Download NRCan/CIP Projects and Initiatives on climate

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A
Resources for climate change planners
Appendix B
Adaptation activities underway in communities across Canada
Appendix C
The Kyoto Protocol and COP-15 backgrounder
Appendix D
NRCan/CIP projects and intiatives on climate change
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
Resources for climate change planners
Sources of scientific data
1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
A body of the United Nations, the IPCC provides decision-makers with an objective source of
the latest scientific, technical and socio-economic information about climate change, and is
generally considered the authority on the subject. The IPCC does not do research of its own, but
bases its reports on the peer-reviewed work of hundreds of climate scientists around the world.
The IPCC and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in December
2007. Several scientists from Canadian universities and government departments contributed
to the IPCC’s award-winning work.
The IPCC has recently completed its Fourth Assessment Report entitled “Climate Change 2007”,
commonly referred to as AR4. The report, including a Summary for Policy Makers, is available at
http://www.ipcc.ch/press/index.htm. Some of the key findings include:
Given current mitigation policies and sustainable development practices, GHG (green house
gas) emissions are expected to continue to grow over the next few decades;
Continued GHG emissions, at current rates or higher, would induce changes during the 21st
century that are very likely to be larger than those experienced during the 20th century;
Global warming and sea level rise are projected to increase, even if GHG emissions were to
be stabilized;
Global average temperature is projected to rise anywhere from 1.1 to 6.4 degrees Celcius
over the next century; and
Sea level is projected to rise from 0.18 metres to 0.59 metres over the next century.
2. NRCAN Change Impacts and Adaptation Directorate
NRCan coordinated a nation-wide scientific assessment of climate change impacts and
adaptation. This report, entitled “From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing
Climate 2007”, is complementary to the IPCC’s AR4 Report, and discusses current and
future risks, and opportunities that climate change presents to Canada. The report’s
national co-ordinator emphasized three important points:
Warming of the climate is unequivocal;
Adaptation is necessary, not an option; and
Even those regions characterized by high incomes will be impacted.
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
The report highlights key issues facing each region of the country, and is intended to inform
adaptation decision-making and policy development. It also provides examples of recent
and ongoing adaptation initiatives. It can be found at:
http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca:80/assess/2007/index_e.php.
3. Health Canada
Health Canada will soon be releasing a health vulnerability assessment, a parallel study to
NRCan’s national climate change assessment.
4. Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change
Sir Nicholas Stern wrote “The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change for the British
Prime Minister and Chancellor” in 2006. The report assesses the impacts and risks arising from
uncontrolled climate change, and the costs and opportunities associated with tackling it.
Indicating that there is still time to avoid the worst impacts of climate change if we take strong
action now, Stern estimates the costs of stabilizing the climate as roughly equal to 1% of world
GDP, but warns that if we do not act now, climate change will cost the world the equivalent of
5%-20% of GDP every year, in perpetuity. The report can be found at:
http://www.hmtreasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/sternr
eview_index.cfm
5. UK Climate Impacts Programme
UK Climate Impacts Programme, commonly known as UKCIP, is a valuable and current source of
information about climate projections and impacts, and strategies for local governments to
respond to them. UKCIP is funded by the UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs
(Defra) and is based at the University of Oxford. A rich array of information and resources are
available at http://www.ukcip.org.uk, including:
An “Adaptation Wizard” that guides users through the process from simple understanding of
climate change to integration of climate change into decision-making; maps showing projected
climate changes in the UK; and a database of adaptation case studies, and presentations made
by local governments, at a January 2008 workshop on local climate impacts, profiles and
adaptation strategies.
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
6. ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives) – Local Governments for
Sustainability
ICLEI is an international organization of more than 470 member cities, towns, and countries
that have made a commitment to sustainable development. ICLEI – Canada has partnered with
NRCan to pilot test an adaptation planning guide, entitled "Preparing for Climate Change: A
Guidebook for Local, Regional and State Governments" that was produced in conjunction with
University of Washington and King County, Washington. They will be working with Canadian
municipalities to develop a supplement to the guide that addresses Canadian-specific issues.
For
more
information
go
to
http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=7289&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7286&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=2415
&cHash=27f5f79fb3.
7. The Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) Program.
The Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) has partnered with ICLEI to develop “The
Partners for Climate Protection” (PCP) program. The program is a network of 155 Canadian
municipal governments that have committed to reducing greenhouse gases and acting on
climate change, with an emphasis on mitigation responses that reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. PCP is the Canadian component of ICLEI’s Cities for Climate Protection (CCP)
network, comprising more then 800 communities world-wide. For more information go to
http://www.sustainablecommunities.fcm.ca/Partners-for-Climate-Protection/.
Organizations supporting local governments
1. FCM’s Partners for Climate Protection Program at
http://www.sustainablecommunities.fcm.ca/Partners-for-Climate-Protection/
2. This US Mayors’ climate change site provides a comprehensive understanding of what levers
communities they have at their disposal to achieve the commitments associated with the US
Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement. View this tool at http://usmayors.visiblestrategies.com/
3. C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (associated with the Clinton Climate Initiative),
http://www.c40cities.org/
4. In Europe, the Climate Alliance, http://www.klimabuendnis.org/, is a network of local
authorities active since 1990 with more than 1,500 members. Further, some large cities have
developed their own approaches.
Climate Information & Climate Change Scenarios

