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Biology Study Guide Mrs. Schwartz/Mrs. Gucciardo/Mr.LaScala 2nd Semester Final Exam 2012 Vocabulary Genetics (Chapters 10 & 11): Gamete Crossing over Fertilization Gene Heredity Phenotype Genotype Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive Carrier Karyotype 1 DNA (Chapter 12 & 13): DNA Nucleotide Purines Pyrimidines Double helix Complementary Replication RNA Transcription Translation Codon Mutation DNA fingerprinting 2 Evolution and Classification (Chapters 15 & 17): Evolution Adaptation Natural selection Fossil Homologous structure Gradualism Punctuated equilibrium Binomial nomenclature Taxonomy Species Prokaryote Eukaryote Bacteria and Viruses (Chapter 18): Pathogen Vaccine Antibiotic 3 Protists (Chapter 19): Protozoa Algae Amoeba Euglena Cilia Flagella Paramecium Budding Pseudopodia Heterotroph Autotroph Invertebrates (Chapter 25.3 & Chapter 26): Asymmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry Exoskeleton 4 Endoskeleton Hermaphrodite Molting Jet propulsion Anterior Posterior Dorsal Ventral Mantle Foot Cephalothorax Abdomen Metamorphosis Concepts Genetics (Chapters 10 & 11): Interpret monohybrid Punnett squares. Be familiar with blood type inheritance. Interpret a pedigree. Understand the consequences of sex-linked disorders. DNA (Chapter 12 & 13): What does DNA stand for? Where is DNA located? 5 Who discovered DNA? Describe the structure of DNA. Describe the base-pairing rules for DNA. Where does transcription take place? What is created in this step? Where does translation take place? What is created in this step? Use the genetic code table to translate amino acids. Evolution (Chapter 15): State Darwin’s theory of evolution. How are the Galapagos Islands and South America related? Explain how comparing the anatomy of different organisms gives evidence for evolution. Classification (Chapter 17): Describe Linnaeus’ system of binomial nomenclature. List the seven levels of biological classification from simple to complex. Name the six kingdoms and identify the following for each: --prokaryote/eukaryote --sexual/asexual reproduction --autotrophic/heterotrophic What is a domain? Bacteria and Viruses (Chapter 18): How/why have bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? Describe the shape of bacterial DNA. What are the two main groups of bacteria? Who is Fleming and why was his discovery significant? Why is a virus not considered a living organism? Be able to label the important parts of a virus. How are most viral diseases transmitted? Why should we continue to administer vaccines in the United States? Protists (Chapter 19): What are the general characteristics of protists? What environments do you find protists? Describe how euglena, paramecium and amoebas: --move --obtain energy Animals (Chapter 25.3 & Chapter 26): What are the general characteristics of all animals? What is the function of the following systems: digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, and excretory? What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? What are the general features of arthropods (insects, arachnids, and crustaceans) and mollusks? 6