubones Budget: US$4 million 2. Adaptation to Climate Change through Effective Water Governance (PACC Ecuador)172 3. Watershed Conservation173 Protect water sources in the high grasslands through integrated management that takes into account climate change adaptation. The project will create financial mechanisms for water protection and biodiversity conservation that address deforestation in important ecosystems and ensure future water availability. 4. Reduce Ecuador’s vulnerability to climate change through efficient water use. Among the expected results are: integration of climate change into key plans and programs of the water sector; implement strategies and measures that facilitate climate adaptation in the water sector; strengthen institutional and human capacities. Budget: US$585,000 Enhancing Resilience of Reduce vulnerability and food insecurity of Adaptation Communities to the communities and ecosystems, related to the Fund Adverse Effects of Climate adverse effects of climate change, in the most World Food Programme 2011–2016 MDG Fund, http://www.mdgfund.org/program/conservationandsustainablemanagementnaturalandculturalheritageyasun%C3%ADbiospherereserve GEF, http://gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projID=2931 173 USDS, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/164675.pdf 171 172 123 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Change on Food Security, vulnerable cantons of Pichincha Province and in Pichincha Province and the basin of the river Jubones. the Jubones River Basin174 Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Budget: US$7,449,46 8 based adaptation River Basin To strengthen, in a coordinated and coherent manner, the institutional framework for planning and executing activities for the protection and sustainable management of the water resources of the Amazon River Basin, endeavoring to realize a shared vision of sustainable development in the region based upon the protection and integrated management of transboundary water resources and adaptation to climatic changes. GEF, cofinancing Capacity 2009–2014 Watershed building; management Policy formation and integration Regional: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Implement measures to meet the anticipated consequences of the catastrophic glacier retreat induced by climate change through design and implementation of strategic pilot adaptation measures to address key impacts of glacier retreat, including: management plans for potable water systems in urban areas; promotion of less water consuming management practices in the agricultural sector; and measures to increase the natural water storage capacity of highland ecosystems. SCCF, cofinancing Participation in Regional and Global Actions 5. 6. 7. Integrated and Sustainable Management of Transboundary Water Resources in the Amazon River Basin Considering Climate Variability and Change 175 Design and Implementation of Pilot Climate Change Adaptation Measures in the Andean Region (PRAA Project)176 Climate Change in a Living Improve regional coordination, maintain the Landscape: Vulnerability integrity of natural ecosystems and promote UNEP, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Budget: US$ Organization, 51.5 million OAS In Ecuador: Further information required. Budget: US$28.7 million World Bank with Government ministries, regional organizations Capacity 2008–2012 building; Field implementati on Freshwater supply; Urban areas; Agriculture Regional: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Agriculture; Ecosystem Regional: Eastern In Ecuador: Implementation of measures in the Andes. EU WWF, national Policy ?–2010 partners formation and Adaptation Fund, http://www.adaptation-fund.org/project/1328-enhancing-resilience-communities-adverse-effects-climate-change-food-security-pichincha IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799471058 and http://www.otca.org.br/gefam/ 176 ALM, http://www.adaptationlearning.net/projects/regional-design-and-implementation-pilot-climate-change-adaptation-measures-andean-region; and http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/adaptation/CARE_PRAA_Summary.pdf 174 175 124 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name and Adaptation in the Eastern Cordillera Real of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru177 Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project sustainable livelihoods through targeted action that contribute to reduce major conservation threats, including climate change and the urgent need to develop adaptation strategies. Duration integration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) conservation Cordillera Real linking Colombia, Ecuador and Peru In Ecuador: Research focused on several watersheds in the Eastern Cordillera Real 8. Capacity Development for Policy Makers: Addressing climate change in key sectors178 The project is a targeted capacity development initiative that supports two goals: 1. To increase national capacity to co-ordinate Ministerial views for more effective participation in the UNFCCC process; and 2. To assess investment and financial flows to address climate change for selected key sectors. As a result of this project, both the technical understanding of key climate change issues and their economic and policy implications within the context of the Convention will be enhanced. United Nations Foundation and the Government s of Switzerland, Finland, Spain and Norway. $6,953,413 USD UNDP is implementing the project in partnership with the UNFCCC Secretariat, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the United Nations Environment Programme Capacity 2008–2010 Multi-sectoral building; Knowledge communicatio n Global: 20 countries179 including Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay In Ecuador: The adaptation part is focused on forestry and food security.180 9. Climate Policy 2012: Extension of the global project “Capacity Development for Policy The UNDP Regional Bureau for Latin America Spain, UNDP UNDP and the Caribbean has expanded on the global project, “Capacity Development for Policy Budget: Makers to Address Climate Change” in the LAC US$3.6 Capacity 2009–2011 building; Policy formation and Government LAC Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, WWF, http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/colombia/?183441/Cordillera-Real-Oriental-un-paisaje-vivo UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/ 179 These countries are Algeria, Bangladesh, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Gambia, Honduras, Liberia, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Togo, Turkmenistan and Uruguay. 180 UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/ecuador-en.aspx 177 178 125 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Makers to Address Climate region to provide technical support to national million Change”181 policy makers and its Country Offices and strengthen capacity on budgetary issues related to the post-2012 climate regime. Activities include technical backstopping for countries that begin to consider adaptation to climate change in their National Development Plans. Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) integration Geographic focus (if any) Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela In Ecuador: see description for the project “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change.” 10. Climate Change Vulnerability Evaluation of Coastal and Marine Areas182 181 182 This project is part of the Ibero-American Spain ECLAC, Capacity 2009–2011 Programme on the Evaluation of Impacts, University of building; Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Cantabria, Assessment; Change (PIACC) and aims to determine the national Knowledge impacts of climate change on the coasts of any counterparts communicatio country in Spanish and Portuguese speaking n countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. It has a particular focus on the dynamics of beaches, estuaries, lagoons, deltas, cliffs and dunes, coastal erosion, flood risks and coastal infrastructure. This initiative is linked to the In Ecuador: Further information required. Coastal zone management Most RIOCC countries184 including: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/act_latin-en.aspx and http://www.undp.org/climatechange/docs/EEG_Flyer_EN.pdf RIOCC, http://www.lariocc.net/riocc_principal/es/proyectos_iniciativas/proy_marc_piacc.htm 126 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Forestry RIOCC countries, including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela Agriculture Regional: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru project “Economics of Climate Change in Central America - Phase II”183 funded by IADB, U.K., Denmark, Spain, EU and Germany. 11. Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in IberoAmerica185 Part of PIACC, this project aims to generate Spain new information and knowledge and strengthen the capacity of research institutions in the forestry sector on linking sustainable forest management with adaptation and mitigation to climate change. This includes strengthening specific research activities, developing and disseminating methodologies and case studies, strengthening human resources and fostering the representation of the forest sector in the regional and international dialogue. INIA, CIFOR, CATIE, Polytechnical University of Madrid Capacity 2009–2011 building; Research; Knowledge communicatio n In Ecuador: Further information required. 12. Regional Program to Adaptation to Climate Change in Andes Region 13. Review of the Economics of Climate Change in South America186 The project seeks to promote integrated measures of adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector with the countries members of the CAN. It will strengthen national food security strategies in the context of climate change adaptation and institutions in the agriculture sector. German GIZ, CAN, Federal Ministries Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ) The purpose of the study is to make a socioeconomic analysis of the impacts of climate change in selected countries of South America, develop mitigation and adaptation IADB, U.K., Denmark, Spain, EU, Germany Capacity 2011–2016 building; Policy formation and integration In Ecuador: Further information required. ECLAC Assessment; 2008–2009 Coastal zone Policy management; formation and Government integration Regional: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, The 21 member countries of RIOCC are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. 183 See ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/mexico/cambioclimatico/index.html 185 Proyecto MIA, http://www.proyectomia.com/ 186 ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/dmaah/noticias/noticias/2/35232/samaniego_recc.pdf 184 127 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) policies and leverage financial resources. In addition, this project includes a component focused on the impact of climate change in coastal areas–C3A (Cambio Climatico en las Coastas de America Latina y Caribe). Geographic focus (if any) Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela In Ecuador: Further information required. 14. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into National Development Processes in Latin America and the Caribbean 15. Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity in the Tropical Andes: Climate risk, vulnerability and decision making tools for the planning of conservation188 Build climate resilience of vulnerable human and ecological systems in the region by integrating adaptation options into national planning processes and building the associated capacity of key regional and national institutions. The project will: undertake impact and vulnerability assessments; identify good practices and gaps in integrating adaptation into policy and plans; and support adaptation planning and its integration into national development processes. It will focus on the most vulnerable sectors and ecosystems, especially water and agriculture. Spain UNEP “To provide tropical Andean countries with a standard methodology for estimating climate change risks for biodiversity at local scales that can be used to design adaptation measures tailored to particular conditions. Case studies will be conducted during three years (2011 2013) on short- to medium-term climate change trends, biodiversity patterns and gradients and the vulnerability of species and John D. and IAI Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Budget: US$4,375,233 Assessment; 2010–2013 Capacity building; policy formation and integration Government; Agriculture; Freshwater supply LAC Region: Phase 1: 19 RIOCC countries187 Phase 2: 3-5 countries (Dominican Republic 1st country selected) In Ecuador: Further information required. Research 2011–2013 Biodiversity Regional: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru In Ecuador: Further information required. The 19 RIOCC countries are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 188 IAI, http://www.iai.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120&Itemid=68 187 128 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project IADB; cofinancing Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Biodiversity; Civil society Regional: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru ecosystems to climate and land use changes in two cross-border areas: a) the Pacific slope of the Northern Andes, in the border region of Colombia and Ecuador; [and] (b) the Amazonian slope of the Central Andes, in the border region of Bolivia and Peru.” 16. Climate Change and Biodiversity Information in the Tropical Andes (Información de Cambio Climático y Biodiversidad para el Fomento de Políticas Públicas de Conservación y Adaptación en la Región de los Andes Tropicales)189 The objective of the project is to create a regional system of public information on climate change and its potential impact on the biodiversity of the tropical Andes. The aim of the project is to contribute in the generation of public policies and the insertion of biodiversity conservation into the national climate change plans of participant countries. Budget: US$878,720 Policy 2011 - ? formation and integration; Knowledge communicatio n In Ecuador: Further information required. D. Proposed Adaptation Action A coastal zone and forests initiative funded by the United States has been identified as being developed for implementation in Ecuador. Table 3: Proposed Adaptation Actions in Ecuador Name Objectives 1. This project on sustainable coasts and forests will also provide both adaptation and mitigation benefits in Ecuador. 189 Sustainable Coasts and Forests Biodiversity project Type of project Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Coastal zones, forests Notes: Announced as part of the U.S. Department of State’s fast track financing. The project will be financed by USAID to a total amount of US$780,000. IADB, http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=35427915 129 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America E. Assessment The importance of adapting to climate change in Ecuador is acknowledged at the highest levels, as evidenced be the prominent reference in the current National Development Plan 2009-2013. Ecuador is also already addressing some of its priority needs in terms of adaptation. Several large projects aim at reducing vulnerabilities in the freshwater supply, agriculture, forestry and biodiversity sectors. Further adaptation activities are planned that will address needs related to coastal zone management, a previously unaddressed priority sector. Still missing are more specific adaptation policies and action plans at both the national and the regional and sectoral levels. References: Ministerio del Ambiente (2000). Comunicación Nacional. República del Ecuador. Convencion Marco de las Naciones Unidas. Cambio Climático. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/ecunc1.pdf Ministerio del Ambiente (2011). Retrieved from www.ambiente.gob.ec República del Ecuador (2009). Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. Plan Nacional Para el Buen Vivir 2009–2013. 