Download a. nucleus

`Biology CP
Name________________________________
Unit 3 Cellular Biology
Part 3C Structure and Function
(NOTE: Included in this unit: History of the Microscope and Cells and Microscope Use)
Tour of the cell – watch the entire thing and after we will write down notes on all the parts http://youtu.be/1Z9pqST72is
levels of organization - http://youtu.be/rY60xiSMJu4
atoms moleculescell__________________-->_______________-->___________________-->
________________________________
The Cell Theory states: http://youtu.be/4OpBylwH9DU
Textbook p. 190
1. ______________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________
Even with the wide variety of cellular size, shape and function, the structure of all cells is remarkably
similar.
Despite their differences, all cells, at some point, contain *_____________ the molecule that carries
biological information. In addition all cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible barrier called a *________
_____________.
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS
http://youtu.be/XH06Hfaa6m4
Textbook p. 193
Cells fall into two broad categories depending on whether they contain a *____________________.
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The nucleus (plural-nuclei) can be described as ________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
Eukaryotes are cells that *__________________________________________________________.
Prokaryotes are cells that *_________________________________________________________.
Prokaryotic cells are generally *____________________________ and *______________________
than eukaryotic cells. Despite their simplicity, prokaryotes carry out every activity associated with
living things. The organisms we call __________________________ are prokaryotes.
Eukaryotic cells are generally *_____________________________ and *_____________________
______________________ than prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotes display great variety. Some, like the
protists, live solitary lives as *_________________________ organisms. Others form large
________________________________ organisms (ex. Plants, animals and fungi).
*Differences and Similarities Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Types
*to fill this table in, see pages 206-207. (+ present, -- absent)
Cell Characteristic
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
average size of cells
1-10 m
2-1,000m
time of evolution
3.5 billion years ago
1.5 billion years ago
Found in these Domains
Archaea and Bacteria
Eukarya
general shape of the cell
spherical, rod
shaped, spiral
wide variety of shapes
depending on function
outer cell membrane
cytoplasm-cellular fluid
ribosomes-structures which form proteins
nucleus
chromosomes (DNA or RNA)
membrane bound organelles
cells carry out life processes
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Let’s explore the size and scale of cells:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/
CELL ORGANIZATION:
Textbook Lesson 7.2 p.196-207
It’s easy to divide the Eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the * c_______________ and the
*_n_________________. The *_c___________________ is the portion of the cell outside the
nucleus. __p_____________________cells have cytoplasm, too, even though they do not have a
nucleus.
The Cytoplasm - http://youtu.be/pkiNP8WFuSg
The cytoplasm contains an aqueous (water-based) solution (also called the Cytosol).

The ______________ __________________ between the plasma membrane and the
nucleus>

Gelatin-like: composed of ___________________________________________________.

Consists of organelles – helps everything hang together.
The Cytoplasm looks just like “empty space” in diagrams, but it’s not!
The cytoplasm is a dynamic and active part of the cell. The cell’s metabolism (the sum of all
chemical reactions in the cell), transport of materials throughout the cell and the activities
associated with each organelle all occur in the cytoplasm.
We will consider each major structures of eukaryotic plant and animal cells (some of which are
found in prokaryotic cells) one by one.
Because these structures act like specialized organs, they are called *________________________,
literally “little organs”.
ANALOGY: In some respects the living cell can be compared to a modern factory. Organelles of the
cell can be compared to the specialized machines and assembly lines of the factory. Cells, like
factories follow instructions and produce products. This analogy works so well, we can use it to help
us understand how cells work. As you learn about the cell, think about the comparisons.
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A. NUCLEUS

Like the main office in a factory, the nucleus is the
_______________________________ of the cell.

______________than most other cell organelles

Most cells have _____ nucleus but some are multinucleated (prokaryotes do not have
one)

