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LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Resources for climate change planners Appendix B Adaptation activities underway in communities across Canada Appendix C The Kyoto Protocol and COP-15 backgrounder Appendix D NRCan/CIP projects and intiatives on climate change APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES Resources for climate change planners Sources of scientific data 1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A body of the United Nations, the IPCC provides decision-makers with an objective source of the latest scientific, technical and socio-economic information about climate change, and is generally considered the authority on the subject. The IPCC does not do research of its own, but bases its reports on the peer-reviewed work of hundreds of climate scientists around the world. The IPCC and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in December 2007. Several scientists from Canadian universities and government departments contributed to the IPCC’s award-winning work. The IPCC has recently completed its Fourth Assessment Report entitled “Climate Change 2007”, commonly referred to as AR4. The report, including a Summary for Policy Makers, is available at http://www.ipcc.ch/press/index.htm. Some of the key findings include: Given current mitigation policies and sustainable development practices, GHG (green house gas) emissions are expected to continue to grow over the next few decades; Continued GHG emissions, at current rates or higher, would induce changes during the 21st century that are very likely to be larger than those experienced during the 20th century; Global warming and sea level rise are projected to increase, even if GHG emissions were to be stabilized; Global average temperature is projected to rise anywhere from 1.1 to 6.4 degrees Celcius over the next century; and Sea level is projected to rise from 0.18 metres to 0.59 metres over the next century. 2. NRCAN Change Impacts and Adaptation Directorate NRCan coordinated a nation-wide scientific assessment of climate change impacts and adaptation. This report, entitled “From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate 2007”, is complementary to the IPCC’s AR4 Report, and discusses current and future risks, and opportunities that climate change presents to Canada. The report’s national co-ordinator emphasized three important points: Warming of the climate is unequivocal; Adaptation is necessary, not an option; and Even those regions characterized by high incomes will be impacted. APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES The report highlights key issues facing each region of the country, and is intended to inform adaptation decision-making and policy development. It also provides examples of recent and ongoing adaptation initiatives. It can be found at: http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca:80/assess/2007/index_e.php. 3. Health Canada Health Canada will soon be releasing a health vulnerability assessment, a parallel study to NRCan’s national climate change assessment. 4. Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change Sir Nicholas Stern wrote “The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change for the British Prime Minister and Chancellor” in 2006. The report assesses the impacts and risks arising from uncontrolled climate change, and the costs and opportunities associated with tackling it. Indicating that there is still time to avoid the worst impacts of climate change if we take strong action now, Stern estimates the costs of stabilizing the climate as roughly equal to 1% of world GDP, but warns that if we do not act now, climate change will cost the world the equivalent of 5%-20% of GDP every year, in perpetuity. The report can be found at: http://www.hmtreasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/sternr eview_index.cfm 5. UK Climate Impacts Programme UK Climate Impacts Programme, commonly known as UKCIP, is a valuable and current source of information about climate projections and impacts, and strategies for local governments to respond to them. UKCIP is funded by the UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra) and is based at the University of Oxford. A rich array of information and resources are available at http://www.ukcip.org.uk, including: An “Adaptation Wizard” that guides users through the process from simple understanding of climate change to integration of climate change into decision-making; maps showing projected climate changes in the UK; and a database of adaptation case studies, and presentations made by local governments, at a January 2008 workshop on local climate impacts, profiles and adaptation strategies. APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES 6. ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives) – Local Governments for Sustainability ICLEI is an international organization of more than 470 member cities, towns, and countries that have made a commitment to sustainable development. ICLEI – Canada has partnered with NRCan to pilot test an adaptation planning guide, entitled "Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional and State Governments" that was produced in conjunction with University of Washington and King County, Washington. They will be working with Canadian municipalities to develop a supplement to the guide that addresses Canadian-specific issues. For more information go to http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=7289&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7286&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=2415 &cHash=27f5f79fb3. 7. The Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) Program. The Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) has partnered with ICLEI to develop “The Partners for Climate Protection” (PCP) program. The program is a network of 155 Canadian municipal governments that have committed to reducing greenhouse gases and acting on climate change, with an emphasis on mitigation responses that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. PCP is the Canadian component of ICLEI’s Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) network, comprising more then 800 communities world-wide. For more information go to http://www.sustainablecommunities.fcm.ca/Partners-for-Climate-Protection/. Organizations supporting local governments 1. FCM’s Partners for Climate Protection Program at http://www.sustainablecommunities.fcm.ca/Partners-for-Climate-Protection/ 2. This US Mayors’ climate change site provides a comprehensive understanding of what levers communities they have at their disposal to achieve the commitments associated with the US Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement. View this tool at http://usmayors.visiblestrategies.com/ 3. C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (associated with the Clinton Climate Initiative), http://www.c40cities.org/ 4. In Europe, the Climate Alliance, http://www.klimabuendnis.org/, is a network of local authorities active since 1990 with more than 1,500 members. Further, some large cities have developed their own approaches. Climate Information & Climate Change Scenarios The Canadian Climate Change Scenarios Network (CCCSN) is a good starting point for climate data and climate change scenario information. It has links to historical climate data from Environment Canada. It provides background information on climate scenarios and their construction including a page for those just starting out (see the bottom of the main page). Under contacts you will find names, phone numbers and emails for contacts across the country who can help answer your questions. The network also provides training from time to time. http://www.cccsn.ca/index-e.html APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES I. The Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC), located in Victoria BC, provides climate information and climate change scenarios. The site contains a regional analysis tool that helps users develop climate scenarios for BC. http://pacificclimate.org Ouranos is a consortium located in Quebec whose mission is to acquire and develop knowledge on climate change, its impact and related socioeconomic and environmental vulnerabilities, in order to inform decision makers about probable climate trends and advise them on identifying, assessing, promoting and implementing local and regional adaptation strategies. It’s Climate Sciences program provides information and scientific support required for impact and adaptation projects. http://www.ouranos.ca/en/scientific-program/climate-sciences/ Addressing Misleading Arguments about Climate Change Ten Popular Myths perpetuated in Canada about the science of Global Climate Change http://www.earthembassy.ca/national/programs/atmosphere-energy/climate-change/ten-myths.html The Royal Society – A Guide to Facts and Fictions about Climate Change. Examines twelve misleading arguments put forward by the opponents of urgent action on climate change http://royalsociety.org/Facts-and-fictions-about-climate-change/ DeSmogBlog – Clearing the PR Pollution that Clouds Climate Science A Canadian source for accurate, fact-based information regarding Global Warming misinformation campaigns. http://www.desmogblog.com II. Municipal Resources for Adapting to Climate Change 1. ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability An international organization of over 470 member cities, towns and counties, that have made a commitment to sustainable development. ICLEI-Canada partnered with NRCan to pilot test one of the first adaptation planning guides entitled Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional and State Governments that was produced in conjunction with the University of Washington and King County, Washington. They are working with Canadian municipalities to develop a supplement to the guide that addresses Canadian-specific issues. For more information, go to: www.iclei.org/canada. 