130 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 7.0 Guyana CARICOM CCCCC ENSO EU GEF IADB OAS RIOCC SCCF UNDP UNEP UNFCCC USDS Caribbean Community Caribbean Community Climate Change Center El Niño Southern Oscillation European Union Global Environment Facility Inter-American Development Bank Organization of American States Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices) Special Climate Change Fund United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United States Department of State A. Adaptation Needs and Priorities Guyana’s current climate is highly influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation. In its El Niño phase, ENSO provokes dry periods throughout the year and higher temperatures in July and August, whereas its La Niña phase leads to the opposite situation. Over the last century observed climatic changes have occurred in Guyana, such as an increasing temperature trend of an estimated 0.07°C per decade since 1960. In addition, rainfall has increased at an average rate of 4.8 millimeter per month per decade since 1960, but trends in seasonal rainfall are not statistically significant (UNDP Oxford 2010). It is estimated that the mean annual temperature in Guyana will increase by 0.9° to 3.3°C by the 2060s. On the other hand, projections for rainfall are very uncertain but suggest slightly negative ensemble median changes for both the 2060s and the 2090s. Disagreement over changes in future El Niño conditions adds to the uncertainty of surrounding these precipitation projections. Sea level rise in the region could be anywhere between 0.18 and 0.56 meters by the 2090s, compared to the 1980 to 1999 average level, according to different scenarios (UNDP Oxford 2010). Guyana’s First National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (Guyana, 2002) and its supplement, the Climate Change Action Plan (Guyana, 2001), identify coastal zones, agriculture, fisheries, water, energy, forestry 131 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America and land use, and waste as both important in socio-economic terms and vulnerable to climate variability and change. Priority actions identified in these documents include: Coastal zones: Inventory coastal assets and monitor changes; ocean current and vulnerability studies; fortification and use of building set-backs; shore protection and beach nourishment procedures; initiate an integrated coastal zone management program; and studies on the impacts of sea level rise for various sectors and for cities. Agriculture and fisheries: Change crops, varieties and possibly practices; improve farm-level management and productivity; identify inland areas for new large-scale agricultural areas; move crops away from the coastal zone; promote aquaculture; change export market policies; transfer of appropriate technologies; introduce new species and crops; pest control for crops; mainstream climate change into poverty alleviation program; and impact surveys and studies. Water: Water conservation, monitoring and inventory of water availability; more efficient use in agriculture and energy production; increase availability through rainwater collection, building wells inland, expanding water storage capacity, and putting stricter controls and improve management of the supply network; drainage re-use, artificial recharge of reservoirs from rivers, and removing sediments and weeds; encourage growth of low water use crops, high value per water use crops, and salt-tolerant crops and fish species; relocate fishing ponds; reduce evaporation from reservoirs; adjust energy production to balance with other uses; and closing plants during low flow times. Energy: Promote conservation techniques; fuel efficient equipment and buildings; efficient transportation; alternative power sources such as hydropower; co-generation; and wind, solar, ocean thermal and wave energy. Forestry and land-use: Introduce sustainable logging practices; forest fire protection; agro-forestry/reforestation/afforestation of commercially important species in areas likely to favor growth as a result of a shift in vegetation zones due to climate change; use previously cleared forests for human settlements; promote settlements, industry and agriculture in selected regions of the interior; and detailed studies on climate and environment. Waste: Improved water disposal management plans, managed waste sites, waste reduction measures, sewage treatment and wastewater recycling. In addition, Guyana’s Low-carbon Development Strategy (Guyana, 2010) mentions adaptation as a priority and suggests the following key measures: Upgrading infrastructure and assets to protect against flooding through urgent, near-term measures (such as upgrading and maintaining drainage systems, building ocean seawalls, improving sanitation and water and flood-proofing health clinics). 132 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Addressing systematic and behavioral concerns (such as by strengthening building codes, early warning systems and emergency response system). Developing financial and risk insurance measures to boost resiliency post-flooding. Switching to flood resistant crops. Establishing the climate change adaptation needs of Guyana’s hinterland regions, including forest communities. In the longer term, further upgrading of flood protection, seawalls and expansion of drainage and irrigation is proposed. A National Adaptation Strategy to Address Climate Change in the Agriculture Sector (CCCCC, 2009) has also been established. It lists adaptation actions for the agricultural sector that include technical and institutional capacity enhancement, infrastructure measures, policy and legislation changes, research and development, and awareness building and communication. B. National Level Policies and Strategic Documents Guyana has completed one National Communication so far, which was supplemented by a Climate Change Action Plan. Both documents identify largely coinciding adaptation measures for a number of sectors, but give little indication as to how these measures will be implemented or incentivized. Also, Guyana’s National Development Strategy for 2001 to 2010 (Guyana, 2000) does not mention adaptation to climate change. Recently, however, a comprehensive low-carbon development strategy (Guyana, 2010) has been elaborated. Within it, adaptation is one of eight priorities, and specific short-term projects as well as longer term priorities are set out. It is proposed that the measures will be funded through Fast Track finance in the coming years (up to 2020) and mitigation finance for forests as soon as the respective mechanisms are operational. Additionally, Guyana has a National Climate Change Adaptation Policy (Khan, 2001) focusing on adaptation in its low-lying coastal areas. It is unclear the extent to which this policy has been implemented. Finally, National Adaptation Strategy to Address Climate Change in the Agriculture Sector was elaborated through a Guyana’s participation in a regional adaptation project (CCCCC, 2009). As previously noted, the strategy proposes capacity enhancements, infrastructure improvements, changes in policies and legislation, promotion of research and development and awareness building and communication measures. Within Guyana the key authorities for climate change are the National Climate Change Committee and the Office of Climate Change, headed by a presidential adviser. Regionally, Guyana is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and its Climate Change Center (CCCCC), and has been involved in its recent regional projects. 133 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Table 1: Key Government Policies and Reports reflecting Adaptation Needs, Priorities and Planned Actions Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible 1. Guyana Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC 2. Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description National Climate Change Published in 2002 Committee, Natural Resources and Environment Advisory Committee Multi-sectoral Guyana’s First National Communication contains climate conditions and projections, vulnerability assessments for various sectors, and an adaptation section with proposed measures for coastal zones. Guyana Climate Change Action Plan National Climate Change Published in 2001 Committee, Natural Resources and Environment Advisory Committee Multi-sectoral The Climate Change Action Plan, a supplement to the First National Communication, identifies adaptation measures as one of nine program areas, and lists such measures for priority sectors. It also links the climate change agenda to the national development plan and sets out guidelines for elaborating climate change legislation. 3. National Climate Change Adaptation Policy and Implementation Plan National Ozone Action Unit of Guyana / Hydrometeorological Service Published in 2001 Coastal zone management This document was elaborated as part of a CCCCC project. It complements the above two with a more detailed focus on coastal low-lands. It lays out the foundation for a national policy. 4. National Agricultural Sector Adaptation Strategy to Address Climate Change (2009-2018) various Published in 2009 Agriculture The strategy was elaborated as part of the Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change: Caribbean Community (MACC) project (see below). Its goal is to reduce the risks posed by climate change and position the agricultural sector to adapt through technical innovation and diversification to increase its competitiveness and sustainability by 2018. 5. Low-Carbon Development Strategy Office of the President Third draft published in 2010 Ecosystem conservation; Forestry The strategy sets out a path for low-carbon, lowdeforestation and climate-resilient development. The document mainly deals with forests and mitigation, but also addresses adaptation and announces a Priority Adaptation Plan for the third quarter of 2010. 134 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America C. Current Adaptation Action Guyana has participated in a series of capacity building projects implemented by CCCCC, through which adaptation strategies and plans for both its coastal areas and agriculture sector were developed. At present, its relatively low level of current adaptation programming supports efforts in the sectors of disaster risk management, coastal zone management, freshwater supply, watershed management and enhancing the capacity of government to support adaptation to climate change. Gaps in programming appear to exist in relation to human health and gender. The majority of programming is taking place through Guyana’s participation in regional and global initiatives. Examples of ongoing national projects include: the research focused project “Measurement of Climate Change Impacts and Ecosystem Services in Iwokrama,” which provides a better foundation for adaptation measures in the areas of biodiversity and forests; and the “Conservancy Adaptation Project,” one of the first projects to be financed by the Special Climate Change Fund. The project sought to improve coastal drainage capacity in East Demerara. There are also some community-based adaptation activities, such as the U.S. Peace Corps program to increase awareness and knowledge on adaptation and to implement specific local-level measures related to energy production. Table 2: Current Adaptation Action in Guyana Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project The goal is to help the Government of Guyana reduce the country’s vulnerability to flooding by: improving the overall discharging capacity of the East Demerara Conservancy (flood protection) during rainfall; and counteracting the effects of sea level rise by widening of key drainage relief canals, improving water flow system within the conservancy, as well as to upgrade water control structures, selected equipment purchase and installation. SCCF, cofinancing World Bank, Ministry of Agriculture This project is designed to formulate a new science program at Iwokrama which will IADB, cofinancing IADB Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Assessment; 2007–2011 Field (closed) implementati on Disaster risk management East Demerara Research; Field Forestry; Ecosystem Iwokrama Forest National Action 1. 2. 190 Conservancy Adaptation Project190 Measurement of Climate Change Impacts and Budget: US$20 million 2009 - ? GEF, http://gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projID=3227 135 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Ecosystem Services in Iwokrama191 Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project provide a series of studies, coordinated by a new resident scientist. The project will Budget: contribute to the provision of eco-system US$286,500 services, including carbon, watershed service and biodiversity. Key element of the project is to implement field works and carry out the analysis and modeling on climate change. implementati on Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) conservation Participation in Regional and Global Actions 3. 191 192 Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change: Caribbean Community (MACC)192 The objective of the MACC project is to facilitate an enabling environment for climate change adaptation in the Caribbean Community small islands and coastal developing states participating in this effort. Project components aimed to: (1) build regional capacity to collect and analyze data, thus expand the knowledge base on climate change impacts in order to assess the associated physical and socioeconomic vulnerabilities; (2) build in-country capacity to formulate and analyze adaptation policy options and finalize sectoral adaptation strategies for participating countries; (3) build capacity in preparation for a regional position for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; and (4) support public education and outreach programs by strengthening information access and data resources, and foster public awareness through technical assistance and capacity building. GEF Trust Fund; cofinancing CCCCC, CARICOM, World Bank, Government of Budget: Canada, GEF, US$16 million Government of US Capacity 2003–2009 Government building; (closed) Knowledge communicatio n; Policy formation and integration LAC Region: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago In Guyana: Among other things, a vulnerability and adaptation assessment was conducted in the agricultural sector, and an adaptation strategy was elaborated for this sector. IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=GY-T1069 GEF, http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projID=1084 and CCCCC, http://caribbeanclimate.bz/projects/projects.html 136 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) 4. To strengthen, in a coordinated and coherent manner, the institutional framework for planning and executing activities for the protection and sustainable management of the water resources of the Amazon River Basin, endeavoring to realize a shared vision of sustainable development in the region based upon the protection and integrated management of transboundary water resources and adaptation to climatic changes. GEF, cofinancing Across the Americas the Peace Corps will, among other things, increase municipal, school and communities’ awareness and knowledge of climate change (including adaptation) and support community-led projects, including on adaptation. United U.S. Peace States Corps, USDS Department of State (USDS) 5. Integrated and Sustainable Management of Transboundary Water Resources in the Amazon River Basin Considering Climate Variability and Change 193 Peace Corps Renewable Energy and Climate Change Initiative194 Implementing Type of Agency(s) project UNEP, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Budget: US$ Organization, 51.5 million OAS Duration Priority Sector(s) Capacity 2009–2014 Watershed building; management Policy formation and integration Geographic focus (if any) Regional: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela In Guyana: Further information required. Community Ongoing based adaptation; Knowledge communicatio n Energy LAC Region: Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname Disaster risk management; Government Global: 17 countries and the In Guyana: Further information required. 6. Global Climate Change Alliance195 The Global Climate Change Alliance seeks to deepen the policy dialogue between the European Union and developing countries on European National Commission, Governments Czech Policy 2008– formation and ongoing implementati IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799471058 and http://www.otca.org.br/gefam/ http://www.ecpamericas.org/initiatives/default.aspx?id=35 195 GCCA, http://www.gcca.eu/pages/1_2-Home.html 193 194ECPA, 137 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name 7. Preparedness for Climate Change198 Objectives Funder(s) climate change; and to increase support to target countries to implement priority adaptation and mitigation measures, and integration climate change into their development strategies. The program’s five priority areas for funding are: improving the knowledge base of developing countries to the effects of climate change; promoting disaster risk reduction; mainstreaming climate change into poverty reduction development strategies; reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation; and enhancing participation in the Clean Development Mechanism. Republic, Sweden, 10th European Developmen t Fund The aim of this program was for the Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies in countries particularly vulnerable to climate change to gain a better understanding of climate change and its impacts to identify country-specific adaptation measures in line with risks. Activities could include organizing a workshop on risks, assessment of risks through preparation of a background document, capacity building programs, and Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) on; Knowledge communicatio n Geographic focus (if any) Pacific region,196 including: Jamaica Budget: € 140 million In Guyana: Focused on mangrove restoration, the objective of the project is to abate climate change (carbon sequestration) and mitigate its effects (sea defense, biodiversity); rehabilitate mangrove fields; map mangroves for better monitoring; mainstream mangrove issues into the Forest Plan; raise awareness in the general public and nearby local communities. Duration: 2010–2014 Focus area(s): mangrove management and public awareness raising Budget: Euros 4.2 million Implementing partners: Ministry of Agriculture, Sea Defenses Division of WSG, Guyana Forestry Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, University of Guyana and Honey Producers Association.197 National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies Capacity building; Policy formation and integration Phase 1: Disaster risk 2006–2009 management Phase 2: ongoing Global project: 39 countries South American participants in Phase 1: Argentina Bolivia These countries are Bangladesh, Belize, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guyana, Jamaica, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nepal, Pacific region, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Tanzania and Vanuatu. 