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Biology Study Guide
Mrs. Schwartz/Mrs. Gucciardo
2nd Semester Final Exam 2009
Vocabulary
Genetics: gene, heredity, phenotype, genotype, homozygous,
heterozygous, dominant, recessive
DNA: DNA, DNA fingerprinting, nucleotide, purines, pyrimidines, double
helix, complementary, replication
Evolution and Classification: evolution, adaptation, natural selection,
fossil, homologous structure, gradualism, punctuated equilibrium,
binomial nomenclature, taxonomy, species, prokaryote, eukaryote
Bacteria and Viruses: virus, pathogen, vaccine, antibiotic
Protists: protozoa, algae, amoeba, euglena, cilia, flagella, paramecium,
budding, pseudopodia, heterotroph, autotroph
Invertebrates: cephalization, acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate,
asymmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, segmentation,
exoskeleton, endoskeleton, hermaphrodite, molting, jet propulsion,
anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral, mantle, foot, cephalothorax, abdomen,
sessile, setae, metamorphosis
Vertebrates: lateral line, operculum, gills, countercurrent flow, swim
bladder, cutaneous respiration, cloaca, tympanic membrane, ectothermic,
endothermic, monotreme, marsupial, placental, terrestrial, mammary
gland, gestation period
Concepts
Genetics (Ch 8) Interpret monohybrid Punnett squares. Be familiar with blood type
inheritance. Interpret a pedigree. Understand the consequences of sex-linked disorders.
DNA (Ch 9-11) What does DNA stand for? Where is DNA located? Who discovered
DNA? Describe the structure of DNA. Describe the base-pairing rules for DNA.
Describe the process of gel electrophoresis. What is electrophoresis used for?
Evolution: (Chap 13) State Darwin’s theory of evolution. Where did Darwin travel?
How are the Galapagos Islands and South America related? Explain how comparing the
anatomy of different organisms gives evidence for evolution.
Classification: (Chap 14, 19) Describe Linnaeus’ system of binomial nomenclature. List
the seven levels of biological classification from simple to complex. Name the six
kingdoms and identify the following for each: prokaryote/eukaryote, sexual/asexual
reproduction, autotrophic/heterotrophic. What is a domain?
Bacteria and Viruses: (Chap 20) Who is Fleming and why was his discovery
significant? Why is a virus not considered a living organism? Draw a picture of a virus
and label the important parts. How are most viral diseases transmitted? Why should we
continue to administer vaccines in the United States? How/why have bacteria become
resistant to antibiotics? Describe the shape of bacterial DNA. What are the two main
groups of bacteria?
Protists: (Chap 21) What are the general characteristics of protists? What environments
do you find protists? Describe how euglena, paramecium and amoebas move and obtain
energy.
Animals: (Chap 27-35) What are the general characteristics of all animals? What is the
function of the following systems: digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, and
excretory? What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? What is the
difference between an open and closed circulatory system? What are the general features
of porifera, cnidarians, worms (nematodes, platyhelminthes, and annelids), arthropods
(insects, arachnids, and crustaceans), mollusks and echinoderms? What are the key
characteristics of vertebrates? What are the general characteristics of reptiles, fish
(jawless, cartilage, bony), amphibians, birds, and mammals? What adaptations allow
organisms to live on land?