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CELL STUDY GUIDE
2010
1. What do all living things have in common?
Characteristics of living Things(organisms):
1. Living things (organisms) are made of cells.
-all living things are made of cells
-living cells come ONLY from other LIVING CELLS
-basic unit of structure and function of living things
2. Living things (organisms) can move.
3. Living things (organisms) perform metabolism:
a. ingestion – eating or making own food
b. digestion – breaking down food
c. respiration – oxygen + food = energy for cells
d. excretion – getting rid of waste
4. Living things (organisms) grow and develop
5. Living things (organisms) respond to their environment
stimulus
response
touch hot oven
feel pain and remove hand
6. Living things (organisms) reproduce
a. sexual reproduction – two parents; one male and one female
b. asexual reproduction – no male or female; how cells make more
of themselves
example: you get a cut and new skin cells are made to heal
it
7. Homeostasis – Living things (organisms) must keep proper conditions
inside themselves.
2. What are some of the parts (organelles) of a cell?
Organelles:
Organelles -structures that make up a cell ex. Nucleus, cell wall
Cell Wall
-structure that gives support and protection
-plant cells ONLY
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Cell membrane
a. allows materials to pass in and out of cell
b. allows cell to change shape under pressure
c. keeps materials within cell separate from materials
outside cell
Nuclear membrane -has pores that allow materials to pass in and out of the
NUCLEUS; separates nucleus from rest of cell
Chromosomes
-pass on traits of cell to a new cell – DNA, genes
-instructions are coded and stored
-23 pairs (total 46) in human body cells
Mitochondrion
-“powerhouse” of a cell
-Turns food and oxygen into energy (ATP)
-ACTIVE cells have MORE mitochondria
Vacuole
-storage tank for water in cell
-much LARGER in plant cells than animal cells
Chloroplast
-uses the energy of the sun to make FOOD for PLANT
cell
Chlorophyll
-green pigment found in chloroplast
Lysosomes
-small round structures that make enzymes to break
things down, much like in DIGESTION
Ribosomes
-PROTEIN making site of cell
-float in cytoplasm or attach to ER
Nucleolus
-located in center of nucleus
-site of ribosome production
Cytoplasm
-liquid (gel-like) substance that fills the cell and holds
organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum
-passageways (canals) through which substances
are transported; delivers protein throughout cell
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Nucleus
-BRAIN or control panel of cell, contains the
chromosomes (DNA) of the cell
Golgi Bodies
-Packages and transports proteins
2 parts NOT in an ANIMAL cell
1. Cell WALL
2. Chloroplast (or we would be green)
3. How does a cell get the energy it needs to live?
Cell Respiration – process that converts food and oxygen into energy in the
mitochondria of the cell
Glucose + oxygen
carbon dioxide and water plus energy (ATP)
*ATP is a molecule of energy
Photosynthesis – process when a plant cell produces food using the sun’s
energy from the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of a plant cell
carbon dioxide and water
→
glucose and oxygen
(sunlight and chlorophyll)
4. How do substances get into and out of cells?
Passive and Active Transport:
Semi permeable – Some things can pass through cell membrane; others can’t
Diffusion
-When molecules of a substance move from areas of higher
concentration to areas of lower concentration (PASSIVE
TRANSPORT)
ex. Food color diffuses while sitting in water.
ex. Baking cookies smell travels throughout house
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ex. Perfume smell travels when sprayed.
Osmosis
-movement of water molecules from an area of greater
Concentration to an area of less concentration
(PASSIVE TRANSPORT)
Active Transport -process in which a cell uses energy to transport a
Substance in or out of a cell (ACTIVE)
The goal of diffusion and osmosis is for there to be an equal amount of
substances on both sides of the membrane= equilibrium
5. How do cells reproduce?
Cell reproduction is asexual, meaning two new cells are created from one
parent cell.
Interphase – normal growth and living phase of the cell.
Mitosis – an asexual method of reproducing the cell’s nucleus that results in
two identical daughter cells. Chromosomes are doubled and the two sets
are divided and sent to opposite ends of the cell. The cell then forms two
new nuclei.
Cytokinesis – When the cell divides its cytoplasm and organelles in half,
ending with the cell membrane pinching off in the center resulting in 2 new
daughter cells