197 GCCA, http://www.gcca.eu/usr//GUYANA_FICHE.pdf 198 IFRC, http://www.climatecentre.org/site/preparedness-for-climate-change-programme 196 138 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) developing climate change resilient plans. Geographic focus (if any) Colombia Guyana In Guyana: To be confirmed D. Proposed Adaptation Action There are two documents among Guyana’s polices and strategies that list specific adaptation actions, including budgets, timelines and potential funding sources. The National Adaptation Strategy for Agriculture (CCCCC, 2009) proposes 52 actions for the agricultural sector, ranging from infrastructure measures to communication. Further, Guyana’s Low-carbon Development Strategy (Guyana, 2010) proposes a series of larger programs dealing with: coastal infrastructure; water and agriculture in the hinterland; early warning systems and emergency response; financial instruments; and agricultural research and technology. These measures are projected to cost around US$400 million and are expected to be funded through Fast Track Funding (2010 to 2012) and 2013 to 2020 financing commitments contained in the 2009 Copenhagen Accord (Guyana, 2010). Table 3: Proposed Adaptation Actions in Guyana Name Objectives Type of project Priority Sector(s) 1. The document proposes 52 actions in the categories of institutional and technical capacity enhancement, infrastructure, policy and legislation, research and development and awareness building and communication. A timelines, possible funders and collaborating agencies are mentioned for each action. Capacity building; Research; Knowledge communication Agriculture Maintaining and upgrading the intricate drainage and irrigation system of Guyana; construction and rehabilitation of sluices, kokers, revetments and embankments; continuous dredging and de-silting of Guyana’s major rivers and creeks; reinforce the ocean sea wall that protects most of the low-lying coastal areas from the Atlantic; constructed of groynes and additional drainage pumps in Field implementation Recommended Actions in the National Adaptation Strategy to Address Climate Change in the Agriculture Sector 2. Upgrading infrastructure and assets to protect against flooding through urgent, near-term measures Geographic focus (if any) Notes: Coastal zone management Coasts, rivers Notes: From Guyana’s Low-carbon Development Strategy. Estimated cost is US$225 million. 139 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Type of project Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Development, reproduction and distribution of plant varieties and crop management techniques that are suitable for hinterland communities; construction of all-weather roads and bridges which are crucial for the transport of agricultural inputs; training and educational programs and introduction of additional drainage and irrigation equipment in particularly vulnerable areas; solar and wind power for water distribution; facilities for rainwater harvesting; creation of systems to guarantee access to safe drinking water during crisis situations; and incorporation of the environmental impacts of climate change into building designs, particularly for clay, sandy and loam areas. Field implementation Freshwater supply; Agriculture Hinterland Revamping Guyana’s early warning system and improving the timely and accurate of collection and dissemination of data and information on weather related events and their impacts on the ground; set up an emergency response system that will minimize the risks to public health and ensure that crucial civil structures, such as the major infrastructure, safe drinking water systems and electricity and communications networks, are maintained in a functioning state; and provide training and education campaigns of the wider population. Capacity building; Knowledge communication; Field implementation Develop and introduce instruments suitable in the Guyana context that will aim to introduce incentives to avoid and reduce all possible sources of risk while aiming to transfer risks that are outside of the control of individuals and firms to third parties, which will compensate the insured in the event of an extreme event. Significant investments will need to be channeled towards training, data collection and transmission systems, particularly in relation to vital weather and hydrological information. Capacity building; Research strategic locations across the coastline; upgrade the East Demerara Water Conservancy that protects Georgetown, the East Bank and most of the East Coast from excess water; and strengthen other conservancies around the country. 3. Hinterland Adaptation Measures 4. Addressing systematic and behavioral concerns 5. Developing innovative financial risk management and insurance measures to resiliency Notes: From Guyana’s Low-carbon Development Strategy. Estimated cost is US$10 million. Disaster risk management; Freshwater supply; Human health Notes: From Guyana’s Low-carbon Development Strategy. Estimated cost is US$33 million. Multi-sectoral Notes: From Guyana’s Low-carbon Development Strategy. Estimated cost is US$10 million. 140 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Type of project Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) 6. Switching to flood resistant crops Funding research to identify flood resistant crops that are Research Agriculture applicable to the context of Guyana, creating flood-proof germplasm banks, and the introduction of new technology that Notes: From Guyana’s Low-carbon Development Strategy. allows for the cultivation of crops during prolonged flood Estimated cost is US$10 million. conditions. E. Assessment Guyana is a small nation with less than 1 million in habitants, yet it has made impressive advances in terms of defining its adaptation priorities, developing strategies and policies, and proposing concrete actions. The coastal and agriculture sectors appear to be the highest priorities, considered in key documents such as the First National Communication and sectoral adaptation strategies. Fisheries, water, energy, forests and waste are also mentioned. Moreover, concrete action is already taking place in coastal infrastructure, with a large conservancy project funded through the Special Climate Change Fund. Further, Guyana has proposed a number of specific projects to be financed by Fast Track financing and other funding included in the Copenhagen Accord. Through these efforts, the country is well placed to make significant advances in terms of concrete adaptation action over the next decade. References: Caribbean Community Climate Change Center [CCCCC] (2009). National Adaptation Strategy to Address Climate Change in the Agriculture Sector of Guyana. Strategy and Action Plan. Guyana (2000). National Development Strategy 2001-2010. Retrieved from http://www.sdnp.org.gy/nds/ Guyana (2001). Guyana Climate Change Action Plan in Response to its Commitments to the UNFCCC. Guyana (2002). Guyana Initial National Communication in Response to its Commitments to the UNFCCC. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?such=j&symbol=GUY/NAP/1%20B#beg 141 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Guyana (2010). A Low-carbon Development Strategy: Transforming Guyana’s economy while combating climate change. Third Draft, May 2010. Khan, M. (2001). National Climate Change Adaptation Policy and Implementation Plan for Guyana. UNDP Oxford (2010). UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles: Guyana. Retrieved from http://countryprofiles.geog.ox.ac.uk/index.html?country=Guyana&d1=Reports 142 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 8.0 Paraguay CATIE CIFOR EU ECLAC GEF IADB INIA OAS RIOCC SEAM UNDP UNEP UNFCCC USDS Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Spain) (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Centre) Center for International Forestry Research European Union Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Global Environment Facility Inter-American Development Bank Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (Chile) (National Institute of Agricultural Research) Organization of American States Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices) Secretaría del Ambiente (Environment Secretariat) United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United States Department of State A. Adaptation Needs and Priorities Paraguay currently faces various climate hazards, including droughts, heat waves, extreme rainfall and floods (PreventionWeb, 2011). According to scenarios presented in its First National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (Secretaría de Ambiente, 2001), Paraguay will experience temperature increases of 1.2° to 6.2°C by 2100. Projected changes in rainfall are much more uncertain, ranging from -34 per cent to +22 per cent, depending on the scenario and region. National priority areas for adaptation are identified in the First National Communication and Paraguay’s Iberoamerican Climate Change Plan. The First National Communication (Secretaría de Ambiente, 2001) provides vulnerability assessments for the following sectors (and thereby implicitly prioritizes them): agriculture, livestock and human health. Additionally, the Iberoamerican Climate Change Plan, 143 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America referenced in a national Human Development Report by UNDP (2007), considers agriculture, health, water and biodiversity as priority sectors for adaptation. Based on these two documents the following are Paraguay’s priority actions: Human health: Develop a cross-cutting anti-malaria program; improve diagnosis and treatment; strengthen monitoring, control and analysis of future trends; vulnerability studies; monthly projection system, controls and institutional mechanisms in two high-risk departments; improve access and communication to high-risk areas; improve sanitary inspection, source control and maintenance of water pipes and sewage systems; promote the use of treated mosquito nets; and build on local leaders to promote sanitary activities. Other: Complementary studies in agriculture and health; register and follow-up on data for local species. UNDP (2007) mentions important adaptation action in Paraguay as being a malaria prognosis system, establishing flood barriers, risk analysis for the agriculture sector, heat-resistant agricultural practices, water efficiency measures, agricultural research and land use planning. Moreover, Paraguay’s national development policy (Paraguay, 2010) proposes the development of climate risk management options for agriculture, such as risk insurance. B. National Level Policies and Strategic Documents Paraguay has prepared its First National Communication to the UNFCCC (Secretaría de Ambiente, 2001), and has incorporated adaptation within its national development policy, Paraguay para Todos y Todas. In the latter document (Paraguay, 2010), vulnerability to climate disasters is mentioned as one obstacle to poverty alleviation and agricultural development. The policy proposes to develop risk management options for agriculture. The Environment Secretariat (SEAM) is the focal point of the UNFCCC, which implements and coordinates climate change related activities through its National Climate Change Program. SEAM elaborated a five-year plan on climate change for the period 2008 to 2012. However, it is not available and not referenced in newer documents. Table 1: Key Government Policies and Reports reflecting Adaptation Needs, Priorities and Planned Actions Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible 1. First National Communication to the UNFCCC 2. National Development Policy (2010–2020) “Paraguay para Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description Environment Secretariat Published in 2001 Agriculture; Human health The communication presents results for vulnerability assessments in several sectors. However, in terms of concrete action, the focus is on mitigation rather than adaptation. Presidency of the Republic Multi-sectoral The national development policy for 2010–2020 considers climate risks as a threat to poverty alleviation Published in 2010 144 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status Sector(s) of Focus Todos y Todas” Summary description and to small-scale agriculture development. It proposes the development of climate risk management options for agriculture, such as insurance mechanisms. C. Current Adaptation Action Although no purely national projects have been identified as being underway in Paraguay, the country does participate in a number of regional activities. Many of these are capacity development initiatives supported through the United Nations. Furthermore, two policy research projects focused on health (“Regional Instruments for Adaptation to Climate Change by the Health Sector”) and watershed management (“Sustainable Management of the Water Resources of the la Plata Basin with Respect to the Effects of Climate Variability and Chang” are ongoing in the country. Overall, however, the level of adaptation programming in Paraguay is very low relative to other South American countries. Table 2: Current Adaptation Action in Paraguay Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project United Nations Foundation and the Government s of Switzerland, Finland, Spain and Norway. UNDP is implementing the project in partnership with the UNFCCC Secretariat, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Participation in Regional and Global Actions 1. Capacity Development for Policy Makers: Addressing climate change in key sectors199 The project is a targeted capacity development initiative that supports two goals: 1. To increase national capacity to co-ordinate Ministerial views for more effective participation in the UNFCCC process; and 2. To assess investment and financial flows to address climate change for selected key sectors. As a result of this project, both the technical understanding of key climate change issues and their economic and policy implications within the context of the Capacity 2008–2010 Multi-sectoral Global: building; 20 countries200 Knowledge including communicatio Colombia, n Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/ These countries are Algeria, Bangladesh, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Gambia, Honduras, Liberia, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Togo, Turkmenistan and Uruguay. 199 200 145 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Convention will be enhanced. $6,953,413 USD the United Nations Environment Programme Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) In Paraguay: The adaptation part is focused on agriculture and health.201 2. Regional Instruments for Adaptation to Climate Change by the Health Sector202 The project aims to create mechanisms to IADB, coIADB broaden knowledge of current and future financing impacts of climate on health in the population. Budget: US$1,202,000 Knowledge 2010 - ? communicatio n; Research Human health LAC Region: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay In Paraguay: Further information required. 3. 4. Sustainable Management of the Water Resources of the la Plata Basin with Respect to the Effects of Climate Variability and Change203 Review of the Economics of Climate Change in South America204 To strengthen transboundary cooperation among the riparian country governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay to ensure management of shared water resources of the River Plate in an integrated sustainable manner, within the context of climate variability and change, while capitalizing on development opportunities. GEF, national UNEP, OAS, governments National environmental Budget: ministries US$62.5 million The purpose of the study is to make a socioeconomic analysis of the impacts of climate change in selected countries of South America, develop mitigation and adaptation policies and leverage financial resources. In addition, this project includes a component focused on the impact of climate change in coastal areas–C3A (Cambio Climatico en las IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU, Germany Capacity 2011–2015 building; Policy formation and integration Watershed Regional: management Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay In Paraguay: The project involves environmental and riparian protection programs in rivers belonging to the River Plate basin. ECLAC Assessment; 2008–2009 Coastal zone Regional: Policy management Argentina, formation and ; Government Bolivia, Brazil, integration Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/paraguay-en.aspx IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/regional-integration/project-information,3072.html?id=RG-T1681 203 IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799469815 204 ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/dmaah/noticias/noticias/2/35232/samaniego_recc.pdf 201 202 146 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Coastas de America Latina y Caribe). Geographic focus (if any) Venezuela In Paraguay: Further information required. 5. Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in IberoAmerica205 Part of PIACC, this project aims to generate Spain INIA, CIFOR, Capacity 2009–2011 new information and knowledge and CATIE, building; strengthen the capacity of research Polytechnical Research; institutions in the forestry sector on linking University of Knowledge sustainable forest management with Madrid communicatio adaptation and mitigation to climate change. n This includes strengthening specific research activities, developing and disseminating methodologies and case studies, strengthening human resources and fostering the representation of the forest sector in the In Paraguay: Further information required. regional and international dialogue. Forestry RIOCC countries,206 including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela 6. Peace Corps Renewable Energy and Climate Change Initiative207 Across the Americas the Peace Corps will, among other things, increase municipal, school and communities’ awareness and knowledge of climate change (including adaptation) and support community-led projects, including on adaptation. Energy LAC Region: Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname United U.S. Peace States Corps, USDS Department of State (USDS) Community Ongoing based adaptation; Knowledge communicatio n In Paraguay: Further information required. 7. Integrating Climate Build climate resilience of vulnerable human Spain UNEP Assessment; 2010–2013 Government; LAC Region: Proyecto MIA, http://www.proyectomia.com/ The 21 member countries of RIOCC are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. 