Download Ch 4 Study Guide A tour of the Cell 2016

Name: _______________________________________________
Chapter 4
Biology of the Cell
Honors Biology
1. All organisms are made of one or more cells. The ______________ is the
simplest collection of matter that can be alive
Microscope Types
2. In a____________________ visible light is passed through a specimen and then
through glass lenses. LMs can magnify effectively to about 1,000 times the size
of the actual specimen
3. Lenses _________________, so that the image is magnified
4. 3 Important Parameters of the Microscope:
1. ______________________: the ratio of an object’s image size to its real
size
2. ______________________: the measure of the clarity of the image, or the
minimum distance between two distinguishable points
3. ______________________: visible differences in parts of the sample
5. _____________________ are used to study subcellular structures
6. Two Types of Electron Microscopes:
1. ______________________: focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of
a specimen, providing images that look three-dimensional
2. ______________________: focus a beam of electrons through a
specimen . TEM is used mainly to study the internal structure of cells
7. A _______________ microscope contains one lens and uses natural light to view
objects. A light microscope Hooke used to look at thin slices of cork.
Cell Discovery
8. __________________ first to observe cells; built a microscope & looked at cork
cells from the bark of a tree. Called them cells.
9. _________________ observed first living cells from pond water
10. _________________ said all plants are made of cells
11. _________________ said all animals are made of cells
12. ________________ said all cells come from preexisting cells –called it Cell
Theory
13. List the 3 components of the cell theory.
1.
2.
3.
14. The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of
cells:
1. ___________________: Organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea
2. ___________________: Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
15. Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the parts they contain:
No _______________
DNA in an unbound region called the _______________
No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
16. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by the parts they contain:
DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous _____________
Membrane-bound organelles
______________ in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells
17. Some organelles found in Animal Cells and Plant Cells are different: List the
differences
Animal:
Plant:
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
18. Features all cells have in common: outer boundary, inner & a control
1. ___________________ the delicate skin of lipids with embedded protein
molecules
2. ___________________ the brain of the cell
3. ___________________ region within the plasma membrane that is fluid
based
19. _______________________ aka cell membrane. It covers a cell surface and acts
as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell. All materials enter and exit
through here.
20. The ______________ is a semi-fluid matrix that contains sugars, amino acids &
proteins w/ organelles suspended within it. The __________ is the part of the
cytoplasm that includes molecules and small particles like ribosomes, but do not
include membrane-bound organelles.
21. _______________ is the control center which is a membrane-bound organelle that
contains a cells DNA & is found in the center of the cell.
22. Bacterial cell walls are strong, made of ____________________, a carbohydrate
matrix and are classified by two types based on their cell wall.
1.
2.
23. ___________________ have a thinck, single layered cell wall that stains violet
24. ___________________ have a multi-layered cell layer that does not stain purple,
but pinkish red
25. The Bacterial cell wall function:
1.
2.
3.
Some bacterial cell walls are covered with a sticky substance called __________
which helps them stick to substances like teeth, skin and food.
26. ____________ are long threadlike structures that protrude from the surface of a
cell and are used for locomotion & feeding
Bacteria swim by rotating their flagella (rotary motor)
They are made of protein
Bacteria may have one flagellum or many flagella (depends on the species
Interior Organization of the Bacteria Cell
27. ____________________ (no support structures)
A few ____________ (but no other membrane bound organelles) make protein
__________________ (cell) membrane-controls what goes in and out of
bacterium
______________: area within cytoplasm where DNA is located
___________: whip-like tail (with Rotary motor)
_________: hair-like growths on the outside of the cell
Interior Organization of the Eukaryote Cell
Cell Organelles and Features
28. _________________________:
Allows only certain molecules to enter or leave the cell
It separates internal metabolic reactions from external conditions & allows the
cell to excrete waste & interact with its environment. Made of phospholipids with
embedded proteins
29. ____________ controls most of the functions in eukaryote cells
Filled with a jellylike liquid called ____________holds the contents in place
The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the _____________
Covering the surface of the nuclear envelope are tiny protein-lined holes called
____________. They provide passageways for RNA and other materials to enter
and leave the nucleus
The ___________ is the site where DNA concentrated by processing ribosomes
DNA in the form of thread-like materials is called ____________. Before the cell
divides, chromatin changes to ______________
30. ________________ Transfer energy from organic molecules to adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). Have their own DNA
High active cells (muscle cells) have hundreds of mitochondria
Low active cells (fat storage cells) have few mitochondria
31. Parts of the mitochondria: Double membrane:
1. ____________: separates the mitochondrion from the cytosol
2. ____________: has many folds called cristae
Cristae contain proteins that carry out energy-harvesting chemical reactions
The ________________ is inside the inner membrane
32. _______________ Where amino acids are assembled to make proteins. Has 2
subunits: a large and a small. .The subunits assemble when mRNA is present
(mRNA carries the DNA code). Ribosomes on the ER make protein to be
exported. Ribosomes in the cytoplasm make proteins to used within the cell
33. _____________________A system of membranous tubes and sacs called
cisternae (sis-TUHR-nee) Functions as an intracellular highway or path that
molecules move from one part of the cell to another
34. ________________interconnected flattened sacs covered with proteins; the ER
transports the newly made protein
Ex: Ribosomes on the rough ER make digestive enzymes that accumulate inside
the ER.
