Download Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Fig. 50-1
Chapter 50
Sensory and Motor
Mechanisms
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 50-3
Types of Sensory Receptors
Heat
• Based on energy transduced, sensory
receptors fall into five categories:
Gentle
touch
Pain
Cold
Hair
Epidermis
– Mechanoreceptors
– Chemoreceptors
D
Dermis
i
– Electromagnetic receptors
– Thermoreceptors
Hypodermis
– Pain receptors
Nerve
Connective
tissue
Hair
movement
Strong
pressure
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 50-4
Fig. 50-5a
Eye
0.1 mm
Infrared
receptor
(a) Rattlesnake
1
Fig. 50-5b
Fig. 50-6
Ciliated
receptor cells
Cilia
Statolith
(b) Beluga whales
Sensory axons
Fig. 50-7
Fig. 50-8
Middle
ear
Outer ear
Skull
bone
Inner ear
Stapes
Incus
Semicircular
canals
Malleus
Auditory nerve
to brain
Bone
Cochlear
duct
Auditory
nerve
Vestibular
canal
Tympanic
canal
Cochlea
Pinna
Auditory
canal
Oval
window
Round
Tympanic
window
membrane
Eustachian
tube
Organ of Corti
Tectorial
Hair cells membrane
Tympanic
membrane
1 mm
Hair cell bundle from
a bullfrog; the longest
cilia shown are
about 8 µm (SEM).
Fig. 50-10
Basilar
membrane
Axons of
sensory neurons
To auditory
nerve
Fig. 50-11
Semicircular canals
Axons of
sensory neurons
500 Hz
(low pitch)
Apex
Flow of fluid
1 kHz
Flexible end of
basilar membrane
Oval
window
Vestibular
canal
Apex
Vestibular nerve
2 kHz
Cupula
Basilar membrane
Hairs
Stapes
{
Vibration
Hair
cells
4 kHz
Basilar membrane
Base
Round
window
Tympanic
canal
8 kHz
Fluid
(perilymph)
Base
(stiff)
Axons
Vestibule
16 kHz
(high pitch)
Utricle
Body movement
Saccule
2
Fig. 50-12
Fig. 50-15
Lateral line
Brain
Action potentials
Lateral line system
Olfactory
bulb
Odorants
Nasal cavity
Surrounding water
Scale Lateral line canal
Opening of
lateral line canal
E id
Epidermis
i
Bone
Cupula
Epithelial
E
ith li l
cell
Odorant
receptors
Sensory
hairs
Chemoreceptor
Hair cell
Plasma
membrane
Supporting
cell
Segmental muscles
Lateral nerve
Cilia
Odorants
Axon
Mucus
Fish body wall
Fig. 50-16
• Two major types of image-forming eyes have
evolved in invertebrates: the compound eye
and the single-lens eye
• Compound eyes are found in insects and
crustaceans and consist of up to several
thousand light detectors called ommatidia
Ocellus
Light
Photoreceptor
Nerve to
brain
Visual pigment
• Compound eyes are very effective at detecting
movement
Screening
pigment
Ocellus
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 50-17
Fig. 50-18
Sclera
2 mm
Ciliary body
(a) Fly eyes
Retina
Suspensory
ligament
Fovea (center
of visual field)
Cornea
Axons
Cornea
Iris
Crystalline Lens
cone
Pupil
Rhabdom
Aqueous
humor
Photoreceptor
Lens
Compound eyes
(b) Ommatidia
Choroid
Ommatidium
Vitreous humor
Single-lens eyes
Optic
nerve
Central artery and
vein of the retina
Optic disk
(blind spot)
3
Fig. 50-24
Fig. 50-32
Human
Right
visual
field
Optic
chiasm
Biceps
contracts
Right
eye
Biceps
relaxes
Left
eye
Optic nerve
Lateral
geniculate
nucleus
Primary
visual cortex
Extensor
muscle
contracts
Forearm
extends
Triceps
contracts
Tibia
flexes
Flexor
muscle
contracts
Forearm
flexes
Triceps
relaxes
Left
visual
field
Grasshopper
Extensor
muscle
relaxes
Tibia
extends
Flexor
muscle
relaxes
Fig. 50-33
Types of Skeletal Systems
Longitudinal
muscle relaxed
(extended)
Circular
muscle
contracted
Circular
muscle
relaxed
Longitudinal
muscle
contracted
• The three main types of skeletons are:
– Hydrostatic skeletons (lack hard parts)
Bristles
Head end
– Exoskeletons (external hard parts)
– Endoskeletons (internal hard parts)
Head end
Head end
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 50-34
Fig. 50-35
Skull
Examples
of joints
Head of
humerus
Scapula
1
Shoulder
girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
1 Ball-and-socket joint
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
2
3
Radius
Ulna
Humerus
Pelvic
girdle
Carpals
Phalanges
Ulna
Metacarpals
Femur
2 Hinge joint
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Ulna
Radius
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
3 Pivot joint
4
Fig. 50-36
5