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Fig. 50-1 Chapter 50 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 50-3 Types of Sensory Receptors Heat • Based on energy transduced, sensory receptors fall into five categories: Gentle touch Pain Cold Hair Epidermis – Mechanoreceptors – Chemoreceptors D Dermis i – Electromagnetic receptors – Thermoreceptors Hypodermis – Pain receptors Nerve Connective tissue Hair movement Strong pressure Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 50-4 Fig. 50-5a Eye 0.1 mm Infrared receptor (a) Rattlesnake 1 Fig. 50-5b Fig. 50-6 Ciliated receptor cells Cilia Statolith (b) Beluga whales Sensory axons Fig. 50-7 Fig. 50-8 Middle ear Outer ear Skull bone Inner ear Stapes Incus Semicircular canals Malleus Auditory nerve to brain Bone Cochlear duct Auditory nerve Vestibular canal Tympanic canal Cochlea Pinna Auditory canal Oval window Round Tympanic window membrane Eustachian tube Organ of Corti Tectorial Hair cells membrane Tympanic membrane 1 mm Hair cell bundle from a bullfrog; the longest cilia shown are about 8 µm (SEM). Fig. 50-10 Basilar membrane Axons of sensory neurons To auditory nerve Fig. 50-11 Semicircular canals Axons of sensory neurons 500 Hz (low pitch) Apex Flow of fluid 1 kHz Flexible end of basilar membrane Oval window Vestibular canal Apex Vestibular nerve 2 kHz Cupula Basilar membrane Hairs Stapes { Vibration Hair cells 4 kHz Basilar membrane Base Round window Tympanic canal 8 kHz Fluid (perilymph) Base (stiff) Axons Vestibule 16 kHz (high pitch) Utricle Body movement Saccule 2 Fig. 50-12 Fig. 50-15 Lateral line Brain Action potentials Lateral line system Olfactory bulb Odorants Nasal cavity Surrounding water Scale Lateral line canal Opening of lateral line canal E id Epidermis i Bone Cupula Epithelial E ith li l cell Odorant receptors Sensory hairs Chemoreceptor Hair cell Plasma membrane Supporting cell Segmental muscles Lateral nerve Cilia Odorants Axon Mucus Fish body wall Fig. 50-16 • Two major types of image-forming eyes have evolved in invertebrates: the compound eye and the single-lens eye • Compound eyes are found in insects and crustaceans and consist of up to several thousand light detectors called ommatidia Ocellus Light Photoreceptor Nerve to brain Visual pigment • Compound eyes are very effective at detecting movement Screening pigment Ocellus Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 50-17 Fig. 50-18 Sclera 2 mm Ciliary body (a) Fly eyes Retina Suspensory ligament Fovea (center of visual field) Cornea Axons Cornea Iris Crystalline Lens cone Pupil Rhabdom Aqueous humor Photoreceptor Lens Compound eyes (b) Ommatidia Choroid Ommatidium Vitreous humor Single-lens eyes Optic nerve Central artery and vein of the retina Optic disk (blind spot) 3 Fig. 50-24 Fig. 50-32 Human Right visual field Optic chiasm Biceps contracts Right eye Biceps relaxes Left eye Optic nerve Lateral geniculate nucleus Primary visual cortex Extensor muscle contracts Forearm extends Triceps contracts Tibia flexes Flexor muscle contracts Forearm flexes Triceps relaxes Left visual field Grasshopper Extensor muscle relaxes Tibia extends Flexor muscle relaxes Fig. 50-33 Types of Skeletal Systems Longitudinal muscle relaxed (extended) Circular muscle contracted Circular muscle relaxed Longitudinal muscle contracted • The three main types of skeletons are: – Hydrostatic skeletons (lack hard parts) Bristles Head end – Exoskeletons (external hard parts) – Endoskeletons (internal hard parts) Head end Head end Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 50-34 Fig. 50-35 Skull Examples of joints Head of humerus Scapula 1 Shoulder girdle Clavicle Scapula Sternum 1 Ball-and-socket joint Rib Humerus Vertebra 2 3 Radius Ulna Humerus Pelvic girdle Carpals Phalanges Ulna Metacarpals Femur 2 Hinge joint Patella Tibia Fibula Ulna Radius Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges 3 Pivot joint 4 Fig. 50-36 5