3 recognizable regions:
-nuclear _____________________________( a ____________ semi-permeable membrane
surrounding the nucleus.
- the ___________________________( dark spherical area on the nucleus where
ribosome subunits are assembled)
- ______________________________(DNA containing area; when a cell is preparing to
divide, the chromatin coils and condenses to form short chromosomes)
Structure of the Nucleus:
1. The nucleus contains: *_____________________________________________________
__________________________.
Note: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, but they do have *____________________ that
contains the same kinds of instructions.
2. The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane that is also called the nuclear envelope. The
nuclear envelope is semi permeable:
a) Covered with small nuclear pores (openings).
b) the nuclear pores keep DNA within the nucleus but allow smaller molecules
like RNA and proteins out.
3. *__________________, which carry the cell’s genetic information, are also found in the
nucleus. Most of the time, it is spread throughout the nucleus in the form of *______________
(a complex of DNA bound to proteins), but when a cell divides this condenses into
*___________________ which can be seen under a microscope.
3. The nucleus usually contains one or more nucleoli (nucleolus is singular) which are areas
composed of sections of condensed DNA and proteins (they look dark when viewed through
the microscope). The nucleolus is where *_________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
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B. VACUOLES, VESICLES, LYSOSOMES, AND THE CYTOSKELETON
These organelles represent the cellular factory’s __________, _________, and______________.
VACUOLES and VESICLES - http://youtu.be/3iUfINpUzJ4
Vacuoles and vesicles are places for the cell to store things!
Vacuoles and vesicles are both found in cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. They are sac-like
membrane-enclosed structures (compartments).
The function of vacuoles is to: *
Plant cells typically have one large central
vacuole filled with *____________.
The
pressure of the central vacuole in these cells
increases their *______________, making it
possible
for
plants
to
support
heavy
structures, such as *_______________ and
flowers.
Vacuoles are also found in some unicellular organisms and some animals.
paramecium
(a
freshwater
protist)
contains
a
specialized
vacuole
For example,
called
a
*__________________________ that contracts rhythmically to pumps excess water out of the cell.
Some organisms form “food vacuoles” through endocytosis or release waste particles by exocytosis.
Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain smaller membrane-enclosed structures called *______________
which store and move materials between cell organelles, as well as to and from the cell surface.
LYSOSOMES - http://youtu.be/GhiZml3fQIU and http://youtu.be/dh01ivlV_D0
http://youtu.be/y4uHSmfOat4 (skip peroxisomes) but watch cytoskeleton 2:00)
 Spherical organelles containing _______________________________enzymes.
 Digest ______________, ____________, and __________________.


