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VOCABULARY FOR GENETICS Gene: Usually, a section of DNA long enough to code for a protein molecule. Some genes, however, instead control other genes. DNA: A long linear molecule made up of four smaller molecules known as bases (A, T, G, C). The order of bases is a code which specifies the order of amino acids in a protein. Amino acids: Small molecules made up of a dozen or two atoms. There are 23 different kinds of amino acids. A couple hundred or so amino acid molecules strung together like beads on a string form a protein molecule. Protein: A large molecule made up of a chain of amino acids. Proteins differ in length and sequence of amino acids. Depending on the sequence, protein molecules fold to take on a specific shape. Enzyme: A protein which acts as a catalyst. Enzymes work by providing a place where another molecule (or molecules) can fit and undergo a chemical change (ie the substrate(s) might be split apart, joined, gain or lose atoms). Substrate: The molecule(s) acted on by an enzyme. For example, your saliva contains amylase, an enzyme which converts starch to sugar. Starch is the substrate. Active site: The site on an enzyme where the substrate(s) fits. Catalyst: A substance that makes a chemical reaction happen faster but isn’t consumed in the reaction. Enzymes are catalysts. Metabolic pathway: A series of chemical reactions in a living cell in which a substance is sequentially altered until a desired product is produced. Each step in the pathway is assisted by a specific enzyme. Chromosome: A tightly coiled piece of DNA long enough to include up to about 1000 genes. Recessive gene: An inactive gene. Alleles: Paired genes. Example: you inherited a gene for eye color from each of your parents. Those two genes are alleles. They may not be identical; for example one allele may code for brown eyes, the other for blue. Because blue is recessive, your phenotype would be brown. Phenotype: Describes the effect of a gene. White fur is a phenotype. Genotype: Describes the genes an organism has inherited. In class a genotype might be written as BB. Homozygous: The organism has inherited the same allele from each parent. aa Heterozygous: The organism has inherited different alleles for a given trait: Aa Genome: The total genetic message or code in each sex cell. Each human sex cell contains a genome of 3 billion base pairs making up 20,000 genes organized into 23 chromosomes. Base pair: A DNA molecule is made up of a linear sequence of the bases A, T, G, C Each T is paired with an A; each G is paired with a C to form pairs. Mitosis: Normal cell division in which a (human!) cell with 46 chromosomes divides to form two cells, each with 46 chromosomes. Meiosis: Cell division in which a (human!) cell with 46 chromosomes divides to form egg or sperm cells with 23 chromosomes each. Sex chromosome: X or Ychromosomes which carry genes involved in gender determination. Autosome: Any of the non-sex chromosomes. Linked genes: Genes are said to be linked if they are found on the same chromosome. ANSWERS TO GENETICS PRACTICE 1) Use a 1 x 2 Punnett square. a) The man’s genotype is Bb b) ½ of the children will be Bb; ½ will be bb. 2) a) If the dog is DD, use a 1 x 1 Punnett square. All the offspring will be Dd b) If the dog is Dd, use a 1 x 2 Punnett square. ½ of the pups will be hearing; ½ will be deaf. c) Two heterozygous (Dd) dogs could have a deaf pup. 3) a) Use a 1 x 1 Punnett square. All F1 ofspring will be pink. b) Use a 2 x 2 Punnett square. ¼ of the F2 generation will be red, ½ pink, and ¼ white. 4) a) The parents are both heterozygous (Bb). b) The F1 phenotype ration is 3 brown : 1 black. 5) Use a 2 x 2 Punnett square. a) Parents genotypes: Ss b) Normal appearing child has 2/3 chance of being a carrier. c) Each successive child has a ¼ chance of having the disease. 6) Parent genotypes: RRtt x RrTt. Use a 1 x 4 Punnett square. a) You expect 1/4 , or 3 children to be RRtt. b) Use a 2 x 4 Punnett square. 7) a) TtRr x ttRr b) TTRr x ttRr c) TtRR x ttRR d) Ttrr x ttRr 8) Just figure out the phenotype ratio! Use a 4 x 4 Punnett square. You will find a 9 black : 3 gray : 4 albino ratio.