* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Boundless Study Slides
Survey
Document related concepts
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Hedgehog signaling pathway wikipedia , lookup
Protein phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
G protein–coupled receptor wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Get started now at: http://boundless.com/teaching-platform Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: [email protected] Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com About Boundless Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cell Communication Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors Propagation of the Cellular Signal Response to the Cellular Signal Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms Cell Communication Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cell Communication > Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors • Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors • Forms of Signaling • Types of Receptors • Signaling Molecules Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-communication-9/signaling-molecules-and-cellular-receptors-83/ Cell Communication > Propagation of the Cellular Signal Propagation of the Cellular Signal • Binding Initiates a Signaling Pathway • Methods of Intracellular Signaling Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-communication-9/propagation-of-the-cellular-signal-84/ Cell Communication > Response to the Cellular Signal Response to the Cellular Signal • Termination of the Signal Cascade • Cell Signaling and Gene Expression • Cell Signaling and Cellular Metabolism • Cell Signaling and Cell Growth • Cell Signaling and Cell Death Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-communication-9/response-to-the-cellular-signal-85/ Cell Communication > Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms • Signaling in Yeast • Signaling in Bacteria Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-communication-9/signaling-in-single-celled-organisms-86/ Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cell Communication Key terms • apoptosis a process of programmed cell death • autocrine signaling produced by signaling cells that can also bind to the ligand that is released: the signaling cell and the target cell can be the same or a similar cell (prefix auto- means self) • autoinducer any of several compounds, synthesized by bacteria, that have signalling functions in quorum sensing • biofilm a thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms • biofilm a thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms • cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP, a second messenger derived from ATP that is involved in the activation of protein kinases and regulates the effects of adrenaline • dephosphorylation the removal of phosphate groups from a compound; often catalyzed by enzymes • endocrine signaling signals from distant cells that originate from endocrine cells, usually producing a slow response, but having a long-lasting effect • epinephrine (adrenaline) an amino acid-derived hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress • G protein any of a class of proteins, found in cell membranes, that pass signals between hormone receptors and effector enzymes • gene expression the transcription and translation of a gene into messenger RNA and, thus, into a protein • glycoprotein a protein with covalently-bonded carbohydrates Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cell Communication • growth factor a naturally-occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, and cellular differentiation • GTP-binding protein a protein which binds GTP and catalyzes its conversion to GDP • hydrophobic lacking an affinity for water; unable to absorb, or be wetted by water • integral protein a protein molecule (or assembly of proteins) that is permanently attached to the biological membrane • kinase any of a group of enzymes that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific target molecules (substrates); the process is termed phosphorylation • ligand an ion, molecule, or functional group that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex • ligand an ion, molecule, or functional group that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex • oncogene any gene that contributes to the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell when mutated or expressed at high levels • paracrine signaling a form of cell signaling in which the target cell is near (para = near) the signal-releasing cell • phosphorylation the addition of a phosphate group to a compound; often catalyzed by enzymes • phosphorylation the addition of a phosphate group to a compound; often catalyzed by enzymes • protein kinase A a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cell Communication • quorum sensing a method of communication between bacterial cells by the release and sensing of small diffusible signal molecules • receptor a protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functions • receptor a protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functions • second messenger any substance used to transmit a signal within a cell, especially one which triggers a cascade of events by activating cellular components • signaling cascade the chain of events that conveys the signal through the cell • transcription the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA • transcription the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA • translation a process occurring in the ribosome in which a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) guides assembly of a sequence of amino acids to make a protein Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cell Communication Formation of Cyclic AMP This diagram shows the mechanism for the formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate or inactivate proteins within the cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Propagation of the Signal. November 7, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/ View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Ligand Initiated Signaling Pathway An example of ligand initiated signaling pathways is when epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to its receptor. A complex cascade of downstream events causes the cell to grow and divide. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Propagation of the Signal. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/Figure_09_02_01.png View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Example of phosphorylation In protein phosphorylation, a phosphate group (PO4-3 ) is added to residues of the amino acids serine, threonine, and tyrosine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Propagation of the Signal. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/Figure_09_02_02.jpg View on Boundless.com Cell Communication G-proteins Heterotrimeric G proteins have three subunits: α, β, and γ. When a signaling molecule binds to a G-protein-coupled receptor in the plasma membrane, a GDP molecule associated with the α subunit is exchanged for GTP. The β and γ subunits dissociate from the α subunit, and a cellular response is triggered either by the α subunit or the dissociated β pair. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP terminates the signal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_05.jpg View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Autoinducers Autoinducers are small molecules or proteins produced by bacteria that regulate gene expression. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/Figure_09_04_02.png View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Communication is Key Have you ever become separated from a friend while in a crowd? If so, you know the challenge of searching for someone when surrounded by thousands of other people. If you and your friend have cell phones, your chances of finding each other are good. A cell phone's ability to send and receive messages makes it an ideal communication device. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44450/latest/Figure_09_01_00.jpg View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Budding Yeasts Budding Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells can communicate by releasing a signaling molecule called mating factor. In this micrograph, they are visualized using differential interference contrast microscopy, a light microscopy technique that enhances the contrast of the sample. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/Figure_09_04_01.jpg View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Phosphorylation In protein phosphorylation, a phosphate group is added to residues of the amino acids serine, threonine, and tyrosine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Propagation of the Signal. October 26, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/ View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Example of cAMP as a second messenger This diagram shows the mechanism for the formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate or inactivate proteins within the cell. Termination of the signal occurs when an enzyme called phosphodiesterase converts cAMP into AMP. