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Transcript
The Cell Theory Some Random Cell Facts The average human being is composed of around 100 Trillion individual cells!!! It would take as many as 50 cells to cover the area of a dot on the letter “i” WOW!!! Discovery of Cells 1665- English Scientist, Robert Hooke, discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork. He described the cells as tiny boxes or a honeycomb He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi Anton van Leuwenhoek 1673- Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms He called them “animalcules” He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans Therefore, it was known that cells are found in animals as well as plants 150-200 Year Gap??? Between the Hooke/Leuwenhoek discoveries and the mid 19th century, very little cell advancements were made. This is probably due to the widely accepted, traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Examples: -Mice from dirty clothes/corn husks -Maggots from rotting meat 19th Century Advancement Much doubt existed around Spontaneous Generation Conclusively disproved by Louis Pasteur Pasteur: Ummm, I don’t think so!!! ? = + Development of Cell Theory 1838- German Botanist, Matthias Schleiden, concluded that all plant parts are made of cells 1839- German physiologist, Theodor Schwann, who was a close friend of Schleiden, stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells. Development of Cell Theory 1858- Rudolf Virchow, German physician, after extensive study of cellular pathology, concluded that cells must arise from preexisting cells. The Cell Theory Complete The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now complete: 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39) 2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39) 3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells. (Virchow)(1858) Modern Cell Theory Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements, in addition to the original Cell Theory: The cell contains hereditary information(DNA) which is passed on from cell to cell during cell division. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities. All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried out inside the cells.(movement, digestion,etc) Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular structures within the cell(organelles, nucleus, plasma membrane) How Has The Cell Theory Been Used? The basic discovered truths about cells, listed in the Cell Theory, are the basis for things such as: Disease/Health/Medical Research and Cures(AIDS, Cancer, Vaccines, Cloning, Stem Cell Research, etc.) Some Parting Thoughts It is amazing to think that the cells that make up our bodies are just as alive as we are. Humans are just an intricately designed community of cells, which must work together to survive. Cells, in my opinion, are one of the strongest cases for intelligent design by our Creator God! Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells: HAS A NUCLEUS!! All organelles are membranebound All other kingdoms than bacteria Unicellular or multicellular Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells: CELLS WITH NO NUCLEUS!! No membrane bound organelles BACTERIA!!! Great degree of diversity Unicellular Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells No Nucleus No Organelles Cell Wall of peptidoglycan Binary Fission 1 circular chromosome Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus Organelles If cell wall, Cellulose or chitin Mitosis Linear chromosomes What is a cell? What is a cell? A cell is the basic unit of living things. Some living things are composed of only one cell and are called UNICELLULAR organsims. Organisms that have many different cells are called MULTICELLULAR organisms. Kingdoms and their CellsAll living things have cells!! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Would viruses have cells? 6 kingdoms Of Living Things Archeabacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungus Plants Animals Cells that build the organism Cells that build the organism Every kingdom is made up of different types of cells. Lets look at some different cells. Archeabacteria – simplest organism(unicellular) Oldest Living Things on Earth! Found in extreme environments: volcano vents, hot springs, etc. Eubacteria – more complex than archae( unicellular) All other bacteria: like on your skin, in your SI, yogurt, cheese, etc Protists – more complex than bacteria(unicellular) Unicellular kingdom found in water or liquids only. Consumers and producers Ameoba euglena stentor Protists These are protists called diatoms that cause red tide. Uses the oxygen out of the water and kill all animals!!! Fungus Kingdom of multi-cellular organisms (except yeast). Mostly decomposers. Athlete’s Foot Mushroom Yeast Plants – producer for other kingdoms 4 organs of a plant Root, stem, leaf, and flower Why would the root not be green? Animals Kingdom of multicellular organisms that are consumer Bone cells Blood cells Animal cells Skin cell red and white blood cells Skeletal muscle Cancer cells- out of control cell growth!! Breast cancer bladder cancer bone cancer What is an organelle? An organelle is a membranebound structure that carries out specific activities for the cell. You will need to know the following organelles and their function: Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm ,Mitochondria, Golgi Complex, Ribosomes,Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Central Vacuole, Lysosome, Microtubles, Microfilaments, Nucleolus,Vesicles,Cytoskeleton,Centrioles Organelles - Control Center Nucleus Nucleolus Nucleus The control center of the cell. It contains the DNA code for the cell coiled into chromosomes. Cell process: cell division, protain making, energy , etc Nucleolus Organelle in the nucleus that is the site to make ribosomes. Cell process: protein making Organelles - Store, clean, support Vacoules, Vesicles, cytoskeleton, microtubules, microfilaments, centrioles, lysosomes, cytoplasm Cytoplasm (not an organelle All organelles reside (live and float around in) the cytoplasm. Cell process: Cell division Lysosome Breaks down materials for digestion. Contains special enzymes for digestion in the cell. Central Vacuole (Plant Cell Only) Most plant cells have one large one. Filled w/ fluid. Helps maintains turgor pressure and shape of cell. Cytoskeleton Network of proteins that change to meet the needs of the cell. Microtubules Intermediate fibers Microfilaments Microtubules Long hollow tubes that gives the cell shape and helps to track the movement of organelles. In cell division, microtubules pull apart DNA. Process: Cell division Microfilaments Small threads that enable the cell to divide and move. They play an important role in muscle contractions. Cell process: cell division Centrioles Produces the microtubules that pull apart chromosomes during cell division Cell Process: cell division Vesicles Protein Building Organelles: ribsosome, ER(smooth and rough) Golgi appartatus Ribosomes Synthesizes proteins. Present in the cytoplasm. Present with Rough ER. No membrane present. Cell process: protein making Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Transports materials throughout the cell. Digests lipids. Cell process: Produces proteins. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Covered with ribosomes. Cell process: Produces proteins. Transports materials throughout the cell. Golgi Complex The protein packaging and transport center of the cell. Has incoming and outgoing vesicles. Cell Membrane Every cell is enclosed by a cell membrane. It controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell. Energy Capture Organelles: Mitochondria, chloroplast Mitochondria This organelle processes energy for a cell. It makes ATP. (ATP = energy) Involved in cellular respiration. Cell process: cellular respiration Chloroplast (Plant Cell Only) Contains chlorophyll. Makes plants green. Uses light energy to make ATP & sugars. Photosynthesis takes place here. Cell process: photosynthesis Boundaries Organelle: Cell membrane Nuclear membrane Cell wall Cell membrane Outer membrane made of phosolipids and proteins that controls traffic of substances inside and outside of the cell. Nuclear membrane Controls movement of materials to and from the nucleus. Cell process: cell division and protein making Cell Wall (Plant Cell Only) Rigid and strong wall. Protects and maintains the shape of the cell.