2. The Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) FCM has partnered with ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability to develop The Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) program. The PCP is a network of over 150 Canadian municipal governments that have committed to reducing greenhouse gases and acting on climate change with an emphasis on mitigation responses to climate change that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. PCP is the Canadian component of ICLEI’s Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) network comprising more then 800 communities worldwide. For more information, go to: http://www.sustainablecommunities.fcm.ca/Partners-for-Climate-Protection/ Note: Much of the following was adapted from the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. 2009. Municipal Resources for Adapting to Climate Change. (available at http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building__PCP/PCP_Resources/Mun-Re-_Adapting-Climate-Change-e.pdf). This is an excellent resource developed to provide information to Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) members and other municipal officials about municipal adaptation initiatives and to provide resources for municipal officials who wish to undertake adaptation planning. APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES B. Organizations Working With Canadian Communities On Adaptation Planning Listed in the table below are a number of organizations that have strong links to municipalities, are looking to serve municipalities or are working on climate change risk assessment or adaptation planning. Alliance for Resilient Cities Canadian Institute of Planners www.cleanairpartnership.org www.cip-icu.ca Clean Air Partnership www.cleanairpartnership.org Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Division, Natural Resources Canada www.adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca Columbia Basin Trust (B.C.) Ecology North www.cbt.org www.ecologynorth.ca EarthCare Sudbury www.city.greatersudbury.on.ca/earthcare Environment Canada www.ec.gc.ca Grand River Conservation Authority www.grandriver.ca Health Canada www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/climat/indexeng.php Indian and Northern Affairs Canada ICLEI Canada www.ainc-inac.gc.ca www.iclei.org/canada Northern Climate Exchange Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction www.iclr.org www.taiga.net/nce Ouranos (Québec) www.ouranos.ca Ontario Centre for Climate Impacts and Adaptation Resources www.climateontario.ca PEI Coastal Impact Group Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium www.pacificclimate.org Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative www.parc.ca Pembina Institute www.pembina.org Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee (Engineers Canada) www.engineerscanada.ca Toronto and Region Conservation Authority www.trca.on.ca APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES Walpole Island First Nation www.bkejwanong.com C. Communities undertaking adaptation activities Municipal government adaptation strategies are at an early stage. More and more municipalities are recognizing the importance of addressing climate change impacts and adaptation, but to date there is no consistent approach, nor are there extensive resources and tools to help municipalities assess their vulnerabilities to climate change. London (U.K.) and Halifax have published detailed investigations into the range of risks that climate change poses for their communities. Halifax is well along in planning for adaptation, having completed a climate change risk management strategy, Climate SMART, which includes adaptation planning (www.halifax.ca/Climate/index.html). The city has launched guides and voluntary programs aspart of implementing its adaptation plan. The City of Toronto is one of the first Canadian cities to establish a citywide process to respond to its vulnerability to climate change. In 2008, Toronto developed Ahead of the Storm, a climate change adaptation strategy (www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2008/pe/bgrd/backgroundfile-12950.pdf). See http://www.urs2009.net/docs/papers/Penney.pdf for a case study describing past, current and potential future impacts of climate change on Toronto, along with the steps taken to develop the adaptation strategy. Kimberley & Elkford, British Columbia (Columbia Basin Trust pilots) http://www.cbt.org/climatechange/. The Communities Adapting to Climate Change initiative supports communities of the Canadian Columbia Basin to increase their adaptive capacity and resiliency to climate change impacts at a community level. Phase 1 (2008-2009) included two pilot communities, Kimberley and the District of Elkford, a learning network and an advisory committee. All of the tools and resources they used to develop their plans have been put together as a resource kit at http://cbtadaptation.squarespace.com/this-resource-kit/ . They have also produced a useful video: Communities Adapting to Climate Change: A Tale of Two Communities - City of Kimberley and District of Elkford share their experience in participating in CBT's Communities Adapting to Climate Initiative in this 10-minute video. London (U.K.) http://www.london.gov.uk/climatechange/strategy started adaptation planning earlier than any of the other municipalities, and has gone the furthest with its planning to date. London has initiated a community resilience effort, conducted a community resilience or vulnerability study and developed goals and a preparedness (or adaptation) plan. London has also formally incorporated climate change impacts and adaptation into its official plan, and has embarked on a number of pilot projects to test specific adaptation strategies. The UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP) helps organizations to adapt to climate change. The UKCIP website (http://www.ukcip.org.uk) is an excellent source for resources on climate projections, impacts and adaptation actions including: The Adaptation Wizard that guides users move through a 5-step process to assess vulnerability to current climate and future climate change, identify options to address key climate risks, and help to develop a climate change adaptation strategy. The Base for Research, Adaptation, Impacts and News, referred to as the BRAIN, an extensive collection of research activities, adaptation actions, impacts of climate/weather and news of general climate change activities. Adaptation actions can be searched in an independent database by region (in UK), by sector or by type of adaptation action at: APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=286&Itemid=423 D. NRCan and CIP’s Municipal Case Studies A joint study examined the planning process and climate change in five municipalities across the country. The case studies address a sample of the major climate change impacts facing Canadian communities. These include water resource depletion, coastal erosion due to higher sea levels, and permafrost melting. The plain language summaries are available on CIP’s website at: http://www.cipicu.ca/web/la/en/pa/FDD921FC64CB4439A096528BFD59E779/template.asp The case studies include: City of Calgary Municipal Water Supply Corporation of Delta Case Study: Sensitivity of the Roberts Bank Tidal Flats to Accelerated Sea Level Rise and Intensified Storminess Graham Island Case Study: Impacts of Sea Level Rise Southeastern New Brunswick Coastal Communities Case Study: Impacts of Sea Level Rise Salluit Case Study: Impacts of Degrading Permafrost E. Resources for impact assessment and adaptation planning Although resources and tools are still underdeveloped, a few useful resources are available for planners and municipalities. The following resources can help to better understand the major climate changes that are beginning to occur and some of the expected impacts: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, April 2007) (www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg2.htm). From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate 2007 (Natural Resources Canada, 2007) (www.adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/assess/2007/index_e.php). A number of guides have been produced in recent years to help local governments assess climate change vulnerabilities and risks, and plan and implement adaptation strategies: Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional, and State Governments (King County, Climate Impacts Group and ICLEI USA, 2007). Four communities — Delta, St. John’s, Sudbury and Keene, New Hampshire — served as pilot communities where some of the tools in this guide were tested (http://cses.washington.edu/db/pdf/snoveretalgb574.pdf ). Climate Change Information for Effective Adaptation: A Practitioner‘s Manual. (2009) Kropp, J., and Scholze, M., prepared for Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany. (http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/bib/gtz2009-0175en-climate-change-information.pdf) Climate adaptation: Risk, uncertainty and decision-making (U.K. Climate ImpactsProgramme (UKCIP, 2003) (www.ukcip.org.uk/images/stories/Pub_pdfs/Risk.pdf). Preparing for climate change: A guide for local government in New Zealand (New Zealand Climate Change Office, 2004) (www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/preparing-for-climatechange-guide-forlocal-govt/index.html). Climate Change Impacts & Risk Management: A Guide for Business and Government (Australian Government, 2006) (www.climatechange.gov.au/impacts/publications/riskmanagement.html). Canadian communities’ guidebook for adaptation to climate change. Including an approach to generate mitigation co-benefits in the context of sustainable development. By Bizikova L., T. Neale and I. Burton, 2008. Environment Canada and University of British Columbia. APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES (http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=xsexCSatHjo%3D&tabid=2455&mid=5415&langua ge=en-US). Chicago Climate Change Action Plan — Adaptation Strategy. (2008) City of Chicago. (http://www.chicagoclimateaction.org/pages/adaptation/11.php ) Adaptation tactics were prioritized according to: 1) their collateral mitigation benefits; 2) their costs; and 3) their catalytic potential. Five multi-departmental adaptation working groups were formed to develop adaptation actions plans: extreme heat; extreme precipitation events; building, equipment and infrastructure vulnerabilities; ecosystem degradation; and leadership, planning and communication. Over 200 adaptation initiatives are planned and underway across 15 City departments and agencies. Climate Change Planning Tools for First Nations Guidebooks. 