207ECPA, http://www.ecpamericas.org/initiatives/default.aspx?id=35 205 206 147 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Change Adaptation into National Development Processes in Latin America and the Caribbean Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project and ecological systems in the region by Capacity integrating adaptation options into national Budget: building; planning processes and building the associated US$4,375,233 policy capacity of key regional and national formation and institutions. The project will: undertake impact integration and vulnerability assessments; identify good practices and gaps in integrating adaptation into policy and plans; and support adaptation planning and its integration into national development processes. It will focus on the most vulnerable sectors and ecosystems, In Paraguay: Further information required. especially water and agriculture. Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Agriculture; Freshwater supply Phase 1: 19 RIOCC countries208 Phase 2: 3-5 countries (Dominican Republic 1st country selected) D. Proposed Adaptation Action No proposed adaptation activities have been identified for Paraguay. E. Assessment Climate change has not received significant attention so far in Paraguay. Although the country is currently finalizing its Second National Communication, climate change plans only exist within the respective section of the Environment Secretariat itself. Similarly, the National Development Policy only mentions climatic risks as a further consideration. Paraguay has identified priority needs that include agriculture, freshwater supply, human health and government, and it participates in a number of regional projects. However, no current or future national projects have been identified. It is noted that two of the regional projects underway in Paraguay have a focus on human health and agriculture. While these projects fit into the priorities identified in the First National Communication, large gaps remain to be addressed. Future programming could address further needs in these areas as well as in relation to gender, freshwater supply and improving the capacity of government. The 19 RIOCC countries are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 208 148 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America References: Paraguay (2010). Paraguay Para Todos y Todas. Propuesta de Política Pública para el Desarrollo Social 2010–2020. PreventionWeb (2011). Retrieved from www.preventionweb.net Secretaría de Ambiente (2001). Primera Communicación Nacional a la Convención Marco sobre Cambio Climático. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?such=j&symbol=PRY/COM/1%20B#beg United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] (2007). Cambio Climático. Riesgos, vulnerabilidad y desafío de adaptación en el Paraguay. 149 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 9.0 Peru CAN CATIE CIFOR ECLAC ECPA ENSO EU GEF GIZ IADB IDRC INIA MINAM OAS RIOCC SCCF SDC SIDA UNDP UNFCCC USDS WWF Comunidad Andina (Andean Community of Nations) Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Centre/ Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Spain) Center for International Forestry Research Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas El Niño Southern Oscillation European Union Global Environment Facility Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (Germany) Inter-American Development Bank International Development Research Centre Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (Chile) (National Institute of Agricultural Research) Ministerio del Ambiente (Ministry of Environment) Organization of American States Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices) Special Climate Change Fund Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Swedish International Development Agency United Nations Development Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United States Department of State World Wildlife Fund 150 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America A. Adaptation Needs and Priorities Peru currently faces various climate hazards, such as droughts, heavy rain, floods, landslides, frost and hailstorms; many of these events are related to occurrence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010). Over the rest of this century, temperatures in Peru are expected to increase by 2° to 3°C by 2100, depending on the region. Rainfall projections vary widely by region, with increases or decreases of up to 30 per cent expected as early as 2030 in some areas (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010). Responding to these projections, Peru has developed two National Communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that outline its adaptation needs and priorities. Its First National Communication (Iturregui, 2001) highlights the vulnerability of Peru’s freshwater resources and glaciers, marine ecosystems, agriculture, infrastructure and, in particular, concerns related to human health and wellbeing. It is worth noting, however, that the main hazard highlighted in the analysis is El Niño, whereas climate change is only prominently mentioned in the context of water and glaciers. In its National Climate Change Strategy (El Peruano, 2003) released between the two National Communications, Peru mentions the sectors of health, agriculture, coasts and fisheries, infrastructure, forests and ecosystems in the context of vulnerability and adaptation. The Second National Communication (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010) presents vulnerability and adaptation studies for water, biodiversity and the Amazon, agriculture and fisheries, as well as services, energy and transport. Through its First National Communications Peru proposed the following adaptation measures: Infrastructure: Construction of dams and tunnels to avoid glacier lake outburst floods; and prevention and preparedness for risks to infrastructure. Health: Use of technology transfer; identification of vector diseases; and the development of vaccination, as well as related capacity building. Moreover, the Second National Communication (Ministerio del Ambiente, 2010) proposes a series of generic actions that are meant to flow into the forthcoming National Adaptation Plan. These actions include: climate scenarios at smaller scale; taking stock of and exchanging experiences; risk analysis; cost analysis; adaptation mainstreaming; pilot projects on vulnerability reduction; proposals for action in the areas of tourism and aquaculture; land use planning; inter-sectoral and inter-institutional coordination, especially with education and health; and ecosystems conservation. 151 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America B. National Level Policies and Strategic Documents Peru has highly developed series of polices and strategies to tackle climate change vulnerability within its priority sectors. For instance, Peru’s current development strategy, called the Plan Bicentenario, recognizes the threat of climate change in the context of several strategic themes, including economic development and governance. Moreover, Peru elaborated a National Climate Change Strategy in 2003. The paper lays out 11 strategic objectives that seek to: (1) conduct research; (2) develop policies and projects related to adaptive capacity development; (3) participate in international negotiations; (4) introduce mitigation policies and actions; (5) foment knowledge dissemination; (6) promote poverty reduction projects with adaptation and mitigation co-benefits; (7) appropriate technology use; (8) include civil society participation; (9) encourage forest ecosystems management; (10) promote just compensation from polluters; and (11) management of fragile ecosystems, particularly in high mountains. Each objective is divided into several sub-objectives. Drawing upon the ample knowledge base created through completion of its Second National Communication to the UNFCCC, Peru is preparing a National Adaptation Plan. It is expected that this plan, once completed, will be integrated into the National Climate Change Strategy. Currently there are four regional climate change strategies for the regions of Piura, Cajamarca, Arequipa and Lima, promoted by a law introduced in 2002. The Ministry of Environment (MINAM) is the government’s focal point on climate change issues. Table 1: Key Government Policies and Reports reflecting Adaptation Needs, Priorities and Planned Actions Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description 1. First National Communication to the UNFCCC National Climate Change Commission Published in 2001 Multi-sectoral The report emphasizes glacier retreat, the threat to marine systems, health, agriculture and various infrastructures and the need for adaptation in these sectors. However, in all sectors except water, El Niño events rather than climate change itself are considered the main threat. 2. National Climate Change Strategy National Commission for Climate Change Published in 2003 Multi-sectoral The strategy aims at integrating climate change into policies and action plans and lists 11 strategic objectives as well as subobjectives for each. 3. Plan Bicentenario–Peru towards 2021 National Center for Strategic Planning Published in 2009 Multi-sectoral This development plan mentions climate change in several of its strategic axes, including governance, economy and competitiveness as well as in natural resources and environment. Under the latter, adaptation is also mentioned as an explicit strategic objective. 4. Second National Ministry of Environment Published in 2010 Multi-sectoral This extensive document covers a wide range of knowledge on 152 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status Communication to the UNFCCC Sector(s) of Focus Summary description climate scenarios, sectoral and regional studies. It also contains a list of current and past action in adaptation and vulnerability reduction. C. Current Adaptation Action A very high and wide range of discrete adaptation projects are presently being implemented in Peru that address many climate risks in all parts of the country. Several of these are nationally focused, and address needs related to freshwater supply (especially glacier retreat), agriculture and ecosystems; a number of projects take a watershed-based approach. The Andes and the dry areas on the Northern Coast have attracted more projects than other areas. Furthermore, there are many initiatives focused in enhancing the capacity of governments at the national and sub-national level to understand, plan for and implement adaptation actions. Over and above these national projects, Peru is also involved in many regional or global projects, the former of which often involve other Andean countries, particularly Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador. Examples include the project “Design and Implementation of Pilot Climate Change Adaptation Measures in the Andean Region” and “Utilization of Potato Genetic Diversity as Tool to Adaptation to Climate Change.” Additional projects are being implemented as part of Peru’s involvement in Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices (RIOCC). Peru’s ongoing projects address a number of priority sectors, but gaps may be noted with respect to human health, hydroelectric power generation and the absence of any projects focused on gender and climate change. Over and above the projects identified in Table 2, a wider array of adaptation related initiatives were identified in Peru’s Second National Communication.209 Greater effort to help build the adaptive capacity of the country is therefore underway than what is suggested in Table 2. Peru’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC lists 63 adaptation initiatives in the country. Projects the met the definition of adaptation action as used within this review, and for which additional information could be found, are included in Table 2. 209 153 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Table 2: Current Adaptation Action in Peru Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Grupo Propuesta Ciudadana Research; Capacity building ¿ - 2009 Multi-sectoral National; regional in Piura and Cusco Capacity building; Research 2008–2011 Watershed management Andes Policy 2008–2012 formation and integration; Field implementati on Freshwater supply; Agriculture; Disaster risk management Regions of Cusco and Apurimac National Action 1. Baseline Study on Public Policy Action and Budget Allocation of the Peruvian State with regards to Climate Change Adaptation Understand the government response to Oxfam climate change through public policies and allocation of public resources, by establishing a baseline on policy and budgets in ministries and some regional governments and making recommendations on future monitoring of future actions. 2. Integrated and Adaptive Management of Environmental Resources and Climatic Risks in High Andean microwatersheds210 Develop and reinforce the abilities of local and regional governments, communal authorities and the general population to improve local adaptive management of environmental resources and the provision of services in High Andean rural areas through a participatory, informed and decentralized perspective that effectively incorporates environmental and climate change issues into public policy decisions at the local and regional government levels. 3. 210 211 Spain, UNDP through the MDG Achievement Fund Budget: US$3.9 million Climate Change The program seeks to reduce climate SDC Intercooperati Adaptation Programme in vulnerability for the local populations of Cuzco on, Libelula, Peru (PACC)211 and Apurimac. Focusing on water resources, Budget: PREDES, disaster prevention and food security, the US$12 million Ministry for PACC combines local and scientific knowledge Environment in a resolutely transdisciplinary fashion in order (MINAM) to identify the most suitable adjustment measures. A few examples include increasing the number of water reserves, introducing crop varieties that are capable of enduring MDG Fund, http://www.mdgfund.org/program/integratedandadaptivemanagementenvironmentalresourcesandclimaticriskshighandeanmicrowatershe ALM, http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/climate-change-adaptation-programme-pacc-peru 154 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Oxfam Asociación Capacity Proyección; building; Practical Action Communitybased adaptation 2009–2012 Agriculture Caylloma (Arequipa) y Espinar (Cusco) IADB Policy 2009 - ? formation and integration; Capacity building; Knowledge communicatio n Government National Government of Capacity 2010 - ? Peru building; Budget: Research; US$25 million Policy (loan) formation and integration Government National extreme weather conditions, integrating specific disaster prevention measures in regional planning. 4. Q’emikuspa: Adaptation to climate change measures to protect and improve livelihoods of Alpaca and High-Andean indigenous communities 5. Study of the Economic This technical cooperation aims to fund studies Impacts of Climate Change to assess the impacts of climate change on in Peru212 priority sectors of the Peruvian economy. The studies will inform the Government of Peru on strategies and policy instruments. The study also seeks to strengthen institutional capacity of government agencies, as well as of those actors who will be mostly affected by the impacts of climate change. Finally, the cooperation aims to increase public awareness on socio-economic impacts of climate change in Peru. IADB, cofinancing 6. Support Program for the The objective of the program is to assist Peru Climate Change Agenda213 in its efforts to create the legal, institutional, and technical conditions for preventing, mitigating, and responding to climate change and its impacts on the country’s future development, taking advantage of the investment and financing opportunities associated with carbon markets and international funding for adaptation and IADB 212 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=PE-T1167 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=PE-L1080 213 The project seeks to promote traditional methods to avoid increasing mortality of alpacas in the face of increasing climate risks which lead to water shortages. Budget: US$500,000 155 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Ministry of Environment (MINAM) Capacity 2010 - ? building; Policy formation and integration Government Ministry of Environment (MINAM) Field 2010 - ? implementati on Government; Watershed management Programa De Desarrollo Productivo Agrario Assessment Agriculture Peruvian Andes AEDES Research Watershed management Ocoña watershed IGP Policy Disaster risk Mantaro vulnerability reduction measures. 7. 8. 9. Support to the Strengthening of Regional Capacity for Climate Change Management214 The following technical cooperation seeks to support regional governments to overcome difficulties in the conformation of the Regional Climate Change Strategies. Additionally it will support the Ministry of Environment in the supervision and follow-up of the strategies. IADB, cofinancing Implementation of Adaptation Measures in Four Watersheds215 This technical cooperation will support the “Dirección de Cambio Climático, Desertificación y Recursos Hídricos” of the Ministry of Environment in the preparation and execution of pilot adaptation measures. IADB, cofinancing This project intends support research to scale up and find the technical and financial feasibility to let AGRORURAL co-finance with local and regional governments the implementation of a far-reaching program of pre-Columbian Andean terrace reconstruction as a practical way to execute adaptation projects in the field, in the scope of Andean indigenous communities impacted by global warming. IADB Terraces Recuperation in the Andes216 10. Actions to Reduce the Negative Impacts of Climate Change in the Ocoña watershed217 Budget: US$500,000 Budget: US$1,250,000 Budget: US$1.325 million Generation and systematization of information on the watershed, local capacity building and awareness raising with a view to reduce vulnerability of communities in the face of climate change. 