Download EOY_ Psyhologists to know_ long list

Aaron Beck pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.
Abraham Maslow humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level
dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization,
transcendence
Albert Bandura pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people
profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated
'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play
Albert Ellis pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns
of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions
Alfred Adler neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: inferiority complex, organ
inferiority; Studies: birth order influences personality
Alfred Binet pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in
need of help-not applicable in the U.S. because it was too culture-bound (French)
Anna Freud
child psychoanalysis; emphasized importance of the ego and its constant struggle
B.F. Skinner behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an
organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons
Carl Jung neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is
all types of energy, not just sexual; dream studies/interpretation
Carl Rogers humanistic psychology; Contributions: founded client-centered therapy,
theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential
for personal growth, unconditional positive regard,
Carol Gilligan moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and
women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they
focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely
different, not better or worse
Charles Darwin biologist; developed theory of evolution; transmutation of species, natural
selection, evolution by common descent; "The Origin of Species" catalogs his voyage on The
Beagle
Charles Spearman intelligence; found that specific mental talents were highly correlated,
concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general
ability)
Clark Hull motivation theory, drive reduction; maintained that the goal of all motivated
behavior is the reduction or alleviation of a drive state, mechanism through which
reinforcement operates
Darley & Latane social psychology; bystander apathy, diffusion of responsibility
David McClelland achievement motivation; developed scoring system for TAT's use in
assessing achievement motivation
David Rosenhan did study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals
and diagnoses with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the
label, even when behavior indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a mental health
setting
David Weschler established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS); also WISC and
WPPSI
Hermann Ebbinghaus memory; studied memorization of meaningless words
Edward Thorndike behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and
consequence
Ekman & Friesen Universal Emotions (based upon facial expressions); Study Basics:
Constants across culture in the face and emotion
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross developmental psychology; wrote "On Death and Dying": 5 stages
the terminally ill go through when facing death (1. denial, 2. anger, 3. bargaining, 4.
depression, 5. acceptance)
Elizabeth Loftus cognition and memory; studied repressed memories and false memories;
showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as
leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony
Erik Erikson neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory
shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological
crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"
Ernst Weber perception; identified just-noticeable-difference (JND) that eventually
becomes Weber's law
Francis Galton differential psychology AKA "London School" of Experimental Psychology;
Contributions: behavioral genetics, maintains that personality & ability depend almost
entirely on genetic inheritance; compared identical & fraternal twins, hereditary differences
in intellectual ability
Gazzaniga or Sperry neuroscience/biopsychology; studied split brain patients
Gibson & Walk Developmental psychology; "visual cliff" studies with infants
Gordon Allport trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and
secondary
Harry Harlow development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus
monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys
became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort
Harry Stack Sullivan interpersonal psychoanalysis; groundwork for enmeshed
relationships, developed the Self-System, a configuration of personality traits
Henry Murray personality assessment; created the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) with
Christina Morgan, stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and
influenced their tendency to approach and evaluate their own performances
Hermann Rorschach developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot test which
consists of 10 standardized inkblots where the subject tells a story, the observer then
derives aspects of the personality from the subject's commentary
Hans Eysenck personality theorist; asserted that personality is largely determined by
genes, used introversion/extroversion
Hobson & McCarley sleep/dreams/consciousness; pioneers of Activation-Synthesis
Theory of dreams; sleep studies that indicate the brain creates dream states, not
information processing or Freudian interpretations
Holmes & Rahe stress and coping; used "social readjustment scale" to measure stress
Howard Gardner devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial,
bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic
Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a
bell
Jean Piaget cognitive psychology; created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said
that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and
accommodation)
John B Watson behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions
on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white
rat
Judith Langlois developmental psychology;: social development & processing, effects of
appearance on behavior, origin of social stereotypes, sex/love/intimacy, facial expression
Karen Horney neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; criticized Freud, stated that personality is
molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood
experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety"
Karl Wernicke "Wernicke's area"; discovered area of left temporal lobe that involved
language understanding: person damaged in this area uses correct words but they do not
make sense
Kenneth Clark social psychology; research evidence of internalized racism caused by
stigmatization; doll experiments-black children chose white dolls
Kurt Lewin social psychology; German refugee who escaped Nazis, proved the democratic
style of leadership is the most productive; studied effects of 3 leadership styles on children
completing activities
Langer & Rodin Social Psychology; Helping behavior, personal responsibility; studied the
effects of enhanced personal responsibility and helping behavior
Lawrence Kohlberg moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their
responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma
is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the
medication and why?
