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Transcript
Cell Organelles Background Information: - Cells are made up of organelles o Organelles: “little organs” Two main parts of eukaryotic cells: o 1. Nucleus o 2. Cytoplasm Essential cell structures and their functions Nucleus: - Controls most of ___cell___ ____processes______ and contains ____hereditary information____ of the cell Contains: o Nucleolus: Where assembly of proteins begins o Nuclear envelope: Double membrane with pores that surround nucleus o Chromatin: Consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins 1. Chromatin forms chromosomes when the cell divides A. Chromosomes contain genetic information Ribosomes: - Small particles of ___RNA____ that make ___proteins_____ They can be found: o A. Alone in cytoplasm – make proteins for use within the cell o B. Attached to the rough ER – makes proteins for export out of the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum: - Site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell - Two kinds: o Smooth ER o Rough ER - Rough ER o The portion of the ER involved in the synthesis of proteins o ___Ribosomes____ are found on the surface Smooth ER o Ribosomes are not found on the surface o Outer portion of the ER - o Contains enzymes that help synthesize lipids and help in detoxifying drugs Golgi Apparatus: - Stacked flattened sacks Site where cell products are ____modified_______, ______sorted_______, and ______packaged________ for storage or export Involved in the production of _____lysosomes________ Lysosomes: - Produced by the ___Golgi____ ____apparatus__________ Small organelles filled with _____enzymes_______ Functions: o A. Breakdown of organelles that have outlived their usefulness o B. They breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that the rest of the cells uses Vacuoles: - Acts as a container, storing water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates - Unicelluar animals can use vacuoles for _____movement______ Larger in _____ plant _____cells than _____animal______ cells Mitochondria: - Converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are easier for cells to use - ____Powerhouse_______ of cell - Structures that need a lot of energy will have ____more______ mitochondria o Example: muscle cells Structure of mitochondria: Cristae, outer and inner membranes Cytoskeleton: - Network of ____protein_____ filaments that help cells to maintain their shape and for movement Types: o A. microfilaments: produce a though, flexible framework that supports cells and helps cells move o B. microtubules: maintain cell shape and are involved in cell division 1. Form spindle fibers 2. Form centrioles – help organize cell division, only form in animal cells Centrioles: - Found only in _____ONLY in ANIMAL______ cells Cylindrical structures found near the ___nucleus________ Made of hollow, tubular structures arranged into bundles Important in __cell____ ____division________ Chloroplasts: - Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy Contain green pigment called ______chlorophyll_______ Found only in ___PLANTS______ Cell Membrane: - Found in ___ALL___ cells Provides protection and support for the cell - Controls what enters and leaves the cell - “Fluid mosaic model” – of cell membrane structure refers to the many different kinds of molecules in cell membranes – lipids (double layer membranes), protein molecules, and carbohydrate molecules Cell Wall: - Provides support and protection - Found in ___plant___ cells Made of cellulose – tough carbohydrate fiber Cellular differences between plant and animal cells ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL HAVE: HAVE: Cell ___wall______ ___LARGE______ vacuoles Chloroplasts DO NOT HAVE: Centrioles Cell __membrane___ Mitochondria __Golgi____ apparatus ___Nucleus____ Ribosomes Endoplasmic __reticulum__ Lysosomes ______Centrioles_____ DO NOT HAVE: Cell ___Wall___ LARGE vacuoles ____Chloroplasts____