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Propagation of the Signal. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/Figure_09_02_03.jpg View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Apoptosis The histological section of a foot of a 15-day-old mouse embryo, visualized using light microscopy, reveals areas of tissue between the toes which apoptosis will eliminate before the mouse reaches its full gestational age at 27 days. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Response to the Signal. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44453/latest/Figure_09_03_02.jpg View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Synapsis The distance between the presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic cell—called the synaptic gap—is very small and allows for rapid diffusion of the neurotransmitter. Enzymes in the synapatic cleft degrade some types of neurotransmitters to terminate the signal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_02.jpg View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Steroid Hormones Steroid hormones have similar chemical structures to their precursor, cholesterol. Because these molecules are small and hydrophobic, they can diffuse directly across the plasma membrane into the cell, where they interact with internal receptors. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_08.jpg View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Bacterial Biofilms Cell-cell communication enables these (a) Staphylococcus aureus bacteria to work together to form a biofilm inside a hospital patient's catheter, seen here via scanning electron microscopy. S. aureus is the main cause of hospital-acquired infections. (b) Hawaiian bobtail squid have a symbiotic relationship with the bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The luminescence makes it difficult to see the squid from below because it effectively eliminates its shadow. In return for camouflage, the squid provides food for the bacteria. Free-living V. fischeri do not produce luciferase, the enzyme responsible for luminescence, but V. fischeri living in a symbiotic relationship with the squid do. Quorum sensing determines whether the bacteria should produce the luciferase enzyme. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/Figure_09_04_03.png View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Intracellular Receptors Hydrophobic signaling molecules typically diffuse across the plasma membrane and interact with intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm. Many intracellular receptors are transcription factors that interact with DNA in the nucleus and regulate gene expression. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_03.jpg View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Gated-Ion Channels Gated ion channels form a pore through the plasma membrane that opens when the signaling molecule binds. The open pore then allows ions to flow into or out of the cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_04.jpg View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Forms of Chemical Signaling In chemical signaling, a cell may target itself (autocrine signaling), a cell connected by gap junctions, a nearby cell (paracrine signaling), or a distant cell (endocrine signaling). Paracrine signaling acts on nearby cells, endocrine signaling uses the circulatory system to transport ligands, and autocrine signaling acts on the signaling cell. Signaling via gap junctions involves signaling molecules moving directly between adjacent cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/Figure_09_01_01.jpg View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Gene Expression Prokaryotic transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm; regulation occurs at the transcriptional level. Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated during transcription and RNA processing, which take place in the nucleus, and during protein translation, which takes place in the cytoplasm. Further regulation may occur through post-translational modifications of proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Regulation of Gene Expression. October 26, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44534/latest/ View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Uncontrolled Cell Growth Colorectal cancer occurs after numerous mutations to a normal cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Molecular Cancer Journal. "Molecular Cancer | Full text | Role of APCand DNA mismatch repair genes in the development of colorectal cancers." CC BY http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/2/1/41 View on Boundless.com Cell Communication Attribution • Wiktionary. "biofilm." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biofilm • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44450/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia. "paracrine signaling." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paracrine%20signaling • Wikipedia. "endocrine signaling." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/endocrine%20signaling • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/autocrine-signaling • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia. "integral protein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/integral%20protein • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "transcription." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transcription • Wiktionary. "ligand." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ligand • Wiktionary. "hydrophobic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrophobic • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "receptor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/receptor • Wiktionary. "ligand." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ligand • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 30, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44451/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cell Communication • Wiktionary. "phosphorylation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phosphorylation • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "gene expression." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene_expression • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44453/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "translation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/translation • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Regulation of Gene Expression. October 26, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44534/latest/ • Wiktionary. "transcription." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transcription • Wikipedia. "cyclic adenosine monophosphate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cyclic%20adenosine%20monophosphate • Wikipedia. "protein kinase A." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/protein%20kinase%20A • Wikipedia. "Cellular metabolism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_metabolism%23Regulation_and_control • Wiktionary. "epinephrine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epinephrine • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44453/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 26, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44422/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "receptor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/receptor • Wiktionary. "growth factor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/growth_factor • Wiktionary. "oncogene." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oncogene • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44453/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com • Wiktionary. "glycoprotein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glycoprotein Cell Communication • Wiktionary. "apoptosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apoptosis • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44453/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "phosphorylation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phosphorylation • Wiktionary. "dephosphorylation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dephosphorylation • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/signaling-cascade • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Propagation of the Signal. October 26, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44452/latest/ • Wiktionary. "GTP-binding protein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/GTP-binding_protein • Wiktionary. "kinase." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kinase • Wiktionary. "G protein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/G_protein • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. November 7, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "quorum sensing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quorum_sensing • Wiktionary. "biofilm." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biofilm • Wiktionary. "autoinducer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autoinducer • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44454/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com