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John B. Watson B. F. Skinner Benjamin Bloom Behaviorism Definition: Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior Behaviorists learning theories emphasize changes in behavior that result from stimulus-response associations made by the learner Behavior is directed by stimuli Behaviorists believe that our behavior is determined by forces in the environment that shape our behavior John B. Watson Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select-doctor, lawyer, artist, merchantchief, and, yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors" –John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930 John B. Watson The principal originator of behavioristic psychology First claimed that human behavior consisted of specific stimuli that resulted in certain responses 1915 – Served as the President of the American Psychological Association (APA) 1925 – Published Behaviorism 1928 – Published Psychological Care of Infant and Child 1957 – Received the APA’s award for contributions to psychology The “Little Albert” Experiment Watson and assistant Rosalie Rayner conditioned a small child to fear a white rat Accomplished this by repeatedly pairing the white rat with a loud, frightening clanging noise able to demonstrate that this fear could be generalized to other white, furry objects The ethics of the experiment are often criticized today, especially because the child's fear was never deconditioned B. F. Skinner 1904-1990 1968 - National Medal of Science from President Lyndon B. Johnson 1971 - Gold Medal of the American Psychological Foundation 1972 - Human of the Year Award 1990 - Citation for Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology B. F. Skinner Operant conditioning: Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior “Shaping and maintaining behavior by making sure that reinforcing consequences follow” Believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Key Concepts in Operating Conditioning Reinforcer: any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows Positive Reinforcers: favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior Negative Reinforcers: removal of an unfavorable events or outcome after the display of a behavior Key Concepts in Operating Conditioning Punishment: presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows Positive Punishment: referred to as punishment by application involves the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows Negative Punishment: known as punishment by removal occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs REINFORCEMENT (Behavior Increases) POSITIVE (Something is added) NEGATIVE (Something is removed) PUNISHMENT (Behavior Decreases) Positive Reinforcement Something is added to increase desired behavior Ex: Smile and compliment student on good performance Positive Punishment Something is added to decrease undesired behavior Ex: Give student detention for failing to follow the class rules Negative Reinforcement Something is removed to increase desired behavior Ex: Give a free homework pass for turning in all assignments Negative Punishment Something is removed to decrease undesired behavior Ex: Make student miss their time in recess for not following the class rules Skinner Box This illustration illustrates operant conditioning. The mouse pushes the lever and receives a food reward. Therefore, he will push the lever repeatedly in order to get the treat. Benjamin Bloom 1913-1999 Joined the Department of Education at the University of Chicago in 1940 Attained a PhD in Education in 1942, during which time he specialized in examining Develop the Learning Taxonomy model through the 1960's Appointed Charles H Swift Distinguished Service Professor at Chicago in 1970 Benjamin Bloom Taxonomy Cognitive domain: intellectual capability Affective domain: feelings, emotions and behavior Psychomotor domain: manual and physical skills Cognitive Learning Cognitive learning is demonstrated by knowledge recall and the intellectual skills: comprehending information, organizing ideas, analyzing and synthesizing data, applying knowledge, choosing among alternatives in problem-solving, and evaluating ideas or actions. Six levels within the cognitive domain: Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation Affective Learning Affective learning is demonstrated by behaviors indicating attitudes of : o Awareness o Interest o Attention o Concern and responsibility o Ability to listen and respond in interactions with others o Ability to demonstrate those attitudinal characteristics or values which are appropriate to the test situation and the field of study Psychomotor learning Demonstrated by physical skills o Coordination o Manipulation o Grace o Strength o Speed Actions which demonstrate the fine motor skills such as use of precision instruments or tools, or actions which evidence gross motor skills such as the use of the body in dance or athletic performance Reference “Bloom's taxonomy - learning domains” http://www.businessballs.com/bloomstaxonomyoflearningdomains.htm#blo om's%20taxonomy%20overview. October 10, 2009 “B. F. Skinner Biography (1904-1990)” http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_skinner.htm. October 10, 2009 “John Watson Biography” http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/watson.htm. October 10, 2009 “Introduction to Operant Conditioning” http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/introopcond.htm. October 10, 2009 “What Is Behaviorism?” http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm. October 10, 2009 Reference “Behaviorism” http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Behaviorism#Behavioris m_Advocates. October 15, 2009 “Little Albert Experiment” http://www.betterlucktomorrow.com/character_sites/steve/Little%20Alber t.htm. October 10, 2009 “Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy of Behavioral Objectives” http://hs.riverdale.k12.or.us/~dthompso/exhibition/blooms.htm#cognitive. October 10, 2009 “B.F. Skinner and behaviorism” http://www.essortment.com/all/skinnerbf_rcde.htm. October 15, 2009 “Hall of Fame - Ivan Pavlov” http://www.psyonline.nl/hof/en-pavlov.htm. October 15, 2009