11. Disaster Risk Management Strengthen risk management capacity in the IDRC 2010 - ? IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=PE-T1194 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=PE-T1168 216 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=PE-T1165 217 AEDES, http://www.aedes.com.pe/# 214 215 156 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name in the context of Extreme Meteorological Events (droughts, frost and heavy rain) as an Adaptation to Climate Change Measure in the Mantaro Valley Objectives Implementing Type of Agency(s) project face of extreme meteorological events such as droughts, frost and heavy rain, with a view to reducing vulnerability and improving adaptive capacity of the urban and rural population in the Mantaro Valley. The projects involves studies, capacity evaluation, the elaboration of an integrated risk management and adaptation plan and capacity building 12. Agricultural Insurance for Improving access to insurance products for Adaptation to Climate smallholder farmers in northern Peruvian Change coastal areas for better risk management 13. Proyecto Gestión integral y adaptativa de recursos ambientales para minimizar vulnerabilidades al cambio climático en microcuencas altoandinas218 (Integrated Management of Natural Resources to Minimize Vulnerability to Climate Change in the Micro-basins of the Andean Highlands Project) Funder(s) German GIZ Federal Ministry for the Environment Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) formation and integration; Capacity building management Valley Capacity building Agriculture; Insurance Peru: northern Peruvian coastal areas Watershed management Cotababas and Challhuahuac ho Provinces The objectives of this project are to: (1) MDG Fund UNDP; FAO; Capacity 2008–2011 understand the impacts of climate change in UNOPS; UNEP building; the micro-basins of the Andean Highlands and Budget: Research; the surrounding communities; and (2) to US$704, 977 Community provide capacity building for local based communities, local and regional officials, and adaptation; organizations in developing development Policy strategies. In addition, this projects aims to formation and carry out a preliminary study of the area’s integration water balance and map out the risks faced by the provinces of Cotabambas y Challhuahuacho. It also aims to consider a proposed Water Management policy and to strengthen the Municipal Association of the Santo Tomás River Basin. The overarching aim of the project is to strengthen and contribute to local efforts on climate change strategies. UNDP, http://www.onu.org.pe/Publico/CentroPrensa/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=2617 and Soluciones Practicas, http://www.solucionespracticas.org.pe/cusco/noticias.php?not_id=14 218 157 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Participation in Regional and Global Actions 14. Integrated and Sustainable Management of Transboundary Water Resources in the Amazon River Basin Considering Climate Variability and Change 219 To strengthen, in a coordinated and coherent manner, the institutional framework for planning and executing activities for the protection and sustainable management of the water resources of the Amazon River Basin, endeavoring to realize a shared vision of sustainable development in the region based upon the protection and integrated management of transboundary water resources and adaptation to climatic changes. GEF, cofinancing UNEP, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Budget: US$ Organization, 51.5 million OAS 15. Climate Change in a Living Landscape: Vulnerability and Adaptation in the Eastern Cordillera Real of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru220 Improve regional coordination, maintain the EU integrity of natural ecosystems and promote sustainable livelihoods through targeted action that contribute to reduce major conservation threats, including climate change and the urgent need to develop adaptation strategies. Capacity 2009–2014 Watershed building; management Policy formation and integration Regional: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela In Peru: Further information required. WWF, national Policy ?–2010 partners formation and integration Agriculture; Ecosystem conservation Regional: Eastern Cordillera Real linking Colombia, Ecuador and Peru In Peru: Research focused on the Chinchipe river in the northeastern part of Peru belonging to the Eastern Cordillera Real. 16. Adaptation for Smallholders to Climate Change (AdapCC)221 This public–private partnership supports coffee and tea farmers of Cafédirect’s supply chain in developing strategies to cope with the risks and impacts of climate change. German GIZ, Cepicafe Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ), Cafédirect Research; Capacity building 2007–2010 Agriculture; Trade; Private sector Global: Kenya, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Tanzania, Uganda In Peru: The project looked at drought, frosts, erosion/landslides and strong winds, their impacts and adaptation strategies in Piura. IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799471058 and http://www.otca.org.br/gefam/ WWF, http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/colombia/?183441/Cordillera-Real-Oriental-un-paisaje-vivo 221 AdapCC, http://www.adapcc.org/ 219 220 158 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project 17. Design and Implementation of Pilot Climate Change Adaptation Measures in the Andean Region (PRAA Project)222 Implement measures to meet the anticipated consequences of the catastrophic glacier retreat induced by climate change through design and implementation of strategic pilot adaptation measures to address key impacts of glacier retreat, including: management plans for potable water systems in urban areas; promotion of less water consuming management practices in the agricultural sector; and measures to increase the natural water storage capacity of highland ecosystems. SCCF, cofinancing World Bank with Government ministries, regional organizations The project is a targeted capacity development initiative that supports two goals: 1. To increase national capacity to co-ordinate Ministerial views for more effective participation in the UNFCCC process; and 2. To assess investment and financial flows to address climate change for selected key sectors. As a result of this project, both the technical understanding of key climate change issues and their economic and policy implications within the context of the Convention will be enhanced. United Nations Foundation and the Government s of Switzerland, Finland, Spain and Norway. 18. Capacity Development for Policy Makers: Addressing climate change in key sectors223 Budget: US$28.7 million Duration Capacity 2008–2012 building; Field implementati on Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Freshwater supply; Urban areas; Agriculture Regional: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela In Peru: Implementation of measures in the Andes. $6,953,413 USD UNDP is implementing the project in partnership with the UNFCCC Secretariat, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the United Nations Environment Programme Capacity 2008–2010 Multi-sectoral building; Knowledge communicatio n Global: 20 countries224 including Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay ALM, http://www.adaptationlearning.net/projects/regional-design-and-implementation-pilot-climate-change-adaptation-measures-andean-region; and http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/adaptation/CARE_PRAA_Summary.pdf 223 UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/ 224 These countries are Algeria, Bangladesh, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Gambia, Honduras, Liberia, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Togo, Turkmenistan and Uruguay. 222 159 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) In Peru: The sectors of focus are agriculture, freshwater fisheries and water.225 19. Climate Policy 2012: Extension of the global project “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change”226 The UNDP Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded on the global project, “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change” in the LAC region to provide technical support to national policy makers and its Country Offices and strengthen capacity on budgetary issues related to the post-2012 climate regime. Activities include technical backstopping for countries that begin to consider adaptation to climate change in their National Development Plans. Spain, UNDP UNDP Budget: US$3.6 million Capacity 2009–2011 building; Policy formation and integration Government LAC Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela In Peru: see description for the project “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change.” 20. Climate Change Vulnerability Evaluation of Coastal and Marine Areas227 This project is part of the Ibero-American Spain Programme on the Evaluation of Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change (PIACC) and aims to determine the impacts of climate change on the coasts of any ECLAC, University of Cantabria, national counterparts Capacity 2009–2011 building; Assessment; Knowledge communicatio Coastal zone management Most RIOCC countries229 including: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/peru-en.aspx UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/act_latin-en.aspx and http://www.undp.org/climatechange/docs/EEG_Flyer_EN.pdf 227 RIOCC, http://www.lariocc.net/riocc_principal/es/proyectos_iniciativas/proy_marc_piacc.htm 229 The 21 member countries of RIOCC are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. 225 226 160 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) country in Spanish and Portuguese speaking n countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. It has a particular focus on the dynamics of beaches, estuaries, lagoons, deltas, cliffs and dunes, coastal erosion, flood risks and coastal infrastructure. This initiative is linked to the In Peru: Further information required. project “Economics of Climate Change in Central America - Phase II”228 funded by IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU and Germany. 21. Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in IberoAmerica230 Part of PIACC, this project aims to generate Spain new information and knowledge and strengthen the capacity of research institutions in the forestry sector on linking sustainable forest management with adaptation and mitigation to climate change. This includes strengthening specific research activities, developing and disseminating methodologies and case studies, strengthening human resources and fostering the representation of the forest sector in the regional and international dialogue. INIA, CIFOR, CATIE, Polytechnical University of Madrid Capacity 2009–2011 building; Research; Knowledge communicatio n Geographic focus (if any) Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela Forestry RIOCC countries, including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela Government Global: Albania, Algeria, Colombia, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Uganda, In Peru: Further information required. 22. Territorial Approach to Climate Change (TACC)231 Improve the resilience to climate change and reduce the carbon footprint in sub-national territories in developing and transition countries through: (1) “Access to up-to-date climate change science, tolls and good practices; (2) creating a partnership and governance framework to address cross- UNDP UNEP; UNDP; Capacity 2009 - ? UNITAR; UNbuilding; Habitat; UNCDF Knowledge communicatio n See ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/mexico/cambioclimatico/index.html Proyecto MIA, http://www.proyectomia.com/ 231 UNDP, http://www.unep.org/roap/Activities/ClimateChange/TerritorialApproachtoClimateChangeTACC/tabid/6844/Default.aspx 228 230 161 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives sectoral nature of climate change; and (3) developing a climate change and draft a climate change strategy and action plan to ensure a programmatic approach to climate change”. The main activities include capacity building in 500 sub-national territories worldwide and implementing plans in 50 of them. 23. Utilization of Potato Genetic Diversity as Tool to Adaptation to Climate Change232 To contribute to the adaptation of potato production systems to the expected impact of climate change, in order to develop technological alternatives to counteract the direct and potential effects of climate change (drought- and frost-tolerant varieties; high quality seeds; tools for risk evaluation) and the negative impacts on farmers and their families; as well as develop a climate change prevention and mitigation plan suited to the particular conditions of communities in the high Andes. 24. Climate Risk Management The project aims at increasing in-country Technical Assistance capacities to manage current and future Support Project climate risks. Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Uruguay and others In Peru: The project is being implemented in Piura, Northern Peru IADB, cofinancing Budget: US$742,520 Fundación para la Promoción e Investigación de Productores Andinos Research; 2009 - ? Policy formation and integration Agriculture Regional: Bolivia, Peru Agriculture 22 countries in Phase 2 (2010-2011) In Peru: Further information required. SIDA UNDP; IISD through UNDP; UNDP core finance Policy 2010-2011 formation and integration In Peru: Following a literature review on the state-of-the-art of climate risk knowledge and management in Peru, two focused regional assessments in Piura and Junin will analyze vulnerabilities and risks, especially in agriculture, and identify priority risk reduction measures. Implementing agency: International Institute for Sustainable Development 25. Adaptation to Climate Change of Wheat and 232 The objective of this program is to contribute to the improvement of the adaptive capacity IADB, cofinancing Instituto de Research; Investigaciones Capacity 2010 - ? Agriculture Regional: Chile, Peru, IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=rg-t1690 162 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Potatoes Productive Systems233 Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project “To provide tropical Andean countries with a standard methodology for estimating climate change risks for biodiversity at local scales that can be used to design adaptation measures tailored to particular conditions. Case studies will be conducted during three years (2011 2013) on short- to medium-term climate change trends, biodiversity patterns and gradients and the vulnerability of species and ecosystems to climate and land use changes in two cross-border areas: a) the Pacific slope of the Northern Andes, in the border region of Colombia and Ecuador; [and] (b) the Amazonian slope of the Central Andes, in the border region of Bolivia and Peru.” John D. and IAI Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation 27. Regional Program to Adaptation to Climate Change in Andes Region The project seeks to promote integrated measures of adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector with the countries members of the CAN. It will strengthen national food security strategies in the context of climate change adaptation and institutions in the agriculture sector. German GIZ, CAN, Federal Ministries Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ) 234 Priority Sector(s) of the region, through an increase in the Agropecuarios building competitiveness of the productive systems of Budget: potato and wheat to climate change in South US$920,000 America. Specifically, the project will support In Peru: Further information required. the selection and development of genotypes with increased tolerance to drought and high temperatures. The project is being led and implemented by local institutions. 26. Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity in the Tropical Andes: Climate risk, vulnerability and decision making tools for the planning of conservation234 233 Duration Research Geographic focus (if any) Uruguay 2011–2013 Biodiversity Regional: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Capacity 2011–2016 building; Policy formation and integration Agriculture Regional: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru In Peru: Further information required. In Peru: Further information required. IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=rg-t1657 IAI, http://www.iai.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120&Itemid=68 163 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project 28. Peace Corps Renewable Energy and Climate Change Initiative235 Across the Americas the Peace Corps will, among other things, increase municipal, school and communities’ awareness and knowledge of climate change (including adaptation) and support community-led projects, including on adaptation. United U.S. Peace States Corps, USDS Department of State (USDS) Duration Community Ongoing based adaptation; Knowledge communicatio n Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Energy LAC Region: Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname In Peru: Further information required. 29. Review of the Economics of Climate Change in South America236 The purpose of the study is to make a socioeconomic analysis of the impacts of climate change in selected countries of South America, develop mitigation and adaptation policies and leverage financial resources. In addition, this project includes a component focused on the impact of climate change in coastal areas–C3A (Cambio Climatico en las Coastas de America Latina y Caribe). IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU, Germany ECLAC Assessment; 2008–2009 Coastal zone Policy management; formation and Government integration Regional: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela In Peru: Further information required. 30. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into National Development Processes in Latin America Build climate resilience of vulnerable human Spain UNEP and ecological systems in the region by integrating adaptation options into national Budget: planning processes and building the associated US$4,375,233 Assessment; Capacity building; policy 2010–2013 Government; Agriculture; Freshwater supply LAC Region: Phase 1: 19 RIOCC countries237 235ECPA, 236 http://www.ecpamericas.org/initiatives/default.aspx?id=35 ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/dmaah/noticias/noticias/2/35232/samaniego_recc.pdf 164 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name and the Caribbean 31. Climate Change and Biodiversity Information in the Tropical Andes (Información de Cambio Climático y Biodiversidad para el Fomento de Políticas Públicas de Conservación y Adaptación en la Región de los Andes Tropicales)238 Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) capacity of key regional and national formation and institutions. The project will: undertake impact integration and vulnerability assessments; identify good practices and gaps in integrating adaptation into policy and plans; and support adaptation planning and its integration into national development processes. It will focus on the most vulnerable sectors and ecosystems, In Peru: Further information required. especially water and agriculture. The objective of the project is to create a regional system of public information on climate change and its potential impact on the biodiversity of the tropical Andes. The aim of the project is to contribute in the generation of public policies and the insertion of biodiversity conservation into the national climate change plans of participant countries. IADB; cofinancing Budget: US$878,720 Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño Policy 2011 - ? formation and integration; Knowledge communicatio n Geographic focus (if any) Phase 2: 3-5 countries (Dominican Republic 1st country selected) Biodiversity; Civil society Regional: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru In Peru: Further information required. D. Proposed Adaptation Action Three proposed adaptation initiatives have been identified. Firstly, a project to be funded by the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), proposes continued support to the government to implement their climate change agenda. The second project would be funded by the U.S. through the Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas. The third is a proposed project that would bring together countries from around the world, “Up-scaling and Replicating Successful Approaches to Adaptation at the Local Level.” The 19 RIOCC countries are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 238 IADB, http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=35427915 237 165 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Table 3: Proposed Adaptation Actions in Peru Name Objectives Type of project 1. This operation constitutes the second phase of the Programmatic Policy Based Loan to Support Peru’s Climate Change Agenda. During the second stage, the compliance of the conditions set for the first phase will be verified. Also, lines of action aimed at completing the triggers for the third operation will be set and executed. Capacity building; Policy formation and integration PBP - Support to Climate Change Agenda II Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Notes: US$25m IADB loan to Peruvian government 2. Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas Regional: Argentina, Chile, Peru Notes: Announced as part of the U.S.’ Fast Start Financing, this initiative will provide approximately US$1 million for adaptation to climate change. No further details are known. 3. Up-scaling and Replicating Successful Approaches to Adaptation at the Local Level239 The objectives of this project are not available. Community based adaptation Global: Indicative 10 countries: Barbados, China, Indonesia, Mali, Nicaragua, Peru, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tunisia Notes: This project has been proposed to the Special Climate change Fund. E. Assessment Peru is one of the most advanced countries in South America in terms of mainstreaming climate change adaptation into policies and programs. A national climate change strategy has been established as early as 2003, and many government institutions have participated in capacity building programs for years. Strategies to confront climate change have also been elaborated for several regions, and studies to inform these strategies have been conducted for vulnerable sectors, especially water, agriculture and ecosystems. In respect to projects, there are a very high number of ongoing initiatives and three proposed actions have been identified; many more appear to exist. So far, much activity has been related to research and capacity building, but projects involving concrete adaptation action are also being initiated. 239 GEF, http://www.thegef.org/gef/sites/thegef.org/files/publication/adaptation-actions_0.pdf 166 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America References: Centro Nacional de Planeamiento Nacional (2009). Lineamientos Estratégicos para el Desarrollo Nacional 2010–2021. El Peruano (2003). Aprueban Estrategia Nacional sobre Cambio Climático. El Peruano, Diario Ofiical, N° 8527. Iturregui, P. (2001). Comunicación Nacional del Perú a la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?rec=j&priref=3190#beg Ministerio del Ambiente (2010). El Perú y el Cambio Climático. Segunda Comunicación Nacional del Perú ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático 2010. Retrieved from http://sinia.minam.gob.pe/index.php?idElementoInformacion=245 167 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 10.0 Suriname CARICOM CCCCC GEF IADB NCCAP OAS UNDP UNFCCC USDS Caribbean Community Caribbean Community Climate Change Center Global Environment Facility Inter-American Development Bank National Climate Change Action Plan Organization of American States United Nations Development Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United States Department of State A. Adaptation Needs and Priorities Similar to other South American countries, Suriname faces climate hazards that are heavily influences by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. On the one hand, El Niño provokes dry periods throughout the year and higher temperatures in July and August, whereas La Niña leads to the opposite situation. There is an observed increasing trend in temperatures over the last century (around +0.05°C per decade since 1960), but no discernible change in rainfall patterns (UNDP Oxford 2010). Among Surinam’s climate projections, it is projected that the mean annual temperatures will increase by 0.8° to 3.1°C by the 2060s. Projections for rainfall are very uncertain, with a slightly negative ensemble of median changes for both the 2060s and the 2090s. Sea level rise in the region could be anywhere between 0.18 and 0.56 meters by the 2090s compared to the 1980 to 1999 average level according to different scenarios (UNDP Oxford 2010). Based on Suriname’s climate projections, the country has outlined priority areas for adaptation through key documents. For example, its First National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (Republic of Suriname, 2005) identifies the low lying coastal zone (where fertile land and most economic activities and people are concentrated) as a priority area, within which a number of sectors are at risk from sea level rise. The vulnerability assessments in the National Communication also address water, freshwater swamps, agriculture, socio-economic sectors and human health. Secondly, a draft National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) from 2007 identifies coastal areas and river banks, water, health, agriculture, energy, education and awareness, 168 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America capacity development, scientific research and adaptation finance as the areas relevant for adaptation (Tiempo Climate Newswatch, 2011). Finally, the 2009 address of President Runaldo Ronald Venetiaan to the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Summit (Youtube, 2011) highlights forests, biodiversity and coasts as key areas for climate change adaptation. Suriname’s First National Communication (Republic of Suriname, 2005) prioritizes the following measures: Coastal Zones: Integrated coastal zone management; retreat from coastal areas; building dikes and dams to prevent further erosion in areas where structures are already in place and where other options will be more expensive and less sustainable; and breakwaters—hard structures to reduce wave energy reaching the coast lines that are expensive but have less environmental impact than dikes. Water Resources: More efficient water use; optimization of cultivation practices; water recycling; water storage; dams on wetlands to purify drainage water; conservation of estuaries; use of brackish water for fish and shrimp cultivation; increase drainage capacity in urban and production areas; and maintenance of dikes. Freshwater Zone Ecosystem (including Swamps): Protection of all mangrove forests; implementation of current multi-use plans; conservation of estuary zone; withdrawing abandoned land; provision of incentives to protect existing mangroves and discourage further agricultural activities on issued land in the estuarine zone; and implementation of a monitoring system. Agriculture (and Aquaculture): Development and introduction of new rice varieties; construction of windbreaks (shelterbelts) for banana cultures; use of greenhouses with shadow-netting and drip irrigation for horticulture; agro-forestry; for aquaculture, the establishment of ponds in areas with no protection measures and establishment of artificial lakes in the interior. Socio-Economic Sector: Mainly related to coastal zones, therefore a combination of protective measure, retreat and adaptation/coastal zone management is proposed. Human Health: Disease prevention, control and surveillance programs; and notes the need for more studies. B. National Level Policies and Strategic Documents As indicated previously, Suriname has submitted one National Communication to the UNFCCC (Republic of Suriname, 2005). The document identifies priority areas and lists adaptation measures for a number of sectors. In addition, Suriname drafted a National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) in 2007 that identifies key areas and measures for both mitigation and adaptation (Tiempo Climate Newswatch, 2011). However, there is no evidence of implementation of this plan to-date. The country’s national authority for climate change is the Ministry of Labour, Technological Development and Environment. Regionally Suriname is a member of the 169 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and its Climate Change Center, but does not appear to have been involved in any of its recent regional projects. Table 1: Key Government Policies and Reports reflecting Adaptation Needs, Priorities and Planned Actions Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description 1. Ministry of Labour, Technological Development and Environment Published in 2005 Multi-sectoral First National Communication to the UNFCCC The communication identifies low-lying coastal areas as the priority for adaptation. It furthermore presents vulnerability assessments and a list of proposed adaptation measures for a range of sectors. C. Current Adaptation Action Suriname is involved in a very low number of adaptation projects relative to other countries in South America. This involvement includes one project financed by the Inter-American Development Bank, “Support for Improving Disaster Risk Management for Climate-Resilient Development,” that is being implemented through the National Coordination Center for Disaster Preparedness and aims render development more resilient to climate-related disasters, especially floods. The remaining projects in the country address adaptation needs related to transboundary water management; assist governments, communities and the tourism sector at the local and national; and increasing awareness and support for community-led projects on various issues, including adaptation. Table 2: Current Adaptation Action in Suriname Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Disaster risk management Main rivers National Action 1. 240 Support for Improving Disaster Risk Management for Climate-Resilient Development240 The project proposes to (a) improve IADB knowledge and understanding of climaterelated disaster risk; (b) improve preparedness Budget: for flood events in the populated upper bank US$500,000 of the main rivers; and (c) facilitate a greater incorporation of hazard prevention and mitigation in development decision making. The collective application of these approaches National Coordination Center for Disaster Preparedness Policy 2010 - ? formation and integration; Research IADB, http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=35476242 170 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) is expected to lead to a reduction in the loss of life and socioeconomic losses due to climate related hazards and disasters in Suriname. Participation in Regional and Global Actions 2. 3. 241 242 Integrated and Sustainable Management of Transboundary Water Resources in the Amazon River Basin Considering Climate Variability and Change 241 CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Atlas: Phase 1242 To strengthen, in a coordinated and coherent manner, the institutional framework for planning and executing activities for the protection and sustainable management of the water resources of the Amazon River Basin, endeavoring to realize a shared vision of sustainable development in the region based upon the protection and integrated management of transboundary water resources and adaptation to climatic changes. GEF, cofinancing UNEP, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Budget: US$ Organization, 51.5 million OAS To provide practical assistance to the governments, communities and the tourism sector at the local and national levels to assess climate change impacts and manage risks. The project focuses on key sectors as they relate to tourism and livelihoods, including agriculture and gender, and “is using climate models, examining sectoral vulnerabilities, assessing adaptive capacity and developing practical response strategies with the countries across the region.” DFID; AusAID Capacity 2009–2014 Watershed building; management Policy formation and integration Regional: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela In Suriname: Further information required. CARIBSAVE Research; Capacity building 2010–2011 Budget: £750,000 + AUS$ 1,000,000 Tourism; Agriculture; Gender; Government LAC Region: Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, The Bahamas, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, St Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799471058 and http://www.otca.org.br/gefam/ CARIBSAVE, http://www.caribsave.org/index.php?id=5; and DFID, http://projects.dfid.gov.uk/project.aspx?Project=201634 171 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Suriname, Turks & Caicos In Suriname: Further information required. 4. Peace Corps Renewable Energy and Climate Change Initiative243 Across the Americas the Peace Corps will, among other things, increase municipal, school and communities’ awareness and knowledge of climate change (including adaptation) and support community-led projects, including on adaptation. United U.S. Peace States Corps, USDS Department of State (USDS) Community Ongoing based adaptation; Knowledge communicatio n Energy LAC Region: Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname In Suriname: Further information required. D. Proposed Adaptation Action No indication of any proposed future adaptation action in Suriname has been identified. E. Assessment Suriname has clearly identified coasts as its priority area in the context of climate adaptation. More importantly, it’s first and so far only National Communication provides a list of adaptation measures for various sectors, many of them related to the vulnerability of its coastal areas. Furthermore, many of those measures are specific enough to provide a good starting point for targeted interventions. There is little evidence, however, of these recommendations being acted upon. For example, the NCCAP is mentioned by several sources, but no evidence of its implementation has been found. Also, little current climate change programming has been identified, and no proposed action has been found. In sum, the priorities identified by the government do not seem to have been addressed thus far. 243 ECPA, http://www.ecpamericas.org/initiatives/default.aspx?id=35 172 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America References: Republic of Suriname (2005). First National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?rec=j&priref=5462#beg Tiempo Climate Newswatch (2011). Politics and Climate Change in Suriname. Retrieved from http://marimengenalsuriname.blogspot.com/p/tiempo-climate-newswatch.html UNDP Oxford (2010). UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles: Suriname. Retrieved from http://countryprofiles.geog.ox.ac.uk/index.html?country=Suriname&d1=Reports Youtube (2011). Suriname: Statement 2009 UN Climate Change Summit. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P317ImsOS-I 173 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 11.0 Uruguay CATIE CIFOR ECLAC EU GEF IADB INIA OAS OPP PNRCC RIOCC SNRCC UNDP UNFCCC Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Spain) (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Centre) Center for International Forestry Research Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean European Union Global Environment Facility Inter-American Development Bank Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (Chile) (National Institute of Agricultural Research) Organization of American States Officina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto Plan Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (National Climate Change Response Plan) Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (Ibero-American Network of Climate Change Offices) Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático y la Variabilidad (National System to Respond to Climate Change and Variability) United Nations Development Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change A. Adaptation Needs and Priorities Uruguay experiences climate hazards such as droughts and floods, along with frost, heat waves, hail and storms (Uruguay, 2010). It is estimated that Uruguay’s temperatures will increase by 2° to 3°C by 2100; and rainfall is projected to increase in the entire country— around 10 per cent to 20 per cent on average, but more so in the summer (Uruguay, 2010). Uruguay’s First and Second National Communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (Uruguay, 1997; Uruguay, 2004) both look at agriculture, livestock and coastal zones in the context of adaptation. The Second National Communication also looks at the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, energy, freshwater and human health. 174 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America In addition to its National Communications, Uruguay has developed its National Plan on Climate Change (PNRCC) that identifies the vulnerability of its agricultural and terrestrial ecosystems, energy system, coastal zones, urban habitats, health sector and industry and services. Within this document, strategic adaptation measures are divided into the following groups: integrated risk management; water; energy; ecosystems and biodiversity; production and consumption (including agriculture, industry, tourism and consumption); and quality of life (including habitat and health) (SNRCC, 2010). Through its key climate change documents, including a Third National Communication released in 2010, Uruguay has identified the following priority adaptation measures (SNRCC, 2010; Uruguay, 2004, 2010): Agriculture: Improve seed banks for genetically more adapted crops; and sustainable soil management, including direct seeding and other soil conservation methods. Biodiversity: Monitoring of changes in main ecosystems; delimitation, implementation and management of protected areas; and productive diversification. Energy: Extend studies on water availability; support hydropower plants; update time series on water data used in models for planning and operations; planning and maintenance of infrastructure involving consideration of climate risks; diversification of the energy matrix; and promotion of energy efficiency in the framework of the strategic guidelines of the national energy policy. Coasts: Promote integrated coastal zone management; establish monitoring systems on waves and beach profiles; and study degraded coastal areas. Water: Incorporate climate change in specific hydraulic projects; formulate and propose an effective national water policy that takes into account climate change; integrated water management; and assurance of the availability of water (including monitoring and efficiency measures). Fishery: Monitoring of the oceanographic variables of marine species; artificial shrimp cultures; and increased checks on water contamination. Health: Education, information and communication to prevent climate-related diseases; entomological monitoring for disease prevention; and creation of an inter-institutional work group on health and climate change. Disaster Risk Management: Improvement of the country’s preparedness to respond to extreme climate events and variability, and implementation of insurance and dedicated funds to cover the country’s production (mainly of agricultural goods) against climate-related hazards. Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Protection of terrestrial and coastal biodiversity ecosystems. 175 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Production and Consumption: For agriculture, actions proposed are: horizontal integration of farmers for more efficient water management; sustainable land management; animal and plant breeding; and the use of adapted species. Further measures are suggested for industrial production, tourism and consumption patterns. Quality of life: Sustainable development of cities; and preservation human health. B. National Level Policies and Strategic Documents Currently, Uruguay does not have one united national development plan, but the government agency responsible for planning aims at elaborating a long-term strategy. Working documents available on the government’s website (OPP, 2011) do not indicate, however, any considerations of climate change impacts in the forthcoming strategy. However, a National System to Respond to Climate Change and Variability (SNRCC) was set up in 2009, and its function is to coordinate climate change action among public and private institutions at the national and local levels. In addition, in 2010, the SNRCC published the National Plan on Climate Change (PNRCC). For adaptation, the plan identifies priority strategic actions, and specifies institutional and capacity building measures to create an enabling environment for adaptation. Furthermore, Uruguay has submitted three National Communications, the only country in South America to have submitted more than two. Table 1: Key Government Policies and Reports reflecting Adaptation Needs, Priorities and Planned Actions Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description 1. First National Communication to the UNFCCC Ministry for Housing, Land Planning and Environment Published in 1997 Agriculture; Coastal zone management This report mentions the results of vulnerability assessments in vulnerable sectors and sketches out some directions for adaptation. 2. Second National Communication to the UNFCCC Ministry for Housing, Land Planning and Environment Published in 2004 Multi-sectoral The Second National Communication looks at a range of sectors and presents a vulnerability analysis, key adaptation measures and details on implementation for each measure. 3. Third National Communication to the UNFCCC Ministry for Housing, Land Planning and Environment Published in 2010 Multi-sectoral The document draws heavily on the PNRCC (see below). The same vulnerability assessments and strategic adaptation options are recommended as in the PNRCC. 4. National Plan on Climate Change National System to Respond to Climate Change and Variability Published in 2010 Multi-sectoral This plan is the main instrument of the National System to Respond to Climate Change. It aims at coordinating, integrating and improving climate change adaptation and mitigation in key sectors. It proposes strategic adaptation 176 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description actions for several areas. C. Current Adaptation Action A low number of adaptation projects compared to other South American countries are presently being implemented in Uruguay. The majority of these actions are through Uruguay’s participation in multi-country initiatives; fewer projects developed solely for implementation in Uruguay are currently being implemented. Most programming focuses on research, capacity building and development of the policy structure needed to support adaptation. The specific sectoral focus of current initiatives includes agriculture, freshwater supply and coastal zone management, all of which have been identified as priority areas for action by the national government. Table 2: Current Adaptation Action in Uruguay Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) UNDP, Presidency, OPP 2008–2010 Disaster risk Various management departments National Action 1. Strengthening of Risk Management Capacity of Departments Strengthen risk management capacities on the UNDP departmental level through the creation and consolidation of emergency committees, capacity building, building links between national and local level, integration of risk management, adaptation and development, maps and plans, early warning systems. 2. Implementing Pilot Climate Change Adaptation Measures in Coastal Areas of Uruguay244 Eliminate barriers to adaptation through policies and practices relating to land use planning and coastal zone management that increase the resilience of coastal ecosystems. 244 GEF, UNDP Government of Uruguay Capacity building Field 2008–2011 implementati on Coastal zone Coastal areas management Budget: US$3.7 million GEF, http://gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projID=3134 177 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Territorial Approach to Improve the resilience to climate change and Climate Change (TACC)245 reduce the carbon footprint in sub-national territories in developing and transition countries through: (1) “Access to up-to-date climate change science, tolls and good practices; (2) creating a partnership and governance framework to address crosssectoral nature of climate change; and (3) developing a climate change and draft a climate change strategy and action plan to ensure a programmatic approach to climate change”. The main activities include capacity building in 500 sub-national territories worldwide and implementing plans in 50 of them. UNDP UNEP; UNDP; UNITAR; UNHabitat; UNCDF Capacity Development for Policy Makers: Addressing climate change in key sectors246 United Nations Foundation and the Government s of Switzerland, Finland, Spain and Norway. Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Government Global: Albania, Algeria, Colombia, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Uganda, Uruguay and others Participation in Regional and Global Actions 3. 4. The project is a targeted capacity development initiative that supports two goals: 1. To increase national capacity to coordinate Ministerial views for more effective participation in the UNFCCC process; and 2. To assess investment and financial flows to address climate change for selected key sectors. As a result of this project, both the technical understanding of key climate change issues and their economic and policy implications within the context of the Convention will be enhanced. Capacity 2009 - ? building; Knowledge communicatio n In Uruguay: The project is being implemented in Metropolitan Region ( Canelones, Montevideo and San José departments) $6,953,413 USD UNDP is implementing the project in partnership with the UNFCCC Secretariat, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the United Nations Capacity 2008–2010 Multi-sectoral Global: building; 20 Knowledge countries247 communicatio including n Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay UNDP, http://www.unep.org/roap/Activities/ClimateChange/TerritorialApproachtoClimateChangeTACC/tabid/6844/Default.aspx UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/ 247 These countries are Algeria, Bangladesh, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Gambia, Honduras, Liberia, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Togo, Turkmenistan and Uruguay. 245 246 178 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Government LAC Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela Environment Programme In Uruguay: The focus area is not chosen yet.248 5. Climate Policy 2012: Extension of the global project “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change”249 The UNDP Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded on the global project, “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change” in the LAC region to provide technical support to national policy makers and its Country Offices and strengthen capacity on budgetary issues related to the post-2012 climate regime. Activities include technical backstopping for countries that begin to consider adaptation to climate change in their National Development Plans. Spain, UNDP UNDP Budget: US$3.6 million Capacity 2009–2011 building; Policy formation and integration In Uruguay: see description for the project “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change.” 6. Climate Change Vulnerability Evaluation of Coastal and Marine Areas250 This project is part of the Ibero-American Programme on the Evaluation of Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change (PIACC) and aims to determine the Spain ECLAC, University of Cantabria, national Capacity building; Assessment; Knowledge 2009–2011 Coastal zone Most RIOCC management countries252 including: Argentina, UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/uruguay-en.aspx UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/act_latin-en.aspx and http://www.undp.org/climatechange/docs/EEG_Flyer_EN.pdf 250 RIOCC, http://www.lariocc.net/riocc_principal/es/proyectos_iniciativas/proy_marc_piacc.htm 248 249 179 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) impacts of climate change on the coasts of any counterparts communicatio country in Spanish and Portuguese speaking n countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. It has a particular focus on the dynamics of beaches, estuaries, lagoons, deltas, cliffs and dunes, coastal erosion, flood risks and coastal infrastructure. This initiative is linked to the In Uruguay: Further information required. project “Economics of Climate Change in Central America - Phase II”251 funded by IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU and Germany. 7. Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in IberoAmerica253 Part of PIACC, this project aims to generate Spain new information and knowledge and strengthen the capacity of research institutions in the forestry sector on linking sustainable forest management with adaptation and mitigation to climate change. This includes strengthening specific research activities, developing and disseminating methodologies and case studies, strengthening human resources and fostering the representation of the forest sector in the regional and international dialogue. INIA, CIFOR, CATIE, Polytechnical University of Madrid Geographic focus (if any) Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela Capacity 2009–2011 building; Research; Knowledge communicatio n Forestry RIOCC countries, including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela Agriculture Regional: Chile, Peru, Uruguay In Uruguay Further information required. 8. Adaptation to Climate Change of Wheat and Potatoes Productive Systems254 The objective of this program is to contribute to the improvement of the adaptive capacity of the region, through an increase in the competitiveness of the productive systems of potato and wheat to climate change in South IADB, cofinancing Instituto de Research; Investigaciones Capacity Agropecuarios building 2010 - ? Budget: US$920,000 The 21 member countries of RIOCC are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. 251 ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/mexico/cambioclimatico/index.html 253 Proyecto MIA, http://www.proyectomia.com/ 254 IADB, http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/project,1303.html?id=rg-t1657 252 180 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name 9. Sustainable Management of the Water Resources of the la Plata Basin with Respect to the Effects of Climate Variability and Change255 10. Review of the Economics of Climate Change in South America256 Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project America. Specifically, the project will support the selection and development of genotypes with increased tolerance to drought and high temperatures. The project is being led and implemented by local institutions. In Uruguay: Further information required. To strengthen transboundary cooperation among the riparian country governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay to ensure management of shared water resources of the River Plate in an integrated sustainable manner, within the context of climate variability and change, while capitalizing on development opportunities. GEF, national UNEP, OAS, government National s environmental ministries Budget: US$62.5 million The purpose of the study is to make a socioeconomic analysis of the impacts of climate change in selected countries of South America, develop mitigation and adaptation policies and leverage financial resources. In addition, this project includes a component focused on the impact of climate change in coastal areas–C3A (Cambio Climatico en las Coastas de America Latina y Caribe). IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU, Germany Duration Capacity 2011–2015 building; Policy formation and integration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Watershed Regional: management Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay In Uruguay: The projects looks at upper and lower parts of the Uruguay river and its linkages to agriculture, energy, etc. ECLAC Assessment; 2008–2009 Coastal zone Regional: Policy management; Argentina, formation and Government Bolivia, integration Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela In Uruguay: Further information required. 11. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into National Development Processes in Latin America 255 256 Build climate resilience of vulnerable human and ecological systems in the region by integrating adaptation options into national planning processes and building the Spain Budget: US$4,375,233 UNEP Assessment; Capacity building; policy 2010–2013 Government; Agriculture; Freshwater supply LAC Region: Phase 1: 19 RIOCC countries257 IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799469815 ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/dmaah/noticias/noticias/2/35232/samaniego_recc.pdf 181 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name and the Caribbean Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration associated capacity of key regional and formation and national institutions. The project will: integration undertake impact and vulnerability assessments; identify good practices and gaps in integrating adaptation into policy and plans; and support adaptation planning and its integration into national development processes. It will focus on the most vulnerable In Uruguay: Further information required. sectors and ecosystems, especially water and agriculture. Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Phase 2: 3-5 countries (Dominican Republic 1st country selected) D. Proposed Adaptation Action Only one proposed adaptation action for implementation in Uruguay has been identified, a recently submitted proposal to the Adaptation Fund for an agriculture project. Table 3: Proposed Adaptation Actions in Uruguay Name Objectives Type of project Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) 1. To contribute to building national capacity to adapt to climate change and variability focusing on critical sectors for the national economy, employment and exports. The project would focus on supporting livestock smallholders in selected Landscape Units of the Basalto and the East Hills regions to build resilience to climate change. Capacity building; Research Agriculture; Trade Basalto, East Hills Building Resilience To Climate Change In Vulnerable Smallholders258 Notes: Project submitted to Adaptation Fund in January 2011. Approval of project formulation grant provided March 2011. To be implemented by the National Innovation and Research Agency and executed through the Ministry for Agriculture and Livestock. Total requested funding is US$7.35 million. The 19 RIOCC countries are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 258 Adaptation Fund, http://www.adaptation-fund.org/endorsed_concepts 257 182 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America E. Assessment Uruguay has a relatively good basis for adaptation decision-making and project implementation in terms of both existing vulnerability assessments and reports (three National Communications, several policy research projects) and existing institutions and policies (such as the National System to Respond to Climate Change and Variability and National Plan on Climate Change), coupled with a range of strategic adaptation actions have been identified for key sectors. However, most adaptation needs remain unaddressed. Only one project per sector has been identified for agriculture, water and coastal zone management, whereas other priorities such as energy, human health, disaster risk management and gender have not yet been tackled. References: Officina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto [OPP] (2011). Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto. Retrieved from www.opp.gub.uy. Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático y la Variabilidad [SNRCC] (2010). Plan Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático. Diagnóstico y Lineamientos Estratégicos. Uruguay (1997). Primera Comunicación Nacional del Uruguay. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?such=j&symbol=URY/COM/1%20B#beg Uruguay (2004). Segunda Comunicación Nacional a la Conferencia de la Partes en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?such=j&symbol=URY/COM/2%20B#beg Uruguay (2010). Tercera Comunicación Nacional a la Conferencia de la Partes en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?such=j&symbol=URY/COM/4%20E#beg 183 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America 12.0 Venezuela CATIE CIFOR ECLAC GEF IADB INIA MARN MINAMB OAS SCCF UNDP UNEP UNFCCC Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Spain) (Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Centre) Center for International Forestry Research Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Global Environment Facility Inter-American Development Bank Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (Chile) (National Institute of Agricultural Research) Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente Organization of American States Special Climate Change Fund United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change A. Adaptation Needs and Priorities Venezuela’s climate is susceptible to droughts, often related to El Niño events, and extreme rainfall events (República Bolivariana de Venezuela, 2005). Climate projections for the country estimate that temperatures will increase by 1° to 2°C by the 2060s, with minimum temperatures expected to increase twice as fast as maximum temperatures. In addition, decreasing trends for rainfall, especially in the South, are projected for Venezuela (República Bolivariana de Venezuela, 2005). Venezuela has so far submitted only one National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which highlights that water, agriculture, coastal areas and socio-economy are among its priority sectors (República Bolivariana de Venezuela, 2005). The National Communication outlines its adaptation priorities as follows: 184 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Water: Promotion of water demand and supply management; implementation of legal norms on water use and price measures; use of fiscal measures; land use planning; institutional strengthening; social and organizational measures; awareness raising; further studies; and investments in infrastructure. Agriculture: Short term (up to five years): strengthening social organization; environmental taxes; implementation of good practices in agriculture; maintain livestock mobility in dry areas; adjust agricultural calendars; impact evaluation of adaptation measures; education of the rural population; and risk reduction planning. In the medium term (5 to 20 years): strengthening cooperative development and diversification; consolidate environmental taxes; consolidate good practices; develop and distribute hybrids and resistant crops; improve efficiency of water use; promote agroforestry; develop new technologies; use genetically modified varieties; and evaluate the impact of adaptation measures. In the long-term (after 20 years): consolidate agroforestry; consolidate crop substitution; and evaluate residual climate change impacts. A number of additional measures were identified in regional workshops, including: strengthening social organization; implementation of environmental taxes; supervised credit; policies to increase local value-added production; organization of the extension service; regionalized zonal planning; policies to diversify production; establish a network of real time weather stations; and capacity building. Coastal zones (measures regarding sea level rise): establish national coordination body on sea level rise; evaluation of coastal zones and islands regarding current and future use; analysis of coastal and marine topography, geology, geomorphology and oceanography; hydraulic analysis of river run-off; awareness raising; and strengthening the national oceanography network. Socio-economy: strategic areas for adaptation include: awareness raising; assessments in sectors like agriculture, energy, water, technology, ecology and the socio-economy; monitoring and field work; environmental participation, management and protection; sanitation and control of rivers and watersheds; and food security. B. National Level Policies and Strategic Documents Venezuela’s current Social and Economic Development Plan (República Bolivariana de Venezuela, 2007), does not address climate change, and the country has not yet established a climate change strategy, action plan or policy. So far, Venezuela has submitted one National Communication to the UNFCCC (República Bolivariana de Venezuela, 2005), and the Ministry for External Affairs is the government’s UNFCCC focal point. The Ministry for Environment (MINAMB, previous the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, MARN), however, deals with climate change issues at the national level. 185 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Table 1: Key Government Policies and Reports reflecting Adaptation Needs, Priorities and Planned Actions Name of Policy Action Government Division Responsible Status Sector(s) of Focus Summary description 1. MARN Published in 2005 Multi-sectoral The First National Communication includes an analysis of climate variability and change as well as vulnerability and impact assessments for a range of sectors. First National Communication to the UNFCCC C. Current Adaptation Action Adaptation programming in Venezuela is currently low when compared to other countries in South America. This level of action appears to be occurring exclusively through Venezuela’s participation in multi-country projects and programs, all of which involve Latin American countries. Although the number of projects underway in Venezuela is limited, they are addressing a range of sectoral needs, including coastal zone management, the supply of freshwater, watershed management, urban issues, forestry, agriculture, and enabling government to understand and prepare for the impacts of climate change. Table 2: Current Adaptation Projects and Programs active in Venezuela Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project SCCF, cofinancing World Bank with Government ministries, regional organizations Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Freshwater supply; Urban areas; Agriculture Regional: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela Participation in Regional and Global Actions 1. Design and Implementation of Pilot Climate Change Adaptation Measures in the Andean Region (PRAA Project)259 Implement measures to meet the anticipated consequences of the catastrophic glacier retreat induced by climate change through design and implementation of strategic pilot adaptation measures to address key impacts of glacier retreat, including: management plans for potable water systems in urban areas; promotion of less water consuming management practices in the agricultural sector; and measures to increase the natural water storage capacity of highland ecosystems. Budget: US$28.7 million Capacity 2008–2012 building; Field implementati on In Venezuela: Further information required. ALM, http://www.adaptationlearning.net/projects/regional-design-and-implementation-pilot-climate-change-adaptation-measures-andean-region; and http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/adaptation/CARE_PRAA_Summary.pdf 259 186 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project 2. To strengthen, in a coordinated and coherent manner, the institutional framework for planning and executing activities for the protection and sustainable management of the water resources of the Amazon River Basin, endeavoring to realize a shared vision of sustainable development in the region based upon the protection and integrated management of transboundary water resources and adaptation to climatic changes. GEF, cofinancing UNEP, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization, OAS 3. Integrated and Sustainable Management of Transboundary Water Resources in the Amazon River Basin Considering Climate Variability and Change 260 Review of the Economics The purpose of the study is to make a of Climate Change in South socioeconomic analysis of the impacts of America261 climate change in selected countries of South America, develop mitigation and adaptation policies and leverage financial resources. In addition, this project includes a component focused on the impact of climate change in coastal areas–C3A (Cambio Climatico en las Coastas de America Latina y Caribe). Budget: US$ 51.5 million Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) Capacity 2009–2014 Watershed Regional: building; management Bolivia, Brazil, Policy Colombia, formation and Ecuador, integration Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela In Venezuela: Further information required. IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU, Germany ECLAC Assessment; 2008–2009 Coastal zone Regional: Policy management Argentina, formation and ; Government Bolivia, Brazil, integration Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela In Venezuela: Further information required. 4. Climate Change Vulnerability Evaluation of Coastal and Marine Areas262 This project is part of the Ibero-American Programme on the Evaluation of Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change (PIACC) and aims to determine the impacts of climate change on the coasts of any country in Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. It has a particular focus on the dynamics of beaches, estuaries, lagoons, Spain ECLAC, University of Cantabria, national counterparts Capacity 2009–2011 building; Assessment; Knowledge communicatio n Coastal zone Most RIOCC management countries264 including: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela IW-LEARN, http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/Fsp_112799471058 and http://www.otca.org.br/gefam/ ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/dmaah/noticias/noticias/2/35232/samaniego_recc.pdf 262 RIOCC, http://www.lariocc.net/riocc_principal/es/proyectos_iniciativas/proy_marc_piacc.htm 260 261 187 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) Geographic focus (if any) RIOCC countries, including: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela deltas, cliffs and dunes, coastal erosion, flood In Venezuela: Further information required. risks and coastal infrastructure. This initiative is linked to the project “Economics of Climate Change in Central America - Phase II”263 funded by IADB, UK, Denmark, Spain, EU and Germany. 5. Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Sustainable Forest Management in IberoAmerica265 Part of PIACC, this project aims to generate Spain INIA, CIFOR, Capacity 2009–2011 new information and knowledge and CATIE, building; strengthen the capacity of research Polytechnical Research; institutions in the forestry sector on linking University of Knowledge sustainable forest management with Madrid communicatio adaptation and mitigation to climate change. n This includes strengthening specific research activities, developing and disseminating methodologies and case studies, strengthening human resources and fostering the representation of the forest sector in the regional and international dialogue. In Venezuela: Further information required. Forestry 6. Climate Policy 2012: Extension of the global project “Capacity Development for Policy Makers to Address Climate Change”266 The UNDP Regional Bureau for Latin America Spain, UNDP UNDP and the Caribbean has expanded on the global project, “Capacity Development for Budget: Policy Makers to Address Climate Change” in US$3.6 million the LAC region to provide technical support to national policy makers and its Country Offices and strengthen capacity on budgetary issues related to the post-2012 climate regime. Activities include technical backstopping for countries that begin to Government LAC Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Capacity 2009–2011 building; Policy formation and integration The 21 member countries of RIOCC are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Uruguay and Venezuela. 263 ECLAC, http://www.eclac.org/mexico/cambioclimatico/index.html 265 Proyecto MIA, http://www.proyectomia.com/ 266 UNDP, http://www.undpcc.org/content/act_latin-en.aspx and http://www.undp.org/climatechange/docs/EEG_Flyer_EN.pdf 264 188 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America Name Objectives Funder(s) Implementing Type of Agency(s) project Duration Priority Sector(s) consider adaptation to climate change in their National Development Plans. Geographic focus (if any) Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela In Venezuela: Further information required. 7. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into National Development Processes in Latin America and the Caribbean Build climate resilience of vulnerable human and ecological systems in the region by integrating adaptation options into national planning processes and building the associated capacity of key regional and national institutions. The project will: undertake impact and vulnerability assessments; identify good practices and gaps in integrating adaptation into policy and plans; and support adaptation planning and its integration into national development processes. It will focus on the most vulnerable sectors and ecosystems, especially water and agriculture. Spain Budget: US$4,375,233 UNEP Assessment; 2010–2013 Capacity building; policy formation and integration Government; Agriculture; Freshwater supply LAC Region: Phase 1: 19 RIOCC countries267 Phase 2: 3-5 countries (Dominican Republic 1st country selected) In Venezuela: Further information required. D. Proposed Adaptation Action No proposed adaptation action has been identified in Venezuela. The 19 RIOCC countries are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 267 189 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America E. Assessment Venezuela has submitted one National Communication to the UNFCCC that is extensive and offers many recommendations for adaptation action. However, no government action plan or strategies have yet been published. Furthermore, only a low number of current and no proposed adaptation activities have been identified. While these projects are addressing a range of sectors, gaps exist in areas such as gender and building the capacity of civil society. In sum, climate change does not appear to have been considered in development plans nor addressed much through adaptation action in Venezuela. References: República Bolivariana de Venezuela (2005). Primera Comunicación Nacional en Cambio Climático de Venezuela. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?rec=j&priref=5225#beg República Bolivariana de Venezuela (2007). Líneas Generales del Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación 2007-2013. 190 Review of Current and Planned Adaptation Action: South America