2006. (http://www.cier.ca/informationand-resources/publications-and-products.aspx?id=412 ) These six Guidebooks ‘walk and talk’ a First Nation through the planning process. Each develops an important part of the planning process and is a precursor to the next guidebook. They contain: suggestions of how a First Nation might plan for climate change, how to involve the community, and activities that a First Nation can use to involve members of the community to set priorities and achieve them. weADAPT (http://www.weadapt.org/ ) has been collaborating with Google.org to explore ways of improving access to information on climate adaptation using Google Earth. Based on input from users we have created a quick and easy way to find out who is working on what and where. This also allows you to share the work you are doing with a wide audience and raise awareness on important issues. Municipalities using the King County/ICLEI USA guidebook and the UKCIP guide listed above have described them as useful but lengthy and targeted to larger municipalities. Resources tailored to smaller municipalities still need to be developed. In addition to these guides, several other resources have been useful to municipalities undertaking climate change vulnerability or risk assessments and adaptation planning: Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: A Canadian Perspective (Natural Resources Canada, 2004) suggests a “vulnerability approach” for assessing climate risks and provides suggested adaptation responses for a number of sectors (www.adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/perspective/index_e.php#toc). Adapting to Climate Change: A Risk-based Guide for Ontario Municipalities (Bruce, Egener and Noble, 2006) provides a detailed methodology for assessing the risks of climate change and undertaking climate change adaptation planning for municipalities (www.adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/projdb/pdf/176a_e.pdf). Cities Preparing for Climate Change: A Study of Six Urban Regions (Clean Air Partnership, 2007) proposes a framework for urban adaptation processes, based on a review of leading cities and urban regions (www.cleanairpartnership.org/pdf/cities_climate_change.pdf). Planning Response to Climate Change: Advice on Better Practice (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, London, 2004) focuses on incorporating climate concerns and adaptation into local government planning (www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/147597.pdf). Adapting to Climate Change: An Introduction for Canadian Municipalities (Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Research Network, 2006) provides an introduction to climate impacts, including case studies (www.c-ciarn.ca/adapting_e.html). This resource is targeted to elected officials. The City of Toronto’s Climate Change Adaptation Reference Collection, developed with the help of the Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction, may be useful to other communities (www.toronto.ca/teo/climate_change_adaptation/index.htm). A Guide for Incorporating Adaptation to Climate Change into Land-Use Planning. CEF Consultants Ltd and CBCL Limited. (Collins, Smith, and Allen, 2005). A guide aimed at land use planners, engineers, administrators within municipal governments, and planning advisory committees that discusses mitigation and adaptation strategies, climate change impacts and plans, and land use planning. www.cefconsultants.ns.ca/CCGuideLandUseNov05.pdf APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES The new climate change adaptation tools and resources developed by Engineers Canada (www.engineerscanada.ca). Many of the above resources provide a detailed step-by-step approach to climate change impact assessment and adaptation planning. There is considerable overlap in their approaches. F. Websites with extensive Adaptation Planning Resource Lists CIP is in the process of buildings its www.planningforclimatechange.ca site into a significant resource. Clean Air Partnerships: http://www.cleanairpartnership.org/arc/resource_library/adaptation_planning Extensive list compiled for the Alliance on Resilient Cities. City of Toronto Climate Change Adaptation Reference Collection http://www.toronto.ca/teo/climate_change_adaptation/index.htm On this site, you'll find links to studies, reports and tools related to climate change adaptation. This material was compiled, in cooperation with the Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction (ICLR), in the course of the City’s research on climate change adaptation. G. Videos Global Warming 101 http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/environment/global-warming-environment/global-warming101.html (3 minutes) Good basic overview. Can be used with accompanying on-line Global Warming Quiz http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/quiz-global-warming/ Communities Adapting to Climate Change: A Tale of Two Communities http://www.cbt.org/Initiatives/Climate_Change/action_video.asp (10 min) City of Kimberley and District of Elkford share their experience in participating in The Colombia Basin Council’s Communities Adapting to Climate Initiative. Adapting to Climate Change in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia (http://ekoscommunications.com/node/683) (12 min) As part of the Natural Resource Canada funded project on climate change adaptation in the Fraser Basin of British Columbia, EKOS produced this video designed to stimulate dialogue among local government representatives, scientists and engineers on how to adapt water related infrastructure. The video applies peer-to-peer learning by having mayors, councilors and senior policy advisers as the main delivers of the message, supported by clips from three highly respect climate research scientists from University of British Columbia (UBC). Climate Action in California with Arnold Schwartzenegger http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/visualization/index.html (7 minutes) Visualizing climate change risk and adaptation options in California (via a collaboration with Google Earth), this overview of California’s extensive climate action uses impressive impact simulations. The Most Terrifying Video You'll Ever See - The Climate Change Debate http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zORv8wwiadQ (10 minutes) In 2007, high school science teacher Greg Craven posted this video predicting dire consequences without strong measures to stop global warming. That video attracted over five million viewers. He has since written a book entitled What's the Worst That Could Happen?: A Rational Response to the Climate Change Debate, where his focus is not "what" to think about global warming, but "how." Using clear language and charts, Craven sketches not just the cost/benefit analysis of over-reacting and failing to act, but the fundamentals of sound science. Training readers to evaluate competing arguments, he points to a number of expert sources APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES for reliable information, takes a measured look at the skeptics and finds that the risk of global climate destabilization outweighs the supposedly prohibitive costs of implementing environmental protection measures. [from amazon.com] BBC Hot Cities http://www.rockhopper.tv/hotcities/index.html A series of documentaries produced in partnership with Rockhopper TV. The world’s biggest cities are already victims of climate change. “Hot Cities” travels the world from Lagos to Los Angeles, from Shanghai to Surat, from Dhaka to Durban to see if our cites can adapt and survive. H. Risk assessment tools Halifax has gone through a formal, comprehensive risk assessment process to evaluate climate change risks. Halifax was motivated to begin developing an adaptation strategy following Hurricane Juan, which did considerable damage to the city in 2003. With the help of ClimAdapt, (a consortium of eight Atlantic Canadian private sector environmental firms and two nongovernmental organizations), Halifax was able to secure funds from the federal government to support research and risk assessment related to climate change impacts and strategy development. The city developed a climate change risk assessment tool, drawing on a guide produced by the Canadian Standards Association entitled Risk Management: Guideline for Decision Makers (CSA-Q850-97 (R2007)) (www.shopcsa.ca/onlinestore/GetCatalogItemDetails.asp?mat=2005912). This risk assessment tool is described in Halifax’s Climate Change Risk Management Strategy (2007) (www.halifax.ca/climate/documents/ClimateChangeRiskManagementStrategyforHRMDecember2007.pdf). The Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee (PIEVC) Protocol produced by Engineers Canada is another risk assessment tool being used to assess the vulnerability of individual facilities or types of infrastructure (www.pievc.ca). The types of infrastructure considered include buildings; roads, bridges and other transportation infrastructure; stormwater and wastewater systems; and water resources. Engineers Canada selected Sudbury to use the protocol to assess the vulnerability of its roads to climate change. Yellowknife used the PIEVC Protocol to assess the threat of thawing permafrost to local buildings. I. Scientific resources A variety of scientific resources exist to help municipalities learn about climate change, prepare analyses of expected local impacts and, in some cases, begin evaluating adaptation solutions. Some of these resources include: The regional offices of Environment Canada, as well as its Adaptation and Impacts Research Group (www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/airg/index_e.cfm). The Earth Sciences Sector of Natural Resources Canada (http://ess.