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Biology Study Guide Mrs. Schwartz/Mrs. Gucciardo 2nd Semester Final Exam 2014 Vocabulary Genetics: gene, heredity, phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive DNA: DNA, DNA fingerprinting, nucleotide, purines, pyrimidines, double helix, complementary, replication Evolution and Classification: evolution, adaptation, natural selection, fossil, homologous structure, gradualism, punctuated equilibrium, binomial nomenclature, taxonomy, species, prokaryote, eukaryote Bacteria and Viruses: virus, pathogen, vaccine, antibiotic Protists: protozoa, algae, amoeba, euglena, cilia, flagella, paramecium, budding, pseudopodia, heterotroph, autotroph Invertebrates: cephalization, acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate, asymmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, segmentation, exoskeleton, endoskeleton, hermaphrodite, molting, jet propulsion, anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral, mantle, foot, cephalothorax, abdomen, sessile, setae, metamorphosis Vertebrates: lateral line, operculum, gills, countercurrent flow, swim bladder, cutaneous respiration, cloaca, tympanic membrane, ectothermic, endothermic, monotreme, marsupial, placental, terrestrial, mammary gland, gestation period Concepts Genetics (Chap 11) Interpret monohybrid Punnett squares. Be familiar with blood type inheritance. Interpret a pedigree. Understand the consequences of sex-linked disorders. DNA (Chap 12-13) What does DNA stand for? Where is DNA located? Who discovered DNA? Describe the structure of DNA. Describe the base-pairing rules for DNA. Describe the process of gel electrophoresis. What is electrophoresis used for? Evolution: (Chap 14-15) State Darwin’s theory of evolution. Where did Darwin travel? How are the Galapagos Islands and South America related? Explain how comparing the anatomy of different organisms gives evidence for evolution. Classification: (Chap 17) Describe Linnaeus’ system of binomial nomenclature. List the seven levels of biological classification from simple to complex. Name the six kingdoms and identify the following for each: prokaryote/eukaryote, sexual/asexual reproduction, autotrophic/heterotrophic. What is a domain? Bacteria and Viruses: (Chap 18) Who is Fleming and why was his discovery significant? Why is a virus not considered a living organism? Draw a picture of a virus and label the important parts. How are most viral diseases transmitted? Why should we continue to administer vaccines in the United States? How/why have bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? Describe the shape of bacterial DNA. What are the two main groups of bacteria? Protists: (Chap 19) What are the general characteristics of protists? What environments do you find protists? Describe how euglena, paramecium and amoebas move and obtain energy. Animals: (Chap 24,25,26,27,28,29,30) What are the general characteristics of all animals? What is the function of the following systems: digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, and excretory? What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? What is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system? What are the general features of porifera, cnidarians, worms (nematodes, platyhelminthes, and annelids), arthropods (insects, arachnids, and crustaceans), mollusks and echinoderms? What are the key characteristics of vertebrates? What are the general characteristics of reptiles, fish (jawless, cartilage, bony), amphibians, birds, and mammals? What adaptations allow organisms to live on land?