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NAME: ____________________ PER. _____ BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY FOR BIOLOGY: PART ONE Organic Molecules contain ___________________________covalently bonded to other atoms, determine structure and function Inorganic Molecules do not contain carbon but do have ______________________ (water, salts, and many acids and bases) Carbon is special because it has ____ valence electrons. It forms strong, stable ___________________ bonds with up to 4 other atoms (usually H, O, N, S, P, or another C). Carbon can form long chains, branched structures, or rings. Adjacent carbon atoms can also form Double and Triple bonds. There are four basic classes of organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Most organic molecules are large polymers made up of many similar subunits, called monomers. Class Subunit/Monomer Carbohydrates Lipids Polymer Polysaccharides Fatty Acids, Glycerol _____________, Lipids, Phospholipids Proteins Amino Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides CARBOHYDRATES: • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, generally the hydrogen to carbon ratio is 2:1 (same as _____________________) • • Classified by the number of sugars: • Monosaccharide – “_____ sugar” • Disaccharide – “_____sugars” • Polysaccharide – “ _____________ sugars” Four types of polysaccharides are important for us to know about: • ____________________ - straight chain polymer of glucose molecules. Energy storage for plant cells. • _____________________ - highly branched polymer of glucose. Energy storage for animal cells. • _____________________ - helical chain of glucose molecules, structural carbohydrate, primary constituent of plant cell walls. • ______________________ - polymer of glucose with amino acids attached, primary constituent of exoskeletons of insects & crustaceans (and in fungal cell walls) NAME: ____________________ PER. _____ LIPIDS: • Lipids are insoluble in ____________________ but are soluble in other lipids and in organic solvents (alcohol, ether) or detergents • Most of the structure of lipids is non-polar • Formed almost exclusively of _________________ and _________________ atoms. • Contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen in lipids is _______________ than in carbohydrates • Four Types of Lipids • Neutral Fats or Triglycerides: made of ____ fatty acids and glycerol. Fats and oils. • Phospholipids: made of 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate. Important component of _________ Membranes • • Steroids (cholesterol and hormones) • Other Lipoid substances – eicosanoids, lipoproteins Important for • Long- term ________________________________ storage - highest caloric values per weight • Chemical messengers – steroid _______________________________ (testosterone & estrogen) • Cell ____________________________ – phospholipids, cholesterol PROTEINS: • Protein is the basic structural material of the body – __________________% of cell mass • Many other vital functions – enzymes, hemoglobin, contractile proteins, collagen, even proteins that help and protect other proteins • Most are __________________________________________, large (100 to 10,000 a.a.), complex molecules • All are made of amino acids – there are ________ types of building blocks for protein molecules Each amino acid contains an amine group, a carboxyl group (COOH), and a functional (R) group Differences in the R group make each amino acid chemically unique • Proteins are polymers – ____________________________ – of amino acids held together by Peptide bonds with the amine end of one amino acid linked to the carboxyl end of the next. The order or _____________________________ of the amino acids determine the function of the protein NAME: ____________________ PER. _____ BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY FOR BIOLOGY: PART TWO PROTEINS (continued from previous page) • Proteins have four sequence levels • ____________________ – linear sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain (strand of amino acid “beads”) • ____________________ – alpha helix or beta pleated sheets • ____________________ – superimposed folding of secondary structures producing a ball-like or globular molecule • • ______________________ – polypeptide chains linked together in a specific manner The activity of a protein depends on its ___________________-dimensional structure. A protein is ___________________________________ when it unfolds and loses its three-dimensional shape (conformation) • Special Proteins: Enzymes • Most are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts by lowering activation energy • • Enzymes are chemically specific • Frequently named for the type of reaction they catalyze • Enzyme names usually end in -______________ Special Proteins: Structural Proteins • Keratin – ______________________ • Fibroin –______________________ • Collagen – _____________________ • Lignan – makes___________________ rigid NUCLEIC ACIDS • Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus • Nucleotides are composed of _______-containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group • • Five nitrogen bases – adenine (___), guanine (___), cytosine (___), thymine (___), and uracil (___) • Adenine and Guanine are Purines – 2-ring structure • Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil are Pyrimidines – 1-ring structure Nucleotides are linked by hydrogen bonds between their complementary bases • A always binds to _____ • G always binds to _____ NAME: ____________________ PER. _____ NUCLEIC ACIDS (continued from previous page) • Two major classes – DNA and RNA • DNA ____________________-stranded helical molecule found in the ____________________ of the eukaryotic cell (also found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts) Replicates itself before the cell divides, ensuring genetic continuity - it is the genetic material inherited form parents – it is the _________________________ • Provides instructions for protein synthesis RNA ____________________________-stranded molecule found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell • Sugar is ____________________ instead of Deoxyribose Uses the nitrogenous base Uracil instead of _____________________ Three varieties of RNA: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA CENTRAL DOGMA: DNA → RNA → Protein Synthesis → Proteins and Enzymes → Structure and Metabolism • Special case: Adenosine Triphosphate (______) • Adenine-containing RNA nucleoside with three phosphate groups • Source of _______________________________________________ energy for the cell