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Name___________________________ Prelab Questions: What is the structure of DNA (Chapter 10 pg. 196-201) Use Chapter 10-2 to answer the following questions: This section talks about the structure of DNA 1. Is type of macromolecule is DNA ( carbohydrate, lipid, protein or nucleic acid)? . What are the monomers of this macromolecule called? 2. What are the three basic parts of this monomer. Draw the monomer 3. The DNA double helix is similar to a spiral stair case (helical). But why is it called a double helix? 4. What parts of the monomer are joined together with covalent bonds? 5. What is joined together with hydrogen bonds? What is the purpose of the hydrogen bonds? 6. There are four nitrogenous bases. Name the bases. 7. Bio A Define complementary base pair. 8. Draw a strand of DNA (in a ladder form) that has the following sequence on one side (yes that means you need to “come up with” the other side : ) . Create it so that the first six bases (on the left) have “opened” at the hydrogen bonds (so it should look like a Y that is sideways. TAC GCA TTC AAA TCA GGT CCG 9. What are the three major steps in replication identified in the book? Name the step, the enzyme involved and the key events. 10. Prokaryotes have one circular chromosomes, while eukaryotic cells have MANY long noncircular pieces of DNA. How is the efficiency of copying increased in eukaryotes (ie, how do we make the time to replicate all that DNA shorter?) 11. How might errors in DNA replication occur? What do we call these errors? Bio A DNA Modeling Activity Begin by checking your bag for the following components: Pieces What they represent 3 small blue straws Adenine base (A) 3 small red straws Thymine base (T) 3 small green straws Guanine Base (G) 3 small grey straws Cytosine Base (C) 12 Black three prong Deoxyribose sugar 12 Red two prong Phosphate group 6 White two prong Hydrogen bond 24 yellow short straws Phosphodiester (covalent) bond 1 long light green straw (6 inches) Support for helix 3-extra “longer” pieces (various colors) straws Support stand 1 black or grey four pronged base Support stand Objective: To build a 3D helical model of DNA by linking together nucleotides in the proper arrangement. READ EACH QUESTION COMPLETELY BEFORE ASSEMBLING YOUR MODELS. Procedure: 1. Begin by building 12 separate nucleotides. Use your book and the “parts list” above to determine how to make your nucleotide. You will need a bond (yellow straw) to join the phosphate group to the sugar. The based (small straws) attach directly to the sugar. Make sure each nucleotide has a Sugar, a Phosphate and a Base and that the pieces are linked together using the proper bond. Show me your 12 nucleotides BEFORE linking them and I will sign here ______________ 2. When you have completed the building the 12 nucleotides, use 6 of them to build a SINGLE chain with the following nucleotide sequence: A-G-A-C-T- C 3. Once you have that chain built, imagine the second side is being assembled nucleotide-by-nucleotide. Add the correct nucleotide (in sequence) to form the complementary pair (you will need a”hydrogen bond” between each of the complementary pairs. Add 2 nucleotides, then join the nucleotides together with a covalent bond (yellow straw). Make sure you are pairing up complementary bases! Also make sure that the correct bond is between bases 4. Once your DNA ladder is complete, twist all the center hydrogen bonds so the center holes face down. Thread the LONG light green straw through all those center holes. 5. Show me your completed model and I will sign here _______________________. Bio A DNA REPLICATION ACTIVITY Once you have been “signed off” to create, you replicate on of the DNA models that your lab group created. 1. Use the diagram at the bottom of the page to record your DNA sequence (both strands), by writing down the first letter of each base, with its complementary base (choose only one of the models you created at your table) 2. How many nucleotide pairs do you have in your DNA model? _____________ 3. How many chains of nucleotides are present? ________________ 4. Disconnect the nucleotides on the 2nd DNA model, so that you have 12 bases to use for replication. Open one end of your remaining DNA model (one or two base at a time to each side on the original model by removing two hydrogen bonds (pretend you are helicase) Then add complementary nucleotides to each side (bond nucleotides on each side together using a covalent bond). Make sure the model remains together at the P-S backbone and that the remaining four hydrogen bonds stay intact ________________ Check off point for replication fork. Be able to explain to Mrs. Landa how replication would continue and what the end products would be. 5. Continue (one hydrogen bond at a time) until you have two copies that look exactly like the original. When you have two DNA strands, identify (to each other) the phosphate-sugar backbone , covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds. Label these on the diagram below. 6. Demonstrate the actions of helicase and DNA polymerase to your lab partner. Describe each function below: a. Helicase function: b. DNA polymerase function: 7. You have just completed semi-conservative replication. What does this term mean? Bio A ASSESSMENT Written Activity: Write a paragraph describing replication using the following terms. Put this in a logical sequence. You must use complete sentences. UNDERLINE EACH TERM and put the number of the word underneath the underline 1. Double helix 2. Nucleotide 3. complementary base 4. template 5. Helicase 6. DNA Polymerase Bio A 7. Semiconservative replication 8. Sequence 9. Phosphate 10. Deoxyribose Sugar 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Base Thymine Cytosine Guanine Adenine.