Degrade worn out or nonfunctional _________________________________.
Breakdown non-useful tissues such as the __________ between the developing
_______________________ of a fetus.
Lysosomes are the ____________________________, they take care of “junk” removal!
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Lysosomes are small organelles (membrane-bound sacs) filled with *_____________________.
They are found in the cytoplasm of all animal cells, but are rare in plant cells. (Plant cells store
their digestive enzymes in the large, central water vacuole instead).
Lysosomes break down *
_____
Lysosomes are also involved in breaking down *
***Lysosomes form compartments that maintain the
-----lysosome
correct pH for the enzymes of hydrolysis, while at the
same time protecting the cell from the digestive
enzymes that might break down necessary cell parts.***
Lysosomes are formed by the Golgi apparatus.
.
CYTOSKELETON - http://youtu.be/5rqbmLiSkpk
The cytoskeleton provides movement and support. It is
like the _______________ or cement beams and
_________________ that hold up the factory walls and
roof.
Eukaryotic cells are given their shape and internal organization
by a network of *______________ filaments known as the
*____________________.
Certain parts of the cytoskeleton also help *_____________
materials between different parts of the cell, much like the
*____________________ that carry materials from one part
oof a factory to another.
Some cytoskeletal components may also be involved in moving the entire cell as in *__________
and *______________.
The cytoskeleton helps*
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The cytoskeleton is mostly made up of two different types of protein filaments:
http://youtu.be/lC6M8-lSuWo
1. Microfilaments are *
Form a tough flexible framework that supports the cell and help cells move.
2. Microtubules are *
In many cells, microtubules play critical roles in maintaining
cell shape. They are also important in cell division.
In animal cells, organelles called *________________ (which
help organize cell division) are also formed from tubulins.
Microtubules also help build projections from the cell surface:
http://youtu.be/blnuHH_Xhuk
*_______________- (shorter, more numerous)
*_______________- (longer, fewer)
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C. ORGANELLES THAT BUILD PROTEINS: RIBOSOMES,
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, AND the GOLGI APPARATUS
RIBOSOMES - http://youtu.be/6PUzxXctGqA
Each ribosome is like a ____________________ in a factory, turning out proteins on orders
that come from its DNA “___________”!
Ribosomes are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, though in prokaryotic cells the
ribosomes are smaller and simpler.
Ribosomes are: *
Ribosomes produce *
Ribosomes are made by the NUCLEOLUS.
Ribosomes can be found attached to the rough ER or or floating free in cytoplasm.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - http://youtu.be/41oouiC3Dqc (at 3:18 functions are listed)
The endoplasmic reticulum is like the _______________ ______________ on an assembly line!
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is where *
_____
The ER is found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: The portion of the ER involved in the
synthesis of proteins is called the *
. It is given
this name because of the *____________________ found on its surface.
Newly made proteins leave these ribosomes and are inserted into the
rough ER, where they may be chemically *________________.
Proteins made on the rough ER include those that will be released, or *__________________ , from
the cell as well as many *______________________ proteins and proteins destined for
*_____________________and other specialized locations within the cell. Cells which produce large
amounts of protein for export have large amounts of Rough ER.
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Other cellular proteins are made on “*
membranes.
“ ribosomes, which are not attached to
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Ribosomes *_________________ found on
the surface of the smooth ER. In many cells, the smooth ER contains collections
of *_________________ that perform specialized tasks, including the synthesis
of *_________________ and the *______________ of drugs.
*____________cells, which play a key role in detoxifying drugs, often contain
large amounts of smooth ER.
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GOLGI BODIES OR GOLGI APPARATUS - http://youtu.be/41oouiC3Dqc - (at 6:15 golgi
begins and functions are listed – this is the same video as last organelle but you can start at 6:15)
The Golgi apparatus directs customization and packaging/shipping!
In eukaryotic cells, proteins produced in the rough ER move next into an organelle called the Golgi
apparatus which appears like a stack of *________________________________.
As proteins leave the rough ER, molecular “*_________________________” get them to the right
destination as they are bundled into tiny *__________________ that bud from the ER and carry
them to the Golgi.
The Golgi apparatus *_
From the Golgi, proteins are “shipped” to their final destination
inside or outside the cell.
D. ORGANELLES THAT CAPTURE AND RELEASE ENERGY
CHLOROPLAST - http://youtu.be/gwe-SDZyDEo
Chloroplasts are the biological equivalent of ________ _______plants; site of Photosynthesis!
Chloroplasts are located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic autotrophs such as plants and some
other organisms.
***Each chloroplast contains its own unique DNA, proteins and ribosomes; can self-replicate.***
Function: Chloroplasts capture*
_____
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http://youtu.be/gXCEbuqC4SQ (only watch until 1:45)
Read pages 230-233 (Lesson 8.2 in the text) for information on chloroplasts and
photosynthesis.
Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called *_______________.
Plants’ principal pigment is *_______________ which appears green to our eyes because it does not
absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum.
The chloroplast contains saclike photosynthetic membranes called *_________________ which are
interconnected and arranged in stacks known as *______________ (singular: granum). Pigments
such as chlorophyll are located in the thylakoid membranes. The fluid portion of the chloroplast,
outside of the thylakoids, is known as the *____________.
Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to:*
Plants then use the sugars to produce complex carbohydrates such as *___________, and to provide
energy for the synthesis of other compounds, including *___________ and *_____________.
Write the overall equation for photosynthesis :
In symbols:*
In words:*
Although the equation for photosynthesis looks simple, there are many steps to get from the reactants
to the final products. In fact, photosynthesis actually involves two sets of reactions which work
together to capture the energy of sunlight and transform it into energy-rich compounds such as
carbohydrates.:
*___________________ reactions (Calvin cycle) require the direct involvement of light and
light-absorbing pigments. These reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes. Uses water
and produces oxygen.
*__________________ reactions use carbon dioxide but do not need light and complete the
process of photosynthesis by producing carbon-containing sugars and other carbohydrates. These
reactions take place outside the thylakoids in the stroma.
*Think about it:
Do you think all plant parts contain chlorophyll? Explain.
*___________________________________________________________________________
Some prokaryotic bacteria are photosynthetic. Do they contain chloroplasts?*________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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MITOCHONDRIA




