Download Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function I. 7.1 Life is Cellular A. Early

Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function
I. 7.1 Life is Cellular
A. Early Scientist
 Early 1600’s (Holland): 1st microscope was constructed
• __________________________ (1600’s) used single lens as a microscope to study and very carefully
draw tiny living organisms
• (1665) English physicist ______________ used light microscope to study thin slices of plants-saw cork
had many tiny chambers he called “cells” like monastery cells
• ______________= the basic units for all forms of life
• (1838) Matthias Schleiden -concluded all _____________ are made of cells
• (1839) Theodor Schwann - ___________________ made of cells
• (1855) Rudolf Virchow -studied cell reproduction; 5yrs research concluded with: “Where a cell exists,
there must have been a _______________________ ______________…”
B. The Cell Theory
• All living things are ___________________ of cells
• Cells are the ______________ units of ________________ and ______________ in living things
• New cells are created from ______________________ __________________
C. Basic Cell Structures
• Cells usually _______________ micrometers
• Smallest: _________________ micrometers
• Largest: (amoeba Chaos chaos) __________________ micrometers
• All cells have a ____________________ and _______________________
• Cell membrane: thin flexible ____________________ around a cell
• Cytoplasm: material inside the cell membrane
• Many cells also have cell wall (strong layer around cell membrane
• Cell membranes & cell walls ___________________ & _________________cells while allowing them to
interact with their environment
• Some cells also have a _________________ (a large structure that stores the cells genetic information
& ______________________ the cells activities)
D. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Cells are divided into 2 categories:
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
*divided into these 2 categories to separate cells that contain a nucleus and organelles
(eukaryotes) and those that do not (prokaryotes)
E. Prokaryotes
• Usually _____________ & ___________________ than eukaryotes
• Contain _______________________ & _____________________
• ___________________ have nuclei
• All _________________________ are prokaryotes
- examples: Escherichia coli (intestines), Staphylococcus aureus (skin infections)
• Carry out all activities that _________________ life (grow, reproduce, respond to their environment,
& some even move)
F. Eukaryotes
• CONTAIN ___________________, cell membrane, cytoplasm, & dozens of other specialized structures
that perform special functions (_______________________)
• Some are single celled organisms, but most make up _______________________ organisms
• All plants, animals, fungi, and many microorganisms are eukaryotes
II. 7.2 Cell Structures
A. Cytoplasm- refers to the region ________________ the nucleus but inside the _______________________
B. Cell Membrane
• Also called the _________________ _______________________
• Bi-layer phospholipids that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
C. Cell Wall
• main function=provide ________________ & ____________________ for the cell
• located outside ___________________ ______________________
• found in plants, algae & nearly all eukaryotes (not animal cells)
• In plants the cell wall is composed of ______________________________
• In fungi the cell wall contains ___________________________
• In bacteria the cell wall is composed of _______________________________________
D. Nucleus
• controls most of the cell processes & contains hereditary information of ________________
• chromatin-granular material in the ___________________ that consists of DNA bound to protein
• chromosomes-condensed _________________ that consists of ______________________ information
that is to be passed on during cell division
• Nucleolus-small , dense region where assembly of ___________________ begins
• Nuclear envelope- ___________________________ layer that surrounds the nucleus. It contains many
nuclear pores that allow material to move in/out of the nucleus
E. Cytoskeleton
• network of __________________ ____________________ that help the cell to maintain its shape,
also involved in cell movement
• _______________________-hollow tubes of protein, can serve as “tracks” along which organelles
move
• _______________________-long, thin fibers that function in the movement & support of cells
F. Organelles in the cytoplasm
• Ribosomes -small particles made of ______________ & ________________
-produce ________________ following coded instructions from the nucleus
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- organelle in which components of the cell membrane are assembled &
some proteins are modified (rough E.R.-have __________________ attached to the surface)
• Golgi Apparatus ( Body) -enzymes in the Golgi Apparatus ________________carbohydrates & lipids to
proteins
• ____________________-small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates, &
proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell (also break down organelles)
• Vacuoles- __________________ structures that store materials like water, salts, proteins &
carbohydrates
• ___________________-found in plants
-use energy from sunlight to make ___________________ rich molecules in a process known
as photosynthesis
-have a double membrane
• Mitochondria- ____________ energy from food to make high energy compounds that the cell can use
to power growth, development, & movement
-have a ___________________ membrane
-found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
G. Organelle DNA
• __________________ and _____________________ contain some of their own genetic information in
the form of DNA
• These small _______________ molecules contain information that is essential for them to function
H. Centrioles
 Appear during _____________ ____________________ to guide chromosomes apart.
 Made up of __________________________. Only seen in ___________________ cells.
I. Flagella and Cilia
 Made of proteins called _____________________________
 _______________ help in cell movement. Very few and long in length.
 __________________ move the cell itself and substances past the cell . Very many and short
in length