Lev Vygotsky child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication
guide development; zone of proximal development; play research
Little Albert
subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the
generalization of fear
Konrad Lorenz ethology (animal behavior); studied imprinting and critical periods in geese
Martin Seligman learning; Positive Psychology; learned helplessness theory of depression;
Studies: Dogs demonstrating learned helplessness
Mary Ainsworth developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation,
devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child
attachment
Mary Cover-Jones behaviorism/learning; pioneer in systematic desensitization,
maintained that fear could be unlearned
Masters & Johnson motivation; human sexual response—studied how both men and
women respond to and in relation to sexual behavior
Noam Chomsky language development; disagreed with Skinner about language
acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn
native ability to develop language
Paul Ekman emotion; found that facial expressions are universal
Phillip Zimbardo social psychology; Stanford Prison Study; college students were randomly
assigned to roles of prisoners or guards in a study that looked at who social situations
influence behavior; showed that peoples' behavior depends to a large extent on the roles
they are asked to play
Phineas Gage Vermont railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that changed his
personality and behavior; his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are
involved with emotional reasoning
Raymond Cattell intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16
Personality Factors (16PF personality test)
Robert Rosenthal social psychology; focus on nonverbal communication, self-fulfilling
prophecies; Studies: Pygmalion Effect-effect of teacher's expectations on students
Robert Sternberg intelligence; devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic
problem-solving, practical, and creative)
Robert Yerkes intelligence, comparative; Yerkes-Dodson law: level of arousal as related to
performance
Robert Zajonc motivation; believes that we invent explanations to label feelings
Rosenhan Psychopathology and Social Psychology; effects of labeling; Rosenhan and
colleagues checked selves into mental hospitals with symptoms of hearing voices say
"empty, dull and thud." Diagnosed with schizophrenia. After entered, acted normally. Never
"cleared" of diagnosis. Roles and labels in treating people differently.
Rosenthal & Jacobson Intelligence and learning, self-fulfilling prophecy; Study Basics:
Researchers misled teachers into believing that certain students had higher IQs. Teachers
changed own behaviors and effectively raised the IQ of the randomly chosen students
Solomon Asch conformity; showed that social pressure can make a person say something
that is obviously incorrect ; in a famous study in which participants were shown cards with
lines of different lengths and were asked to say which line matched the line on the first card
in length
Stanley Milgram obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed
were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an
aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions
Stanley Schachter emotion; stated that in order to experience emotions, a person must be
physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it
Tolman cognition; studied rats and discovered the "cognitive map" in rats and humans
Walter B. Cannon motivation; believed that gastric activity as in empty stomach, was the
sole basis for hunger; did research that inserted balloons in stomachs
William James founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function
in our environment
William Sheldon personality; theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds
that both are governed by genetic endowment: endomorphic (large), mesomorphic
(average), and ectomorphic (skinny)
Wilhelm Wundt structuralism; in 1879 founded first psychology laboratory in world at
University of Leipzig; introspection, basic units of experience
Zajonc & Markus intelligence and development; discovered that first born and only
children tend to have higher IQs than latter born children
John Locke 17th century English philosopher. Wrote that the mind was a "blank slate" or
"tabula rasa"; that is, people are born without innate ideas. We are completely shaped by our
environment
René Descartes 17t century French philosopher. Famously known for writing "cogito ergo
sum" ("I think, therefore I am"). Wrote about concept of dualism.
Socrates Ancient Greek philosopher. Promoted introspection by saying, "Know thyself."
Aristotle Ancient Greek philosopher. Wrote "Peri Psyches" ("About the Mind").
William Dement Sleep researcher who discovered and coined the phrase "rapid eye
movement" (REM) sleep.
John Garcia Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance
before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion
for the substance.
Herman von Helmholtz Theorist who both aided in the development of the trichromatic
theory of color perception and Place theory of pitch perception.
Sigmund Freud founder of psychoanalysis; pioneer in talk therapy; emphasized the
influence of unconscious motives and childhood experiences