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Transcript
Name: _______________________________________________ Chapter 4 Biology of the Cell Honors Biology 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells. The ______________ is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive Microscope Types 2. In a____________________ visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses. LMs can magnify effectively to about 1,000 times the size of the actual specimen 3. Lenses _________________, so that the image is magnified 4. 3 Important Parameters of the Microscope: 1. ______________________: the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size 2. ______________________: the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance between two distinguishable points 3. ______________________: visible differences in parts of the sample 5. _____________________ are used to study subcellular structures 6. Two Types of Electron Microscopes: 1. ______________________: focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look three-dimensional 2. ______________________: focus a beam of electrons through a specimen . TEM is used mainly to study the internal structure of cells 7. A _______________ microscope contains one lens and uses natural light to view objects. A light microscope Hooke used to look at thin slices of cork. Cell Discovery 8. __________________ first to observe cells; built a microscope & looked at cork cells from the bark of a tree. Called them cells. 9. _________________ observed first living cells from pond water 10. _________________ said all plants are made of cells 11. _________________ said all animals are made of cells 12. ________________ said all cells come from preexisting cells –called it Cell Theory 13. List the 3 components of the cell theory. 1. 2. 3. 14. The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of cells: 1. ___________________: Organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea 2. ___________________: Protists, fungi, animals, and plants 15. Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the parts they contain: No _______________ DNA in an unbound region called the _______________ No membrane-bound organelles Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane 16. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by the parts they contain: DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous _____________ Membrane-bound organelles ______________ in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells 17. Some organelles found in Animal Cells and Plant Cells are different: List the differences Animal: Plant: 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 18. Features all cells have in common: outer boundary, inner & a control 1. ___________________ the delicate skin of lipids with embedded protein molecules 2. ___________________ the brain of the cell 3. ___________________ region within the plasma membrane that is fluid based 19. _______________________ aka cell membrane. It covers a cell surface and acts as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell. All materials enter and exit through here. 20. The ______________ is a semi-fluid matrix that contains sugars, amino acids & proteins w/ organelles suspended within it. The __________ is the part of the cytoplasm that includes molecules and small particles like ribosomes, but do not include membrane-bound organelles. 21. _______________ is the control center which is a membrane-bound organelle that contains a cells DNA & is found in the center of the cell. 22. Bacterial cell walls are strong, made of ____________________, a carbohydrate matrix and are classified by two types based on their cell wall. 1. 2. 23. ___________________ have a thinck, single layered cell wall that stains violet 24. ___________________ have a multi-layered cell layer that does not stain purple, but pinkish red 25. The Bacterial cell wall function: 1. 2. 3. Some bacterial cell walls are covered with a sticky substance called __________ which helps them stick to substances like teeth, skin and food. 26. ____________ are long threadlike structures that protrude from the surface of a cell and are used for locomotion & feeding Bacteria swim by rotating their flagella (rotary motor) They are made of protein Bacteria may have one flagellum or many flagella (depends on the species Interior Organization of the Bacteria Cell 27. ____________________ (no support structures) A few ____________ (but no other membrane bound organelles) make protein __________________ (cell) membrane-controls what goes in and out of bacterium ______________: area within cytoplasm where DNA is located ___________: whip-like tail (with Rotary motor) _________: hair-like growths on the outside of the cell Interior Organization of the Eukaryote Cell Cell Organelles and Features 28. _________________________: Allows only certain molecules to enter or leave the cell It separates internal metabolic reactions from external conditions & allows the cell to excrete waste & interact with its environment. Made of phospholipids with embedded proteins 29. ____________ controls most of the functions in eukaryote cells Filled with a jellylike liquid called ____________holds the contents in place The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the _____________ Covering the surface of the nuclear envelope are tiny protein-lined holes called ____________. They provide passageways for RNA and other