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php). The Canadian Hydrographic Service in the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (www.charts.gc.ca/pub/en/). The Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (http://pacificclimate.org/resources/climateimpacts ). Data from the Atlas of Canada (http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/english/maps/climatechange) and Natural Resources Canada’s CoastWeb (http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/coast/index_e.php). Projections from the Canadian Climate Change Scenarios Network (www.cccsn.ca). Individual scientists such as Norm Catto at Memorial University and David Pearson at Laurentian University. Researchers doing presentations on Alliance for Resilient Cities (www.cleanairpartnership.org/arc) and FCM’s Green Municipal FundTM webinars (www.fcm.ca/gmf). APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES It is important to note that although Canada has an array of research and scientific resources on climate change, cities are not yet drawing on many of these resources. One reason for this is limited staff time and resources. J. Helpful Resources by Region 1. British Columbia BC Climate Action Toolkit. A climate action resource for local government by local government in collaboration with UBCM, Smart Planning for Communities & the Province of BC. Climate Change Adaptation: Planning for BC. (2008) Harford, D., Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions, University of Victoria, British Columbia (Capital Regional District) Capital Region Climate Change Adaptation Study Phase 1: Project Scoping. (2008) The Sheltair Group. Prepared for Environmental Services Department, Capital Regional District (Corporation of Delta) Delta's Climate Change Initiative: A Corporate Framework for Action. (2008) Climate Change Working Group, Corporation of Delta 2. Quebec Ouranos is a consortium that brings together 250 scientists and professionals from different disciplines. It focuses on two main themes: Climate Sciences and Impacts & Adaptation. http://www.ouranos.ca/ 3. Atlantic Region (Halifax Regional Municipality) HRM Climate SMART: Community Action Guide to Climate Change and Emergency Preparedness. (2006) Halifax Regional Municipality, Naturally Green, Government of Canada, Federation of Canadian Municipalities, Government of Nova Scotia (Halifax Regional Municipality) Climate Change Risk Management Strategy for Halifax Regional Municipality. (2007) Halifax Regional Municipality (New Brunswick) New Brunswick Climate Change Action Plan 2007-2012. (2007) New Brunswick Climate Change Secretariat Department of Environment (Nova Scotia) Toward a Greener Future: Nova Scotia’s Climate Change Action Plan (Adapting to Climate Change Actions 53-66). (2009) Nova Scotia Department of Environment (Prince Edward Island) Prince Edward Island and Climate Change: A Strategy for Reducing the Impacts of Global Warming. (2008) Department of Environment, Energy and Forestry, Government of Prince Edward Island 4. Ontario (City of Toronto) Ahead of the Storm… Preparing Toronto for Climate Change: Development of a climate change adaptation strategy. (2008). Toronto Environment Office, City of Toronto Climate Adaptation Steering Group, Clean Air Partnership (City of Ottawa) City of Ottawa White Paper: Climate Change and the Official Plan Review. (2008) Planning, Transit and the Environment Department, City of Ottawa (Ontario) Adapting to Climate Change in Ontario: Towards the Design and Implementation of a Strategy and Action Plan (2009) The Ontario Ministry of the Environment has released a report titled Adapting to Climate Change in Ontario: Towards the Design and Implementation of a Strategy and Action Plan, authored by Ontario’s Expert Panel on Climate Change Adaptation. The report lists a broad range of APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES recommendations to help Ontario understand climate change impacts, reduce risks and take advantage of beneficial opportunities resulting from climate change. 5. North (Northwest Territories) Northwest Territories Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report. (2008) Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories. (City of Yellowknife) Creating a More Resilient Yellowknife: Climate Change Impacts and Municipal Decision Making. Final Project Report. (2007) Pryor, J., and Cobb, P., Pembina Institute. (Yukon) Yukon Government Climate Change Action Plan. (2009) Environment Yukon, Yukon Government. K. Regional Climate Resources To understand climate impacts in a specific location, in more detail and/or in a particular sector, e.g., coastal erosion or water supply, it may be advisable to bring in specialized expertise. There are hundreds of scientists, researchers and others working in regional climate centres, governments, universities and organizations across the country. Currently, there is no centralized agency that facilitates access to these individuals or institutions. Below you will find a list of organizations and institutions that might be working in your region. Also investigate local provincial and university departments that are working on climate change. Canadian Forest Service, NRCan – http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/?lang=en Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction – http://www.iclr.org Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), in particular the Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Division http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php Ouranos Consortium – http://www.ouranos.ca/intro/intro_e.html Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium – http://pacificclimate.org/ Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative (PARC) – http://www.parc.ca/ Water & Climate Impacts Research Centre (W-CIRC) – http://w-circ.uvic.ca/english/index.php L. Resources for Planners as Sustainability Champions The Sustainability Champion's Guidebook, by Bob Willard, outlines how internal leaders can transform their organisation to sustainable enterprises. http://www.sustainabilityadvantage.com/products/suschamps.html The International Society of Sustainability Professionals (ISSP) is a non-profit, member-driven association for professionals who are committed to making sustainability standard practice. http://sustainabilityprofessionals.org/ The Natural Step Canada is a national non-profit organization that provides training, coaching and advice to communities and businesses on how to integrate economic, environmental and social priorities into their decision making and planning. Their website includes good case studies and guides on how to do integrated community sustainability planning. http://www.naturalstep.org/ Networks Regional climate cneteres, governemtns, universities and organization (the last two pages of Appendix 4 of March 3 2 day workshop) APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES Canadian climate modeling resources Climate modeling clearinghouse (national with regional contacts): Canadian Climate Change Scenarios Network Climate modeling centres: Canadian Institute of Climate Studies Centre ESCER pour l’edtude et la simulation du climat a l’echelle regionale (regional) Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis Ouranos (regional) Universities: Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University Atmospheric Physics, University of Toronto Atmospheric Sciences Group, University of Quebec at Montreal Climate Modelling Group, Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria; Physics and Astronomy Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, York University; Earth and Atmospheric Science Montreal Weather Centre, University of Quebec at Montreal Federal government: NRCan Climate Change Impacts & Adapt.: http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php Env Canada Climate Change Programs: http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=2967C31D-1 International: World Climate Research Programme http://wcrp.wmo.int/AP_Modelling.html Specialised modeling: Canadian Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (CSPARC) http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/C-SPARC/index.html (PI: UofT Physics) What is the CCCSN? The CCCSN will maintain Canada's reputation for preserving a leading-edge scenarios facility that will become one of the premier sources for Canadians and international researchers seeking information on climate change scenarios and impacts and adaptation research. The content of the network includes: • Canadian climate change scenarios derived from GCM (Global Climate Model) simulations, (particularly the Canadian model, available at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (CCCma), those scenarios recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) project. In addition, this website will provide regional scale/high resolution output from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM), through collaboration with the Ouranos consortium, along with information on other relevant GCM downscaling methods; • Bioclimate profiles for Canada; • Scenarios and impact and adaptation research documents from within and outside of Canada; • Links to IPCC guidelines on scenario use and interpretation; APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES • On-line instructions for using scenarios and downscaling tools: the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM), the Automated Downscaling Tool (ASD) and a weather generator (LARS-WG); • Links to other tools used in impacts and adaptation research; and • Scenario Reports and selected scientific publications related to climate scenarios and impacts and adaptation research. The network also allows the user to: Visualize GCM and CRCM experiments, either as maps or through the use of graphical displays of data; Facilitate the analysis and comparison of available simulations from GCMs and the CRCM, when comparable simulations are available for the same experiments; Develop all relevant derived atmospheric variables based extremes to consider plausible anticipated changes in duration, frequency and intensity of weather extremes; and Extract and download all available parameter data for a particular