* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Slide 1 - Ommbid.com
Survey
Document related concepts
Magnesium transporter wikipedia , lookup
Protein phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
G protein–coupled receptor wikipedia , lookup
Histone acetylation and deacetylation wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Transcription factor wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Protein moonlighting wikipedia , lookup
Bacterial microcompartment wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Intrinsically disordered proteins wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
The left half of the figure represents the state of several proteins and mRNAs under normal conditions, the right half shows the activation of the UPR in response to an overload of the ER with unfolded or malfolded proteins. Under normal conditions the three effector proteins of the UPR (PERK, IRE1 and ATF6) are inactive. Under such conditions the expression of ATF4 and XBP1 are low due to the regulatory elements in their corresponding mRNAs. Activation of the UPR leads to dimerization of PERK and IRE1, which leads to autophosphorylation and activation of the proteins. Active PERK phosphorylates eIF2, leading to a reduced rate of general protein synthesis and to increased translation of the mRNA of transcription factor ATF4. The endoribonuclease activity of IRE1 removes a small inhibitory RNA element from the mRNA of XBP1, leading to a splice variant of XBP1, which is also a Source: Vanishing White Matter, The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease transcription factor. The chaperone BiP is released from growing polypeptide chains, which are entering the ER, and from target proteins such as ATF6. Citation: BeaudetofAL, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Antonarakis Ballabio Gibson K, Mitchell G. The Online Metabolic andportion Molecular The release from BiP Valle allowsD,transport ATF6 to the Golgi apparatus. SubsequentSE, cleavage byA, the S1P and S2P proteases liberates an effector of Bases of Inherited Disease; 2014 Available at: http://mhmedical.com/ Accessed: August 03, 2017 ATF6, allowing it to translocate to the nucleus. The transcription factors ATF6, ATF4 and XBP1 increase transcription of mRNAs coding for proteins that © 2017the McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved are involved Copyright in counteracting toxic effects of denatured proteins and in re-establishing normal physiological conditions in the ER or promote cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.