35. Distributes _____________: little sacs that pinch off from the ends & store them
until they are released from the cell
36. __________________: lacks ribosomes; contain very little smooth ER contain
enzymes involved in making carbs and lipids. The function are to synthesizes
lipids, Metabolizes carbohydrates, Detoxifies drugs and poisons, and Stores
calcium ions
37. The _________________ consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
Functions of the Golgi apparatus are to modifies products of the ER,
manufactures certain macromolecules, Sorts and packages materials into transport
vesicles
38.
39. _______________ are digestive vesicles that come from the Golgi apparatus
which contain enzymes that can digest carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
Break down worn out organelles and recycle molecules
40. 2 other types of vesicles
1. glyoxysome: specialized peroxisomes; found in seeds of some plant cells; contain
enzymes that convert fats to carbs.
2. peroxisomes: contain catalase enzymes, which convert hydrogen peroxide into
water and oxygen; Similar to lysosomes
41. ______________________ is made of protein fibers that assemble and disassemble,
support the shape of the cell, and anchor organelles to fixed locations
42. Functions based on 3 structural elements
1.
2.
3.
43. _____________: Hollow tubes made of a protein called tubulin which consist of 2
slightly different subunits
Function:
1. holds organelles in place
2. maintain a cells shape
3. acts as tracks that guide organelles and molecules as they move within the cell
44. _________________________ : long threads of protein actin that are linked end
to end & wrapped around each other like two strands of a rope
Function:
1. Contribute to cell movement (crawling, or swim)
45. ________________ are rods that anchor the nucleus and other organelles to their
places in the cell. They maintain the internal shape of the nucleus
46. Types of Cell Movements
1.
2.
a. flagella:
b. cilia:
47. ______________ are Barrel- shaped organelles in animals & protists. Usually
occur in pairs: usually at right angles to one another and situated in the cytoplasm
near the nuclear envelope The region around them is called the ____________
Some centrioles have DNA which makes structural protein
48. Plant cells have 3 additional structures that are important to plant functions
1.
2.
3.
49. ____________________ is a ridged layer that lies outside the cells plasma
membrane, contains a carbohydrate called cellulose. The pores in the cell wall
allow water, ions, and some molecules to enter and exit the cell.
50. ____________________Is a large, fluid filled organelle that stores water,
enzymes, metabolic waste, and other material
51. Other vacuoles store __________
52. _____________ are Surrounded by a double membrane & have their own DNA
(like mitochondria)
Several types of plastids
1.
2.
3.
53. _____________________ Carry out photosynthesis; manufacture own food
Contain photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that gives most plants their green
color
Double membrane, and Have their own DNA
54. Bodies of Chloroplast
Each chloroplast contains a system of flattened membranous sacs called
____________ contain the green pigment chlorophyll (absorbs light & captures
light energy for the cell)
The _________is an area inside of the chloroplast where reactions occur and
starches (sugars) are created; fluid matrix. One thylakoid stack is called a
_________. The ___________ and _______ membranes lie close to each other
55. _____________ Are plastids that contain colorful pigments that may or may not
take part in photosynthesis. Ex: carrot root cells contain chromoplasts filled with
orange pigment carotene, and Chromoplasts in flower petal cells contain red,
purple, yellow or white pigments
56. ________________ is a plastid that is starch (white) storage sites in root cells and
other plant cells A leucoplast that stores starch is sometimes called an
__________
57. List the 3 Differences between plant and animal cells
1.
2.
3.