location or region. APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES The Canadian Institute for Climate Studies The Institute is housed within the Centre for Global Studies' Climate & Energy Division at the University of Victoria. Mission is to further the understanding of the climate system, its variability and potential for change and to further the application of that understanding to decision making in both the public and private sectors. CICS is the secretariat for the Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC). List of past projects gives an overview of how it has focused on the above mission since 1993. Climate scenarios data and maps remain available from the Canadian Climate Impacts Scenarios project which ran from 1999-2004. A new scenarios interface with a regional focus is being developed and will be launched on the PCIC website. Publications and products archive are links to past issues of the Climate Research Network Newsletter, Seasonal Climate Predictions, and Seasonal Climate Bulletin publications. PCIC plans to make some free general interpretation of seasonal climate predictions available. Centre ESCER regional modeling member of Global environmental and climate chance centre, the Montreal area university consortium (http://www.geog.mcgill.ca/gec3/) Université du Québec à Montréal Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville Montréal (Québec) Canada Le Centre ESCER regroupe de vives forces de l’Université du Québec à Montréal - UQAM oeuvrant dans les domaines de l'étude et de la simulation du climat à l'échelle régionale, ainsi que sur la compréhension du système climatique en général. En novembre 2003, la reconnaissance institutionnelle du Centre ESCER a permis de donner une visibilité accrue aux activités de recherche prenant place à l’UQAM via le Réseau canadien en modélisation et diagnostics du climat régional (MDCR) et pour lesquelles les chercheurs de l’UQAM ont acquis une renommée nationale et internationale. Depuis avril 2004, le Centre ESCER constitue le pôle « modélisation du climat régional » dans le regroupement stratégique GEC3 (Global Environmental and Climate Change Centre), composé d’une quarantaine de chercheurs de l’Université McGill (Centre for Climate and Global Change Research – C2GCR, Brace Centre for Water Resources Management), de l’Université de Sherbrooke (Centre d'applications et de recherches en télédétection - CARTEL), de l’Université de Montréal (Laboratoire de géomorphologie fluviale - LGF) et de l'UQAM (Centre ESCER). Une telle alliance a permis la reconnaissance de notre centre de recherche auprès du Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la nature et les technologies (FQRNT). Le Centre est situé au Pavillon Président-Kennedy du Complexe des sciences Pierre-Dansereau, 201 avenue du Président-Kennedy à Montréal. (Carte) APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, a division of the Climate Research Branch of Environment Canada. CCCma is located on the campus of the University of Victoria. Canadian Centre University of Victoria BC V8W 3V6 for Victoria, Climate PO Modelling Box 3065 and STN Analysis CSC Models developed: AGCM1 The first generation atmospheric general circulation AGCM2 The second generation atmospheric general circulation AGCM3 The third generation atmospheric general circulation AGCM4/CanAM4 The fourth generation and current atmospheric general circulation CGCM1 The first generation coupled global climate CGCM2 The second generation coupled global climate CGCM3 The third generation coupled global climate CGCM4/CanCM4 The fourth generation and current coupled global climate model. model. model. model. model. model. model. model. Data availability: and downloading: http://www.cccma.ec.gc.ca/data/data.shtml The CCCma also participates in several Climate Research Network model development projects. These have lead to the development of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM), the current Canadian Regional Climate Model (versions of the CRCM), and recently a new Canadian Regional Climate Model (CanRCM4). Under its analysis function, CCCma studies past and predicted climate variations to gain a deeper understanding of the climate system and provides science–based quantitative information to the national and the international community, notably coordinated model experiments organized by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and contributions to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES Ouranos Consortium on Regional Climatology and Adaptation to Climate Change Network of some 250 scientists and professionals, with total estimated resources of $12 M/year, three CRAY-SX-6 supercomputers, with available continuous calculation capacity of over 0.2 TFLOP and 725 terabytes of memory 550 West Montreal, H3A Tél.: Fax: (514) 282-7131 [email protected] Sherbrooke Tower, 19th West floor Quebec 1B9 (514) 282-6464 APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES FROM RUSSELL ON EMISSION INVENTORIES General Info/creating the inventory: http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building__PCP/PCP_Resources/PCPFiveMilestoneFramework-e.pdf, 5-6 http://pdfone.com/download/31_keyword-municipal-greenhouse-gasinventories/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-springfield-oregon.pdf, 5-7 Guidelines for setting up an inventory: http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building_-_PCP/pcp-ismd-pub-en.pdf Principles and inventory requirements: http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/Global/Progams/CCP/Stand ards/ICLEI_IEAP_2009.pdf (International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol), 5-7 Vancouver study http://vancouver.ca/greenestcity/PDF/2008GHGInventoryMethodologiesDocument2 0091210.pdf Montreal - http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building__PCP/PCP_Members_Inventory_Action_Plans/Montreal-inventory.pdf Prince George, BC - http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building__PCP/PCP_Members_Inventory_Action_Plans/Prince_George_Inventory.pdf Winnipeg - http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building__PCP/PCP_Members_Inventory_Action_Plans/Winnipeg_Inventory.pdf Hamilton (very detailed)- http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building__PCP/PCP_Members_Inventory_Action_Plans/City-Hamilton-inventory.pdf Haverford Township, Penn. http://www.haverfordtownship.com/egov/docs/1208528514_638061.pdf, table on page 10 Springfield, Ore. - http://pdfone.com/download/31_keyword-municipal-greenhousegas-inventories/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-springfield-oregon.pdf Examples: General issues: Vancouver report – Outputs Building http://vancouver.ca/sustainability/documents/Progress2007.pdf, Appendix A Data Source Electricity and natural gas use Data Energy Consumption References Vancouver Study APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES (BC Hydro and Terasen Gas) (electricity and fuel use) Transportation Gas sales and vehicle mileage data (AirCare testing) for LDVs; modeling (kms traveled estimates) for HDVs Light-duty and heavy-duty vehicle emissions Vancouver Study Waste CH2M Hill Ltd.’s model for landfill gas generation GHG emissions from the decomposition of organic waste in landfills Vancouver Study Fuel loaded onto plane or 2) fuel usage apportioned to percentage of airport users who are residents of the locality Fuel usage of flights originating at airport or 2) air travel footprint of residents International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol, 35 Consumption Land cover change Trade Aviation APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES NRCan/CIP Projects and Initiatives on climate change Since 2007, CIP has been working in partnership with Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) and, more recently with Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) and the Government of Nunavut (GN), to bring climate change knowledge, adaptation strategies and plans, policies and tools to professional planners in all parts of Canada. Specifically, CIP set out to do the following: Establish a national policy for the institute and its members (see Appendix 1 CIP Policy on Climate Change). Create educational learning modules to increase members', planning students' and stakeholders' awareness of planning related climate change issues. Create tools and resources to better equip CIP members, students and stakeholders to deal with climate change impacts and adaptation (see www.planningforclimatechange.ca ). CIP gratefully acknowledges the vital funding and professional contributions of Natural Resources Canada, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, and the Government of Nunavut, which have made this work possible. In addition, many thanks to the many CIP members who have volunteered their expertise and hundreds of hours of their time to make the project a success. Educational Learning Modules CIP, along with its Affiliates, have launched a Continuous Professional Learning (CPL) program that provides educational opportunities to help Canadian planners remain current in their practice. Under its collaboration with Natural Resources Canada, CIP is developing three educational learning modules on climate change: A 2-hour overview seminar, based on CIP's national Policy on Climate Change, available for delivery at Affiliate, CIP and other conferences or events; A university level module of 3 to 5 sessions for inclusion in the core curriculum of first-year planning courses, developed in close cooperation with the Association of Canadian University Planning Programs; A two-day intensive workshop for planners and related professionals on climate change adaptation, available for Affiliate CPL programs. The learning modules are intended to equip planners to implement the CIP Policy On Climate Change that calls upon members to consider climate change in their actions and recommendations. APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES Summaries of Adaptation Activities in Selected Communities I. Corporation of Delta, British Columbia Delta is a low-lying community bordered by the Fraser River to the north and the Strait of Georgia to the west. The community is aware of its vulnerability to climate change. Sea-level rise is of primary concern, considering the fact that the municipality maintains 60 kilometres of dikes. Availability of water for drinking and irrigation is also a concern. Delta is concerned about the following effects of climate change: Increased precipitation. More extreme weather events. Increased vulnerability to flooding. Overall loss of biodiversity as invasive plants and animals replace native species. Threats to Delta’s dike system and salinization of valuable farm land as a result of rising sea levels. In 2007, the Delta Council approved Delta’s Climate Change Initiative, which has two main goals: to reduce GHG emissions from municipal buildings, fleet vehicles and operations; and to adapt municipal infrastructure and emergency plans to ensure that the community is well prepared for and protected against climate change impacts. Some of the specific adaptation activities contained within the initiative include: Upgrading dykes to provide extra protection against floods and storm surges. Monitoring changes in temperature, nutrients, contamination and biodiversity in creeks and streams that flow from land to sea. Tree planting. For more detailed information, please visit the Corporation of Delta’s Climate Adaptation Project website (www.corp.delta.bc.ca/EN/main/residents/771/50845/59147/iclei.html). II. Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia In its Climate Change Risk Management Strategy, completed in December 2007 and released in April 2008, the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) identified a wide range of climate change vulnerabilities and prioritized them based on the probability of their occurrence and the severity of the likely impact (www.halifax.ca/climate/documents/ClimateChangeRiskManagementStrategyforHRMDecember2007.pdf). High-priority impacts include: Coastal zone impacts from sea-level rise and storm surges, causing damage to coastal ecosystems and increased erosion. Flooding and damage to buildings and infrastructure from sea-level rise, storm surges and extreme weather events. Impacts on port operations. Increases in insurance costs and in economic and social costs associated with adaptation. Increased risk of forest fire in the urban–rural fringe. APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES Increased variability in the quality and quantity of water for agriculture from surface water sources. Salt water intrusion into groundwater supplies. Spread of vector-borne diseases such as Lyme Disease and West Nile virus. Tree blow down from extreme weather events. Storm, hail or drought damage to crops (in rural parts of the municipality). Impacts on terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity resulting from temperature and flow changes. Halifax has been working formally on climate change adaptation since 2004, spurred on by the experience of Hurricane Juan in 2003, followed by the blizzard “White Juan” in 2004. The formation in 2001 of ClimAdapt (a network of eight Atlantic Canadian private sector environmental firms and two non-governmental organizations interested in climate change adaptation (www.climadapt.com) was an important precursor to Halifax’s work on adaptation. ClimAdapt helped bring together funds and partners for an intensive program of research and development of tools for climate change adaptation decisionmaking. The resulting Halifax Climate SMART program involves both mitigation and adaptation. For more detailed information, please visit the Climate SMART website (www.halifax.ca/Climate/index.html). III. Greater London Authority, United Kingdom London’s vulnerabilities were described in a detailed assessment, London’s Warming, released in 2002 (www.london.gov.uk/gla/publications/environment/londons_warming_tech_rpt_all.pdf). Some of the potential vulnerabilities include the following: Higher average temperatures and more heat waves (600 people died in the 2003 heat wave). Increased electricity demand for air conditioning. Flooding both from extreme precipitation (especially in winter) on the Thames floodplain and from sea level rise and storm surges. Water shortages in summer, coupled with increased demand. Impacts on the financial sector from domestic and global extreme weather events. Worsened air quality from temperature inversions, increased ozone concentrations and higher pollen counts. Degradation and loss of habitat in London ecosystems. Building and road subsidence and heave (shifting of foundations) resulting from the drying out of clay soils. Disruption of transportation as a result of flooding and extreme weather. Increased damage from stronger windstorms. Led by the Greater London Authority, the London Climate Change Partnership (LCCP) was created in 2001 (www.london.gov.uk/climatechangepartnership). LCCP includes representatives of local governments, utilities, transportation, water and health agencies, business associations and environmental NGOs. In addition to the vulnerability assessment mentioned above, LCCP has undertaken sectoral studies of climate change impacts and adaptation options and published several guides to adaptation. Its publications are all publicly available at Greater London Authority’s LCCP website. APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES For more detailed information, please visit the City of London’s climate change website (www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Sustainability/Climate_ch ange). IV. City of St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador The Atlantic Chapter of From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate 2007 (www.adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/assess/2007/at/index_e.php) outlines the climate changes expected in the region, including: longer, hotter and drier summers thunderstorm and lightning activity increased storm activity more winter and spring precipitation stronger winds variable snow cover decreased fog St. John’s is very concerned about flooding. The city has experienced major floods from extreme weather events in the past, such as Hurricane Gabriel and other storms that normally occur once every 100 or 150 years. Flooding has already done major damage to the city’s storm sewage system and this is a primary vulnerability concern. The city’s first formal participation in climate adaptation planning was via ICLEI Canada’s Climate Adaptation Pilot Project in 2007, which tested the usefulness of the King County and ICLEI USA publication, Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional and State Governments, in the Canadian context. The project involved three workshops with city staff. Staff discussed the guidebook’s strategies for conducting a climate impacts and resilience study, identifying priority planning areas for action, setting preparedness goals and developing a preparedness plan. Although this pilot project has concluded, the city will continue its climate adaptation activities through its Integrated Sustainability Community Planning (ISCP). For more detailed information, please visit the City of St John’s climate change website (www.stjohns.ca/cityservices/environment/climatechange.jsp). V. City of Greater Sudbury, Ontario The following climate changes are projected for Sudbury by 2050: average temperature increase of 2–3°C shorter snowfall season more frequent and intense extreme weather events 10–15 per cent increase in annual precipitation more rain and less snow more extreme heat days increased variability in wet and dry periods longer growing season APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES The City of Greater Sudbury has participated in several climate adaptation activities, including the following: The city is involved in a project to assess the impacts of climate change on roads and associated structures. This is part of a countrywide project by the Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee of Engineers Canada (www.pievc.ca/e/abo_overview_.cfm). In Sudbury, staff engineers are evaluating whether the city will need to change road pavement standards to cope with forecasted climate impacts. The city is working with the Sudbury District Health Unit on the development and implementation of the Hot Weather Response Plan to educate the public about extreme heat and ensure that public spaces with air conditioning are available during heat waves. The City of Greater Sudbury has been a participant in ICLEI Canada’s Climate Adaptation Pilot Project, a series of workshops to introduce and evaluate the first three milestones in the Preparing for Climate Change guidebook. For more detailed information, please visit the EarthCare Sudbury website (www.city.greatersudbury.on.ca/earthcare). VI. City of Toronto, Ontario Toronto’s vulnerabilities were first summarized in A Scan of Climate Change Impacts on Toronto, published by the Clean Air Partnership in 2006 (www.cleanairpartnership.org/pdf/climate_change_scan.pdf). A number of vulnerabilities were also discussed in Ahead of the Storm, a discussion paper prepared to help the city develop its adaptation strategy (www.toronto.ca/teo/pdf/ahead_of_the_storm.pdf). These documents identified a number of potential impacts, including: More hot days and heat waves, with increases in related illness and deaths. Increased demand for electricity for air conditioning, and stress on electrical distribution systems. Poorer air quality and more smog, with impacts on health and mortality. Impacts on water quality from higher water temperatures, decline in lake levels and increased dredging. Flooding from intense rainstorms, with damage to buildings, road and utility infrastructure and streams. Increased incidence of droughts. Expansion of insect vectors that spread infectious disease, as well as pests that attack trees. Damage to roads from increased freeze–thaw cycles. The City of Toronto has begun adaptation planning (see Toronto’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2008/pe/bgrd/backgroundfile-12950.pdf). The city has an interdepartmental adaptation team that meets regularly. Of all the Canadian communities surveyed, Toronto may have the