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Cells
Learning Targets and Reading
• 7.12D Differentiate between structure and function in plant and animal
cell organelles, including cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm,
mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuoles
• 7.12E Compare the functions of a cell to the functions of organisms
such as waste removal
• 7.12F Recognize that according to cell theory all organisms are
composed of cells and cells carry on similar functions such as
extracting energy from food to sustain life
Vocabulary / Cell Structures
• Cell membrane
• Cell wall
• Chloroplast
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondrion
• Nucleus
• Organelle
• Vacuole
Robert Hooke
• Discovered the first cell in 1665 (17th century)
• Microscopes and magnification technology
• Began the scientific study of cells, known as “Cell biology”
• Described cells in “Micrographia”
“Micrographia”
• 60 observations of objects
under a microscope
• Cella in Latin means “Small
room”
• Didn’t know structure or
function of cells
• Unable to see other
components of the cell
Cells
• Cell theory (1838)
1. All living organisms are
composed of one or more
cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of
structure and organization in
organisms
3. Cells arise from pre-existing
cells (by division)
The life of a cell
Example:
• The eggshell is a barrier between the inside of the
egg and the environment. This structure functions
to protect the rest of the egg from the environment.
• Cells have a structure that surrounds the cell and
protects it from the external environment
• Skin cells provide protection for the body
The Cell
• There are two types of cells:
• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic
• Cells are made of different structures that
perform various functions
• Different types of cells perform different
functions. The size and shape of a cell
relates to its function
Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell
• Found in plants and animals, fungi
and protists (like algae)
• Found in unicellular organisms like
bacteria
• Greek eu- (true), -karyon (nucleus)
• Pro- (Before), -karyon (Nucleus)
• Structures: Organelles (Nucleus,
Ribosomes, and Mitochondria), Cell
membrane, Cytoplasm,
Chromosomes, Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus,
Lysosomes, Cell Wall
• No nucleus / Genetic material
floats freely
• Larger than prokaryotic cells, more
complex
Cell Structures
• Cell membrane (in Animal and Plant cells)
• Flexible
• Function: Regulates what goes in and out of
the cell
• Mostly made of proteins and phospholipid
• Cell wall (only in Plant cells)
• Stiff
• Function: Structure and support
• Mostly made of carbohydrates
Activity
• Go to page 413
• Identify Function and if the structure is found in Animal
or Plant cells or both
• Reading: pages 406 – 413 and videos
Plant cells vs Animal cells
• Both eukaryotic, both have a nucleus
• The nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell/plasma membrane
• Organelles
• What’s in the nucleus?
• What structures are part of the nucleus?
• What structures help remove waste from the cell?
• What structures provide energy for the cell?