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Unit 2 Cell Structure and Function Study Guide
Cell Theory and Scientists
There were many different scientists that had an influence in the discovery of cells. The invention and improvement of the microscope played a key
role in the development of our understanding of cells. Below, you will find a list of scientists involved and their contributions to the scientific
community.
1. Robert Hooke- British scientist, who in 1665, built a microscope and looked at cork from a plant.
boxes, and named these boxes “cells” which means “little boxes”.
He described the cork as looking like hundreds of
2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek- Dutch merchant, in 1673, built a microscope to look at pond scum. He saw many small creatures swimming around and
named them “animalcules” which means “little animals”. He also was the first person to see bacteria.
3. Matthias Schleiden- German scientist, in 1838, made the observation and conclusion that all plant parts are made of cells. He came to this conclusion
after looking at thousands of plant slides and reading about other scientists’ research.
4. Theodor Schwann- German scientist, in 1839, stated that all animal tissues are made of cells. He concluded this after studying numerous animals under
the microscope. He also wrote the first two parts of the cell theory:
a. ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS.
b. THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE IN ALL LIVING THINGS.
5. Rudolf Virchow- German scientist, in 1858, saw that cells could not develop from anything except other cells. He then wrote the third part of the cell
theory:
a. ALL CELLS COME FROM EXISTING CELLS.
CELL THEORY
1. ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS. (Schwann)
2. THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE IN ALL LIVING THINGS. (Schwann)
3. ALL CELLS COME FROM CELLS. (Virchow)
Cell Organelles Chart
Name
Prokaryotic/
Plant/Animal
Description
Function
 Flexible boundary that surrounds the
cell
 Bi-layer of proteins & lipids
 Separates the cell from outside environment
 Selectively permeable
Pro, P
 Rigid Structure outside plasma memb
 Made of cellulose
 Additional support, protection
 Gives cell its shape
A, P
 Contains DNA (directions to make
proteins)
 Controls the cell activities
Nucleus
Nuclear
membrane/
Envelope
A, P
 Double memb layer that surrounds
nucleus
 Allows material to move into & out of Nucleus
(RNA pass through pores)
 1000s of pores in nuclear envelope
 Allow material to move into & out of Nucleus
Nuclear Pores
A, P
 Small dense region in nucleus
 Assembly of ribosomes take place here
Nucleolus
A, P
Pro, A, P
 Clear Gelatinous(jelly) fluid inside the
cell
 Chemical reactions take place here
Cytoplasm
 Network of protein filaments
Cytoskeleton
A, P
 Helps the cell to maintain its shape & 3 D
structure
 Cell movement
Cell Membrane
Pro, A, P
Cell Wall
Image
Cilia/
Flagella
A
Ribosome
Pro, A, P
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
A, P
Golgi Apparatus
A, P
Lysosome
A
Vacuole
P, A (small or
none)
Mitochondrion
A, P
Centrioles
A
Chloroplast
P
 Short/long projections of microtubules
 Cell Movement
 Tiny , abundant
 Made of RNA & Protein
 Site of protein synthesis
 Highly folded memb in cytoplasm
1.
Rough E.R. (ribosome)
2.
Smooth E.R. (no ribosomes)
 Flattened stack of tubular memb
 Found near cell memb
 Connects membrane
 Moves material
 Process protein
 Smooth E.R. – production & storage of carbs
& lipid
 Sorts & packs protein into vesicle & transports
them
 Contains digestive enzymes
 Digests food, bacteria, worn out organelle
 Sac (membrane bound)
 Stores food, enzyme, and other material
 Support
 Double membrane bound organelle
 Power house of cell – produces energy for
growth, development, and movement
 Small structure outside nucleus formed
from microtubules
 Helps in cell division (mitosis)
 Helps in forming flagella and cilia
 Double membrane bound organelle
 Pigment chlorophyll is present in inner
menb
 Captures light & converts it into chemical
energy
 Pigment chlorophyll (photosynthesis)
Things ALL cells have in common:
-DNA
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
Eukaryotic Cells (include plant, animal, fungi and protist cells) have nuclei, have membrane covered organelles, have linear DNA
Animal Cell:
Has Centrioles
Has Lysosomes
Small Vacuoles
No Cell Wall
Plant Cell:
Has chloroplasts
Has large vacuole
Has Cell Wall
Prokaryotic Cells (bacteria) have no membrane-covered organelles, Circular DNA, ribosomes and are unicellular
Practice Questions
1. How many cells would you expect to find in a multicellular organism?
2. List the size of cells in order of largest to smallest. (Use animal, plant, and bacterial)
3. What materials is the cell membrane composed of?
4. What is the main component in the cell wall of a plant? (Name of sugar found there).
5. The cell theory states that all organisms are made of cells; cells are the most basic unit of life; and
___________________________________________________.
6. What is the term for the jelly-like substance that is contained inside the cell membrane?
7. Unlike a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell does not have _______________________________.
8. Specialized structures that work together inside a cell are called __________________________________.
9. What is the term for a network of proteins that supports and gives shape to a cell?
10. What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
11. What organelle can be found in the cytoplasm and on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum?
12. What organelle contains enzymes that break down damaged cell parts?
13. What is the main difference between plant and animal cells?
14. Which organelle is the storehouse for most of the cell’s genetic information?
15. What organelle would you expect to find on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
16. Which organelle supplies energy to the cell?
17. What organelles would you expect to find in a plant cell but not an animal cell?
18. What process takes place in the chloroplast?
19. What is the function of the mitochondria?
20. What organism does NOT have a cell wall?
21. All living things are made up of _____________________________.
22. What organelle controls what enters and leaves the cell?
23. What organelle has the function of protecting and supporting the cell?
24. What organelle surrounds the nucleus?
25. What is the function of the nucleolus?
26. What organelle is responsible for pulling the chromosomes apart during cell division in animal cells?
27. What organelle is the site of cellular respiration?
28. What organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
29. What organelle is responsible for modifying, packaging, and sorting molecules from the ER for storage and
transport out of the cell (Hint: post office)?
30. Name the individual
a. Responsible for viewing thin slices of cork under a microscope and giving cells their name
b. Was the first individual to view living organisms under a microscope and called them “animalcules”
c. Was the first individual to determine that plant cells were made from cells
d. Was responsible for the portion of the cell theory that states all living things are made up of cells
e. Was responsible for viewing cells dividing under a microscope\
31. Label the following cell below. Use the word bank below to label the cell.
Cell Membrane
Golgi Body
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Lysosome
Rough ER
Ribosomes
Vesicle
13
12
Smooth ER
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
14
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
Centrioles