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9/7/2015 THE CELLULAR RESPIRATION SAGA: Glycolysis, Fermentation & Pyruvate Oxidation 1 HOW DO WE GET ATP? ATP is a product of cellular respiration O2 Breathing CO2 • Breath in O2 • O2 diffuses into bloodstream • O2 diffuses into cells through the plasma membrane Lungs O2 Transported in bloodstream CO2 Muscle cells carrying out Cellular Respiration 2 1 9/7/2015 CELLULAR RESPIRATION Oxygen molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane into the cell, then into the mitochondria CO2 O2 3 CELLULAR RESPIRATION MANY steps result in products necessary to live C6H12O6 6 O2 6 CO2 *Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide 6 H2O ATP Heat Water *Glucose is the preferred molecule for respiration, but we can use 4 other types also 2 9/7/2015 CELLULAR RESPIRATION Only about 34% of energy from glucose is transferred to ATP C6H12O6 6 O2 6 CO2 6 H2O Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide ATP Heat Water Potential energy Reactants Amount of energy released Energy Products 5 PLAYERS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Processes of oxidation and reduction (redox reactions) • OXIDATION is the loss of electrons from a substance • REDUCTION is the addition of electrons to a substance 6 3 9/7/2015 PLAYERS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION NAD+ is a coenzyme that accepts electrons and shuttles them around • Coenzyme • Organic molecule made from niacin (vitamin B3) Some molecule with yummy electrons • Take your vitamins! NAD+ 7 PLAYERS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION NADH can hold two electrons Becomes oxidized NAD+ + 2H Becomes reduced 2 H+ + 2 +2H NADH H+ (carries) 2 electrons) 8 4 9/7/2015 PLAYERS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Electron transport chains NAD+ NADH 2 Energy released and available for making ATP 2 1 − 2 O2 H2O 2 H+ 9 GLYCOLYSIS Operation: “Break Down Glucose!” Happens in the cytosol / cytoplasm • Happens in 9 steps • No OXYGEN REQUIRED • Phase 1: Energy Investment Phase (steps 1‐4) • Phase 2: Energy Payoff Phase (steps 5‐9) 10 5 9/7/2015 GLYCOLYSIS Reactants at each step are products for the next step. Each step has its own enzyme(s) Enzyme Enzyme A Reaction B Enzyme C Reaction D Reaction Glucose 2 Pyruvate Glucose GLYCOLYSIS Energy Investment Phase (Steps 1‐4) 11 Glucose ATP Step 1 ADP P Less stable 6 carbon sugar P Even less stable 6 carbon sugar P EVEN less stable 6 carbon sugar 2 Invest 2 ATP molecules to break glucose into smaller sugars ATP 3 ADP P 4 P P Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 12 (G3P) 6 9/7/2015 GLYCOLYSIS Energy Payoff Phase Step 5 is a redox reaction Two 3 Carbon Sugars P P Redox reaction NAD+ NAD+ 5 P NADH + H+ Inorganic Phosphate 5 P NADH + H+ P P P P Two 3 Carbon Sugars Becomes oxidized 13 +2H +2H NAD+ + 2H Becomes reduced 2 H+ + 2 H+ NADH (carries) 14 2 electrons) 7 9/7/2015 GLYCOLYSIS Energy Payoff Phase (steps 6‐9) P P ADP P P ADP 6 6 ATP ATP P 4 ‐ ATP molecules are produced by SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION P 7 7 P P 8 H2O 8 H2O P P ADP ADP 9 9 ATP ATP Pyruvate 15 SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION Transferring a phosphate group directly to an ADP Enzyme P Enzyme ADP ATP P Substrate (3 Carbon Sugar) P Product 16 8 9/7/2015 GLYCOLYSIS Energy Payoff Phase (steps 6‐9) P P P ADP P ADP 6 6 ATP ATP P P 7 7 P P 8 H2O 8 H2O P P ADP ADP 9 9 ATP ATP Pyruvate 17 GLYCOLYSIS Starting with glucose • 4 ATP’s made (synthesized) • ‐2 ATP’s invested = 2 net ATP’s synthesized • ATP ATP 2 Pyruvate molecules synthesized from 1 glucose • No Oxygen required! • 2 NAD+s reduced to NADH’s = 4 electrons banked NADH NADH 18 9 9/7/2015 GLYCOLYSIS An ancient process that occurs in almost any living organism Glycolysis can lead to aerobic or anaerobic respiration You are here! 19 LIFE AFTER GLYCOLYSIS Glucose 2 ADP +2 P • Anaerobic • Converting pyruvate to alcohol and CO2 2 ATP Glycolysis Option1: Alcohol Fermentation (EX: Yeast) 2 NAD+ 2 NADH • Recycles NADH to NAD+ (redox) 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH 2 CO2 2 NAD+ 2 Ethanol 20 10 9/7/2015 LIFE AFTER GLYCOLYSIS Option 2: Lactic Acid Fermentation (EX: Dairy) 2 ADP +2 P • Anaerobic 2 ATP Glycolysis Glucose • Converting pyruvate to lactic acid and CO2 2 NAD+ 2 NADH • Recycles NADH to NAD+ (redox) 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH 2 NAD+ 2 Lactate 21 LIFE AFTER GLYCOLYSIS Option 3: Continue with aerobic respiration You are here! 11 9/7/2015 AEROBIC RESPIRATION Next step: Pyruvate Oxidation in the mitochondria Mitochondrion 23 PYRUVATE OXIDATION Cleans up the two pyruvates for the citric acid cycle NAD+ NADH + H+ 2 CoA Pyruvate Acetyl coenzyme A 1 CO2 3 Coenzyme A 24 12 9/7/2015 COMPARE OPTIONS Fermentation vs. Pyruvate Oxidation Fermentation Pyruvate Oxidation • • • • • • • • Follows Glycolysis Anaerobic Recycle NADH Make lactic acid or Alcohol • Make CO2 Follow Glycolysis Aerobic No recycling needed Make acetyl CoA (coenzyme) • Make CO2 25 Electrons carried by NADH Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate CYTOSOL ATP Pyruvate Oxidation Citric Acid Cycle FADH2 Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron transport and chemiosmosis) MITOCHONDRION Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Oxidative phosphorylation 26 13