strongest mandate to move forward with the adaptation process. For more detailed information, please visit the City of Toronto climate adaptation website (www.toronto.ca/teo/adaptation.htm). VII. City of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories Some of Yellowknife’s vulnerabilities to climate change were outlined in an unpublished report prepared for the city by the Pembina Institute (http://communities.pembina.org/partners/yellowknife). These include: Freeze/thaw “heaving” of roads and other infrastructure. Increased erosion of riverbanks, depositing sediment into the water supply. APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES Higher-intensity storms, which may result in localized flooding. More intense and frequent snowstorms and increased cost of road clearing. A reduced season for ice roads, which affects mines in the area. Greater weight of hoar frost on power lines, which increases the risk of power disruption and increases maintenance requirements. Vulnerability of hydroelectricity supply from changes in water levels. Changes in insect populations and resulting impacts on health, recreation and the food chain. Thawing permafrost is also a problem in some areas of Yellowknife. For example, the airport runway required extensive restoration after permafrost began to thaw. Several adaptation workshops and other events involving City of Yellowknife officials have taken place in the city in recent years, including a one-day workshop on municipal climate change adaptation organized by Ecology North, a local environmental NGO, in March 2006. Later in 2006, the Pembina Institute approached the City of Yellowknife with an offer to help the city develop the tools, capacity and decision-making processes necessary to address climate change impacts in the community. Pembina secured $70,000 for the project from Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. The institute had previously worked with Yellowknife on the development of a community energy plan. For more detailed information, please visit the City of Yellowknife’s website (www.yellowknife.ca/City_Hall/Committees/Community_Energy_Planning_Committee.html). VIII. Nunavut Under its partnership with NRCan, and through the dedicated work of numerous CIP members and other partner organizations, a significant volume of work has begun to emerge that should serve as a helpful reference resource for CIP members and others. See www.planningforclimatechange.ca/wwwroot/dsp_Library.cfm for a report of work done in Nunavut: Building Community Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation Action Planning. Clyde River and Hall Beach, Nunavut, October 2007 - March, 2008 Information and links to select adaptation plans and studies Adaptation Plan and website A) Lead author; B) How collaborative the plan is Toronto – Ahead of the Storm A) Toronto environment office. B) In collaboration with the City of Toronto Climate Adaptation Steering Group and the Clean Air Partnership. http://www.t oronto.ca/teo /pdf/ahead_o f_the_storm.p df What step is the process at Climate Change Action Plan adopted by City Council in July 2007. The development of a climate change adaptation plan represents an action in this plan. Still need to develop a longterm comprehensive adaptation policy, however. Compreh ensive vs. sectoral Compreh ensive How plan fits in with other city plans Some initiatives: - City of Toronto Integrated Energy Strategy Contact Date of document For leaving comments Changeisintheair@tor onto.ca, or David MacLeod (fax - 416 338-0808) April 2008 Some recommendations: - Collaborate with Regional, Provincial, National and International Adaptation Networks and Programs - Incorporate adaptation into city policies and high level plans (Master plan, transit plan, emergency plan, etc.) Halifax – ClimateSMAR T http://www.h alifax.ca/clima te/documents /ClimateChan geRiskManage mentStrategyf orHRMDecem ber2007.pdf A) Halifax Regional Formally launched in Municipality. B) Partnered March 2004 with all levels of government and the private sector Compreh ensive - Are incorporating climate Stephen King change considerations into policy Manager – - Links to be made with Environmental regional plans: Performance (Air & “As HRM moves forward Land), with the implementation Sustainable of the Regional Municipal Environment Planning Strategy, Management Office, HRM will be developing Functional Plans dealing Environmental with hazards to Management development” Services: - Calls for better integration between levels (902) 490-6188, of government [email protected] Dec 2007 APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER Dawson City – Dawson Climate Change Adaptation Plan A) Dawson Adaptation Project Team, B) which contains a mix of people from all levels of government and also from a few universities in Ontario - This document is the plain language summary. A) It is not clear who the main author is, lists the following: Smart Growth Advisory Services, ThinkBright Environmental Innovations, Zumundo consultants and Community Advisory Committee Members - This document is a Background Report. http://taiga.n et/nce/adapta tion/Dawson_ Plan_PL_Final. pdf Elkford, BC – District of Elkford Official Community Plan and Climate Change Adaptation Strategy B) Elkford (along with Kimberley, BC), was selected by the Columbia http://www.el Basin Trust (CBT) to pilot a kford.ca/inclu one-year community de/get.php?n learning, engagement and planning process on odeid=78 climate change adaptation. The CBT therefore made this project possible. Edmonton – Urban Forest Management Plan - Adaptation plans implemented summer 2009. Implementation report planned for summer, 2010 - Plan suggests to integrate climate change assessment into rural planning process Through the Northern Climate ExChange (see http://www.taiga.net /nce/contact.html) Dec 2009 - Calls for mainstreaming of climate change in the community (integrate into plans and development projects) Compreh ensive The process will result in an Official Community Plan that guides development and addresses changing local weather patterns in the District. District of Elkford: (250) 865-4000, email: [email protected] 2009 Urban forest managem ent (drought) An effective example of how climate change can be incorporated into a municipal plan for managing urban forests Jenny Wheeler Principal of Forestry City of Edmonton: 780-442-0224; email: Jeannette.Wheeler@ Edmonton.ca June 2006 - The District is in the process of creating an Integrated Official Community Plan and Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. - This report proposes draft policy recommendations - Apparently the district now has an official Community Plan A) The city’s forestry staff - - Expected to be River Valley, Forestry and passed by council in Environmental Services summer, 2010 B) The plan was developed in a collaborative manner. A multi-stakeholder http://adapta advisory board provided tion.nrcan.gc. regular input and include ca/case/edmo members of the public and affected interest groups nton_e.php (e.g. city transportation and drainage personnel). Compreh ensive APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER Quebec City – Environmenta l Services Adaptation Plan A) Environmental services. - Project approved B) Work started based on (April 2009), a report done by Ouranos. implementation in progress. - The process has helped to build support for a citywide adaptation plan as well. http://adapta tion.nrcan.gc. ca/case/queb ec_e.php London – London ON’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy A) The City’s Environmental and Engineering Services Department (?) - Strategy passed by city council in Dec, 2007 - Project and B) Work initiated due to a implementation in report done by a progress University of Western ON research team. This team http://adapta was engaged by the City to tion.nrcan.gc. do preliminary research on ca/case/londo rainfall. A collaborative partnership therefore n_e.php existed between the City and climate change specialists in academia. Vancouver – Greater Vancouver Regional District’s Stormwater Management Program A) Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) through the Stormwater Interagency Liaison Group (SILG). B) The GVRD, its municipalities, and provincial and federal environmental agencies formed the SILG to facilitate the co-ordination and sharing of common http://www.c- research related to ciarn.ca/pdf/a stormwater management daptations_e. in 2002. - The process actively pdf seeks and uses input from various stakeholder groups within each watershed - Member municipalities have agreed to implement ISMPs by 2014 - Several are already completed, underway or planned Severe weather events. Most measures relate to the aquatic environm ent and drinking water The City’s executive committee has approved an expansion of the adaptation initiative to all of the City’s operations. Matthieu Alibert Division de la qualité du milieu, la ville de Quebec 418-641-6411 x2961, matthieu.alibert@ ville.quebec.qc.ca Compreh ensive, but with a focus on flooding - Construction of all stormwater management infrastructure transferred from private developers to the city. This allows an integrated systems approach. Berta Krichker Manager of Stormwater City of London: 519 -661-2500 x4724, [email protected] Protect against the negative impacts associate d with storm and rainwater discharge to the environm ent - Integrates “…water management issues including watershed health, land use planning, engineering, community values and climate change and variability. Although climate change is not the primary driver in the development of these plans (expanding urbanization and intensive agriculture are), climate change has been integrated into the ISMP process and other approaches directed at managing the health of streams in the region.” - Brings together planning, engineering, ecology, and flood and erosion protection within an adaptive management methodology. Ed von Euw, Stormwater Interagency Liaison Group: (604) 436-6900, [email protected]. ca APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER Le Goulet, NB – Le Goulet’s Climate Change Adaptation Plan http://adapta