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Transcript
Mendelian Inheritance Gregor Mendel • Mendel was in a unique position to discover patterns of inheritance • He was a monk who had been raised as a farmer and who studied mathematics in Vienna • Considered the “Father of Genetics” Blending Inheritance • Blending Inheritance Up to this time, it was generally thought that resulting offspring were a blend of the traits possessed by their parents • Traits are inheritable characteristics passed from one generation to the next Mendel’s Pea Plants • Mendel identified and studied seven different traits, each of which had two separate forms called a Phenotype • For example the trait Plant Flower Color had two forms: Purple and White Creating Purebred Plants • Due the unique petal arrangement in pea plants, it is common for them to “self-pollinate’ • Self-pollination results in offspring that are identical (clones) to their parents The Parental Cross • Mendel first “CrossPollinated” opposing purebred forms of a trait (had to insure no SelfPollination) • Example: Cross of Purebred Purple and White Flowers • All of the offspring produced Purple Flowers Parental Cross: Conclusions • Mendel concluded that one form of a trait is Dominant over the other form of the trait, which is Recessive • This demonstrated that Blending Inheritance was not correct The First Filial Cross • Mendel CrossPollinated offspring from his Parental Cross and observed that both forms of the trait appear in the offspring • The ratio of the dominant to the recessive phenotype was 3:1 First Filial Cross: Conclusions • Mendel concluded that the F1 individuals must be carrying the recessive form of the trait even though it remains hidden Genotype Shorthands • Allele is the genetic shorthand (single letter) for the inheritable factors that we now know are genes (example: P, p) • Genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual (example: PP, Pp, or pp) Homozygous Dominant = PP Heterozygous = Pp Homozygous Recessive = pp Producing Purebred Plants: Punnett Square P P P PP PP P PP PP The Parent Cross: Punnett Square p p P Pp Pp P Pp Pp The First Filial Cross: Punnett Square P p P PP Pp p Pp pp Two Trait Crosses: Dihybrid Cross TR Tr tR tr TR TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr Tr TTRr TTrr TtRr Ttrr tR TtRR TtRr ttRR ttRr tr TtRr ttRr ttrr Ttrr Non-Mendelian Forms of Inheritance • • • • Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles Gene Linkage