materials to enter and leave the nucleus The ___________ is the site where DNA concentrated by processing ribosomes DNA in the form of thread-like materials is called ____________. Before the cell divides, chromatin changes to ______________ 30. ________________ Transfer energy from organic molecules to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Have their own DNA High active cells (muscle cells) have hundreds of mitochondria Low active cells (fat storage cells) have few mitochondria 31. Parts of the mitochondria: Double membrane: 1. ____________: separates the mitochondrion from the cytosol 2. ____________: has many folds called cristae Cristae contain proteins that carry out energy-harvesting chemical reactions The ________________ is inside the inner membrane 32. _______________ Where amino acids are assembled to make proteins. Has 2 subunits: a large and a small. .The subunits assemble when mRNA is present (mRNA carries the DNA code). Ribosomes on the ER make protein to be exported. Ribosomes in the cytoplasm make proteins to used within the cell 33. _____________________A system of membranous tubes and sacs called cisternae (sis-TUHR-nee) Functions as an intracellular highway or path that molecules move from one part of the cell to another 34. ________________interconnected flattened sacs covered with proteins; the ER transports the newly made protein Ex: Ribosomes on the rough ER make digestive enzymes that accumulate inside the ER. 35. Distributes _____________: little sacs that pinch off from the ends & store them until they are released from the cell 36. __________________: lacks ribosomes; contain very little smooth ER contain enzymes involved in making carbs and lipids. The function are to synthesizes lipids, Metabolizes carbohydrates, Detoxifies drugs and poisons, and Stores calcium ions 37. The _________________ consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae Functions of the Golgi apparatus are to modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles 38. 39. _______________ are digestive vesicles that come from the Golgi apparatus which contain enzymes that can digest carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Break down worn out organelles and recycle molecules 40. 2 other types of vesicles 1. glyoxysome: specialized peroxisomes; found in seeds of some plant cells; contain enzymes that convert fats to carbs. 2. peroxisomes: contain catalase enzymes, which convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen; Similar to lysosomes 41. ______________________ is made of protein fibers that assemble and disassemble, support the shape of the cell, and anchor organelles to fixed locations 42. Functions based on 3 structural elements 1. 2. 3. 43. _____________: Hollow tubes made of a protein called tubulin which consist of 2 slightly different subunits Function: 1. holds organelles in place 2. maintain a cells shape 3. acts as tracks that guide organelles and molecules as they move within the cell 44. _________________________ : long threads of protein actin that are linked end to end & wrapped around each other like two strands of a rope Function: 1. Contribute to cell movement (crawling, or swim) 45. ________________ are rods that anchor the nucleus and other organelles to their places in the cell. They maintain the internal shape of the nucleus 46. Types of Cell Movements 1. 2. a. flagella: b. cilia: 47. ______________ are Barrel- shaped organelles in animals & protists. Usually occur in pairs: usually at right angles to one another and situated in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope The region around them is called the ____________ Some centrioles have DNA which makes structural protein 48. Plant cells have 3 additional structures that are important to plant functions 1. 2. 3. 49. ____________________ is a ridged layer that lies outside the cells plasma membrane, contains a carbohydrate called cellulose. The pores in the cell wall allow water, ions, and some molecules to enter and exit the cell. 50. ____________________Is a large, fluid filled organelle that stores water, enzymes, metabolic waste, and other material 51. Other vacuoles store __________ 52. _____________ are Surrounded by a double membrane & have their own DNA (like mitochondria) Several types of plastids 1. 2. 3. 53. _____________________ Carry out photosynthesis; manufacture own food Contain photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that gives most plants their green color Double membrane, and Have their own DNA 54. Bodies of Chloroplast Each chloroplast contains a system of flattened membranous sacs called ____________ contain the green pigment chlorophyll (absorbs light & captures light energy for the cell) The _________is an area inside of the chloroplast where reactions occur and starches (sugars) are created; fluid matrix. One thylakoid stack is called a _________. The ___________ and _______ membranes lie close to each other 55. _____________ Are plastids that contain colorful pigments that may or may not take part in photosynthesis. Ex: carrot root cells contain chromoplasts filled with orange pigment carotene, and Chromoplasts in flower petal cells contain red, purple, yellow or white pigments 56. ________________ is a plastid that is starch (white) storage sites in root cells and other plant cells A leucoplast that stores starch is sometimes called an __________ 57. List the 3 Differences between plant and animal cells 1. 2. 3.