Download Notes handout for Basic Biochemistry

NAME: ____________________
PER. _____
BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY FOR BIOLOGY: PART ONE
Organic Molecules contain ___________________________covalently bonded to other atoms,
determine structure and function Inorganic Molecules do not contain carbon but do have
______________________ (water, salts, and many acids and bases)
Carbon is special because it has ____ valence electrons. It forms strong, stable
___________________ bonds with up to 4 other atoms (usually H, O, N, S, P, or another C).
Carbon can form long chains, branched structures, or rings. Adjacent carbon atoms can also form
Double and Triple bonds. There are four basic classes of organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins and nucleic acids. Most organic molecules are large polymers made up of many similar
subunits, called monomers.
Class
Subunit/Monomer
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Polymer
Polysaccharides
Fatty Acids, Glycerol
_____________, Lipids,
Phospholipids
Proteins
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
CARBOHYDRATES:
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Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, generally the hydrogen to carbon ratio is 2:1 (same as
_____________________)
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Classified by the number of sugars:
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Monosaccharide – “_____ sugar”
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Disaccharide – “_____sugars”
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Polysaccharide – “ _____________ sugars”
Four types of polysaccharides are important for us to know about:
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____________________ - straight chain polymer of glucose molecules. Energy
storage for plant cells.
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_____________________ - highly branched polymer of glucose. Energy storage
for animal cells.
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_____________________ - helical chain of glucose molecules, structural
carbohydrate, primary constituent of plant cell walls.
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______________________ - polymer of glucose with amino acids attached, primary
constituent of exoskeletons of insects & crustaceans (and in fungal cell walls)
NAME: ____________________
PER. _____
LIPIDS:
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Lipids are insoluble in ____________________ but are soluble in other lipids and in
organic solvents (alcohol, ether) or detergents
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Most of the structure of lipids is non-polar
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Formed almost exclusively of _________________ and _________________ atoms.
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Contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen in lipids is _______________ than in
carbohydrates
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Four Types of Lipids
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Neutral Fats or Triglycerides: made of ____ fatty acids and glycerol. Fats and oils.
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Phospholipids: made of 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate. Important component of
_________ Membranes
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Steroids (cholesterol and hormones)
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Other Lipoid substances – eicosanoids, lipoproteins
Important for
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Long- term ________________________________ storage - highest caloric
values per weight
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Chemical messengers – steroid _______________________________
(testosterone & estrogen)
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Cell ____________________________ – phospholipids, cholesterol
PROTEINS:
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Protein is the basic structural material of the body – __________________% of cell mass
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Many other vital functions – enzymes, hemoglobin, contractile proteins, collagen, even
proteins that help and protect other proteins
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Most are __________________________________________, large (100 to 10,000
a.a.), complex molecules
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All are made of amino acids – there are ________ types of building blocks for protein
molecules Each amino acid contains an amine group, a carboxyl group (COOH), and a
functional (R) group Differences in the R group make each amino acid chemically unique
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Proteins are polymers – ____________________________ – of amino acids held together
by Peptide bonds with the amine end of one amino acid linked to the carboxyl end of the
next. The order or _____________________________ of the amino acids determine
the function of the protein
NAME: ____________________
PER. _____
BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY FOR BIOLOGY: PART TWO
PROTEINS (continued from previous page)
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Proteins have four sequence levels
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____________________ – linear sequence of amino acids composing the
polypeptide chain (strand of amino acid “beads”)
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____________________ – alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
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____________________ – superimposed folding of secondary structures
producing a ball-like or globular molecule
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______________________ – polypeptide chains linked together in a specific manner
The activity of a protein depends on its ___________________-dimensional structure. A
protein is ___________________________________ when it unfolds and loses its
three-dimensional shape (conformation)
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Special Proteins: Enzymes
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Most are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts by lowering activation
energy
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Enzymes are chemically specific
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Frequently named for the type of reaction they catalyze
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Enzyme names usually end in -______________
Special Proteins: Structural Proteins
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Keratin – ______________________
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Fibroin –______________________
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Collagen – _____________________
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Lignan – makes___________________ rigid
NUCLEIC ACIDS
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Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
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Nucleotides are composed of _______-containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
group
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Five nitrogen bases – adenine (___), guanine (___), cytosine (___), thymine (___), and uracil (___)
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Adenine and Guanine are Purines – 2-ring structure
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Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil are Pyrimidines – 1-ring structure
Nucleotides are linked by hydrogen bonds between their complementary bases
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A always binds to _____
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G always binds to _____
NAME: ____________________
PER. _____
NUCLEIC ACIDS (continued from previous page)
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Two major classes – DNA and RNA
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DNA

____________________-stranded helical molecule found in the
____________________ of the eukaryotic cell (also found in prokaryotic
cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts)

Replicates itself before the cell divides, ensuring genetic continuity - it is
the genetic material inherited form parents – it is the
_________________________

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Provides instructions for protein synthesis
RNA

____________________________-stranded molecule found in both the
nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell
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
Sugar is ____________________ instead of Deoxyribose

Uses the nitrogenous base Uracil instead of _____________________

Three varieties of RNA: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA
CENTRAL DOGMA: DNA → RNA → Protein Synthesis → Proteins and Enzymes →
Structure and Metabolism
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Special case: Adenosine Triphosphate (______)
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Adenine-containing RNA nucleoside with three phosphate groups
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Source of _______________________________________________ energy
for the cell