(3:19 on the video http://youtu.be/pkiNP8WFuSg)
Textbook Lesson 7.2 p. 202
_______________ _______________ of the cell providing ATP.
Contain both DNA and RNA
Sausage shaped ________________________ organelle.
Consist of 2 membranes (an outer and an inner membrane called __________________
which fold back and forth upon itself.)
Mitochondria are like the _____________ ____________ of the cell!
Mitochondria are located in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells
(In humans, nearly all of our mitochondria come from the cytoplasm of the egg cell (mother)).
Function: Mitochondria convert *
Structure:
Each mitochondrion contains its own unique DNA, proteins and ribosomes; can self-replicate.
Has an outer membrane which encloses a fluid (“matrix”) and a highly folded inner membrane
(“cristae”).
**Mitochondria convert chemical energy stored in food into a
form that can be used easily by the cell. This form is called ATP.**
*Think about it:
Which do you think would contain more mitochondria- a heart
muscle cell or a skin cell?
Why?*
_____________________________________________
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Read pages 226-227 (Lesson 8.1in the text) for information on ATP.
What does ATP stand for?*
_____
ATP is a nucleotide which contains the following three parts: *
________________
ATP can easily release and store energy by *________________ and *_________________ the
bonds between its phosphate groups, making it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for
all cells.
Since cells can regenerate ATP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose, cells usually
only store a *____________ amount of ATP.
Read pages 250-251 for information on cellular respiration.
Food provides living things with the chemical building blocks they need to grow and reproduce.
Food molecules contain chemical energy that is released when their chemical bonds are
*____________. Rather than burning food and releasing all of its energy as *________,
cells instead break down food molecules gradually, capturing a little bit of chemical energy
at key steps. This enables cells to use the energy stored in the chemical bonds of foods
like glucose to produce compounds such as *______________ that directly power the
activities of the cell.
If cellular respiration took place in just one step, all of the energy from glucose would be
released at once, and most of it would be lost in the form of *____________ and
*____________.
If oxygen is available, organisms can obtain energy from food by a process called aerobic
cellular respiration which involves the mitochondria. [If oxygen is not available, cells must
undergo a less efficient anaerobic process called fermentation (occurs in the cytoplasm).]
Write the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration :
In symbols:*
In words:*
There are three main stages of cellular respiration:
1. Glycolysis – occurs in the *___________________ of the cell.
Produces a small amount of ATP.
2. Krebs cycle – takes place inside the *___________________ (in the matrix).
Produces a small amount of ATP.
3. Electron transport Chain – takes place inside the *_____________________ (on
the cristae membranes).
Produces a large amount of ATP.
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E. CELLULAR BOUNDARIES
The cell, like a factory needs _______________ and ________________to protect it from the
environment outside, and also to serve as a barrier that keeps its products safe and secure
until they are ready to be shipped.
CELL WALL – (NOT FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS)- http://youtu.be/GaIPFs52cUU
Don’t confuse a cell wall with the cell membrane. The cell wall is located outside the cell
membrane and is only present in certain organisms:
Main functions:* __________________________________________________
Found in some organisms: *
_____
Not found in other organisms: * _________________________________________
Location in the cell:* __________________________________________________
Structure:
1. Is inflexible without breaking. Not found in animals because we need to be more flexible
for movement.
2. Is composed of multiple layers of carbohydrates (cellulose) and other molecules.
3. Most are porous with openings that allow substances like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide to
pass through.
4. Bacteria, Fungi, Protists, Plants – each group has a slightly different makeup of cell wall
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CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)
http://youtu.be/CFktn1Vb2CI




surrounds the entire cell
made of __________________________
and __________________________
is selectively permeable (even though it
says semi-permeable)
substances move through either
________________ or ______________
( membrane plus cell wall)
http://youtu.be/y31DlJ6uGgE
Let’s review…
Fluid Mosaic Model-The cell membrane is
made of 2 layers. The membrane is actually
more like a fluid than a solid. Proteins “bob” like floats within the phospholipid bilayer.
The cell membrane is made of three different macromolecules: * ____________________,
__________________, and _____________.
Some of the proteins form* _______________
and* _____________ that help move material across the cell membrane. Other proteins attach
directly to the *___________________, enabling cells to respond to their environment by using their
membranes to help *_________________ and *___________________. Many of the carbohydrate
molecules act like *_____________________________________________, allowing individual cells
to recognize one another.
Functions of the plasma membrane:
1. Boundary between the cell and the ___________________________________________
2. Selectively permeable: ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Helps cell to maintain ____________________________ so the correct amounts of
solutes and solvents are available within the cell.
15
For a review of all the structures of cells, explore:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/ and http://youtu.be/g4L_QO4WKtM
*Write the names of each lettered structure using the diagram above.
A
B
C
D
E
AB
AC
AD
AE
BC
BD
BE
CE
Which cell – the one on the right or the left – is the Animal cell?_________ Plant cell?___________
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FORM LEADS TO FUNCTION – http://youtu.be/9Fkhjuiq4Lw
Cells of complex organisms display a wide diversity of structural formations. Each different
structure is directly related to the functioning of the cell.
Pick any two cell types from the previous diagram – compare and contrast their specialized structure,
and relate this to the cells’ function in the body.
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