tion.nrcan.gc. ca/case/legou let_e.php Vancouver Vancouver Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies for Urban Systems in Greater Vancouver NOT AVAILABLE ELECTRONICA LLY A) University of Moncton climate change specialists (invited to do the work by community leaders). B) The community at large was also involved through focus groups exploring adaptation options. The plan is basically a university-community partnership. A) The Sheltair Group Adaptation plan complete, implementation in progress Coastal erosion and rising sea levels - Created an innovative zoning bylaw to address this problem: “the [local planning] commission identified a zone where climate change impacts are considered a major risk that developers are obliged to consider in their plans. The zoning bylaw provides an opportunity to educate developers about the climate change related risks to humans and infrastructure, and ensures that appropriate, but not prescriptive, measures are taken to accommodate those risks” Benjamin Kocyla Directeur - Conseiller en urbanisme Commission d'aménagement de la Péninsule acadienne: 506 -727-7979, [email protected] ibn.com 2003 APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER In Progress, Studies, Reports Adaptation Plan A) Lead author; B) How collaborative the plan is What step is the process at Sept-Iles – Etude de la sensibilite des cotes et de la vulnerabilite des communautes du golfe du StLaurent aux impacts des changements climatiques: Synthese des resultats A) Ouranos Consortium B) Assisted by the technical support of academia and provincial and federal government departments and climate change scientists. - A technical committee comprised of representatives from the provincial government, the regional county municipality and the city is working to establish a master plan for coastline intervention in order to deal with erosion and coastal management problems over the short, medium and long terms. http://www.o uranos.ca/med ia/publication/ 20_Rapport_S avard_maritim e_2008.pdf Iqaluit – The City of Iqaluit’s Climate Change Impacts, Infrastructure Risks & Adaptive Capacity Project http://www.cciarn.ca/pdf/a daptations_e.p df Comprehe nsive vs. sectoral Coastline erosion How plan fits in with other city plans Contact François Morneau, Date of docu ment June 2008 Ouranos Consortium & Ministère de la Sécurité publique (418) 646-3049, morneau.francois@ ouranos.c Claude Bureau, General Director, Ville de Sept-Îles (418) 964-3202 A) City of Iqaluit, B) Funding provided by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Input from various other government groups and consultants - Report presents options, recommendations and strategies. Sustainabl e subdivisio n - risks to infrastruct ure and the developm ent of adaptation options. City of Iqaluit: (867) 979-5660, [email protected] March 2007 APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER Annapolis Royal, NS – The Tidal Surge Project http://www.cciarn.ca/pdf/a daptations_e.p df Sudbury – http://www.la urentian.ca/N R/rdonlyres/31 FE7FF3-4B5A44AA-8FE3ED6821EB6F3F /0/Adaptation eng.pdf Ottawa White Paper: Climate Change and the Official Plan Review – BRIEFLY DISCUSSES ADAPTATION http://www.ot tawa.ca/reside nts/public_con sult/beyond_2 020/papers/w hite/climate_e n.html A) A citizens-based group, Clean Annapolis River Project (CARP), conducted an assessment of the town’s vulnerability to storm surges. B) Results were presented to citizens. This led to spinoffs and further research was conducted with municipal, regional and provincial groups - Results and recommendations presented to Town Council in 2009 Flooding and tidal surge - Some adaptive planning measures undertaken in the past as well. - The Annapolis Climate Change Outreach Project is the coastal flooding component of the Annapolis Climate Change Outreach Project Steve Hawboldt, Executive Director Clean Annapolis River Project (CARP): 1-888-547-4344 (902) 532-7533, carp@annapolisriver .ca A) Principal researcher - Dr. Liette Vasseur of Laurentian University B) In collaboration with academia, NGOs, industry, government and the community - The Nickel District Conservation Authority initiated the creation of the Greater Sudbury Climate Change Consortium in 2009 Appear to be concerned with all aspects of climate change, but haven’t been able to find much informatio n A) City of Ottawa - This is a review of the City’s Official Plan. It should have been approved by City Council in early 2009 - Not many details are provided. Appears to be more comprehe nsive in nature 2007 - This is only a chapter in a planning document not specifically dealing with climate change - The city sees planning and the issue of climate and planning as inseparable. The Official Plan is therefore seen as a tool to combat and adjust to climate change. David Miller Planning, Transit and the Environment Department, 613-5802424, ext. 21447, david.miller@ ottawa.ca 2008 APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER Fredericton – Climate Change Adaptation Strategy: Stakeholder Input http://www.re sourcesnorth.o rg/downloads/ Frederictonreport.pdf A) Dr. Shawn DaltonEnvironment and Sutainable Development Research Centre (ESDRC) from the University of New Brunswick/ Fredericton Area Watersheds Association (FAWA), - This is a document providing stakeholder input Comprehe nsive March 2008 Michael D. Riley- Riley Environment Limited, William RichardsEnvironment Canada, Greg LeBlanc- ESDRC B) Stakeholder and city involvement was crucial to the project. - A charette took place as well Kimberley, BC – Adapting to Climate Change in Kimberley, BC: Report and Recommendat ions http://cbtadap tation.squares pace.com/stor age/June17Fin al-LowRes.pdf A) Ingrid Liepa (project coordinator) B) This is a pilot project made possible by the Columbia Basin Trust’s Communities Adapting to Climate Change initiative (similar to Elkford). A local steering committee guided the project. The City was also actively involved. Other government groups and UBC were also involved. Three main concerns: 1) Water and forests 2) Municipal infrastruct ure 3) Tourism Project Coordinator: Ingrid Liepa, kimberleyclimate@s haw.ca June 2009 APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER Delta, BC – Climate Change Adaptation project http://www.co rp.delta.bc.ca/ EN/main/resid ents/771/5084 5/59147/iclei. html Prince George, BC - Adapting to Climate Change in Prince George http://ubcm.c a/assets/Librar y/Convention/ Convention20 09/Session~Pr esentations/Tu esday~Afterno on~Sessions/D yerPicketts.pdf Sherbrooke http://www.es trieplus.com/c ontenu040404043133 35359959.html NOT ENOUGH DETAILS A) International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI Canada) and Natural Resources Canada B) The Corporation of Delta was one of three Canadian communities to participate in a unique pilot project. ICLEI Canada and Natural Resources Canada partnered to assess Delta's vulnerability to climate and how to protect the community - After the completion of this research project, Natural Resources Canada announced in June 2009 that it will partner again with ICLEI Canada to take the results from previous work and create a toolkit document that may be used by communities across the nation. Not stated A) City of Prince George B) Report written by the city’s chief engineer and a PhD candidate from the University of Northern BC - Adaptation document presented to city council Comprehe nsive - Adaptation strategy to be created Office of Climate Action and Environment: (604) 946-3253, [email protected] elta.bc.ca. - Adaptation strategy to be incorporated into ICSP and OCP process - Also to be incorporated into Annual Provisional Final Plan and Asset Management Plan - Aims to have climate change considered in all planning and operations procedures 2008 Sept 2009 APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER St. John’s http://www.stj ohns.ca/cityse rvices/environ ment/climatec hange.jsp APPARENTLY IN DEVELOPMEN T, BUT NO DETAILS APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER The Kyoto Protocol & COP-15 Backgrounder Since the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) entered into force in 1994, the parties to the convention have met annually in Conferences of the Parties (COP). The UNFCCC set no mandatory limits on GHG emissions for individual nations and contained no enforcement provisions. Rather, the treaty called for updates or “protocols” that would seek to set mandatory emission limits. The principal update is the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted by COP 3. The Kyoto Protocol set binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for GHG emissions reduction. These targets averaged 5% reductions relative to 1990 levels over the 2008-2012 period. By the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol in 2012, a new international framework needs to have been negotiated and ratified that can deliver the stringent emission reductions the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has indicated are needed. This was the focus of the COP 15 meeting in Copenhagen (December 7-18, 2009). On December 19, delegates approved a motion to "take note of the Copenhagen Accord of December 18, 2009". The Copenhagen Accord recognizes the scientific case for keeping temperature rises below 2°C, but does not contain commitments for reduced emissions that would be necessary to achieve that aim. The Accord did require countries to submit intended climate mitigation commitments by January 31, 2010. As of February 2, 2010, 55 countries had complied with this requirement. Of note, Canada reduced its earlier 2020 target from a 20% to 17% cut. One part of the agreement pledges US$ 30 billion to the developing world over the next three years, rising to US$ 100 billion per year by 2020, to help poor countries adapt to climate change. As of February 2010 it was not clear what happens next. Although the commitments send an encouraging signal that all the major emitters support the Accord, there is still disagreement over how to move negotiations forward. For further information and updates see http://www.theclimategroup.org/ APPENDIX 7: WORKSHOP ACTIVITIES AND WORKSHEETS