The Canadian Climate Change Scenarios Network (CCCSN) is a good starting point for climate data
and climate change scenario information. It has links to historical climate data from Environment
Canada. It provides background information on climate scenarios and their construction including a
page for those just starting out (see the bottom of the main page). Under contacts you will find names,
phone numbers and emails for contacts across the country who can help answer your questions. The
network also provides training from time to time. http://www.cccsn.ca/index-e.html
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
I.

The Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC), located in Victoria BC, provides climate information
and climate change scenarios. The site contains a regional analysis tool that helps users develop
climate scenarios for BC. http://pacificclimate.org

Ouranos is a consortium located in Quebec whose mission is to acquire and develop knowledge on
climate change, its impact and related socioeconomic and environmental vulnerabilities, in order to
inform decision makers about probable climate trends and advise them on identifying, assessing,
promoting and implementing local and regional adaptation strategies. It’s Climate Sciences
program provides information and scientific support required for impact and adaptation projects.
http://www.ouranos.ca/en/scientific-program/climate-sciences/
Addressing Misleading Arguments about Climate Change
Ten Popular Myths perpetuated in Canada about the science of Global Climate Change
http://www.earthembassy.ca/national/programs/atmosphere-energy/climate-change/ten-myths.html
The Royal Society – A Guide to Facts and Fictions about Climate Change. Examines twelve misleading
arguments put forward by the opponents of urgent action on climate change
http://royalsociety.org/Facts-and-fictions-about-climate-change/
DeSmogBlog – Clearing the PR Pollution that Clouds Climate Science
A Canadian source for accurate, fact-based information regarding Global Warming misinformation
campaigns. http://www.desmogblog.com
II.
Municipal Resources for Adapting to Climate Change
1.
ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability
An international organization of over 470 member cities, towns and counties, that have made a commitment
to sustainable development. ICLEI-Canada partnered with NRCan to pilot test one of the first adaptation
planning guides entitled Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional and State
Governments that was produced in conjunction with the University of Washington and King County,
Washington. They are working with Canadian municipalities to develop a supplement to the guide that
addresses Canadian-specific issues. For more information, go to: www.iclei.org/canada.
2.
The Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM)
FCM has partnered with ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability to develop The Partners for Climate
Protection (PCP) program. The PCP is a network of over 150 Canadian municipal governments that have
committed to reducing greenhouse gases and acting on climate change with an emphasis on mitigation
responses to climate change that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. PCP is the Canadian component of
ICLEI’s Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) network comprising more then 800 communities worldwide. For
more information, go to: http://www.sustainablecommunities.fcm.ca/Partners-for-Climate-Protection/
Note: Much of the following was adapted from the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. 2009. Municipal
Resources for Adapting to Climate Change. (available at http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building__PCP/PCP_Resources/Mun-Re-_Adapting-Climate-Change-e.pdf). This is an excellent resource developed
to provide information to Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) members and other municipal officials about
municipal adaptation initiatives and to provide resources for municipal officials who wish to undertake
adaptation planning.
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
B.
Organizations Working With Canadian Communities On Adaptation
Planning
Listed in the table below are a number of organizations that have strong links to municipalities, are looking to
serve municipalities or are working on climate change risk assessment or adaptation planning.
Alliance for Resilient Cities
Canadian Institute of Planners
www.cleanairpartnership.org
www.cip-icu.ca
Clean Air Partnership
www.cleanairpartnership.org
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation
Division, Natural Resources Canada
www.adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca
Columbia Basin Trust (B.C.)
Ecology North
www.cbt.org
www.ecologynorth.ca
EarthCare Sudbury
www.city.greatersudbury.on.ca/earthcare
Environment Canada
www.ec.gc.ca
Grand River Conservation Authority
www.grandriver.ca
Health Canada
www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/climat/indexeng.php
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
ICLEI Canada
www.ainc-inac.gc.ca
www.iclei.org/canada
Northern Climate Exchange
Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction
www.iclr.org
www.taiga.net/nce
Ouranos (Québec)
www.ouranos.ca
Ontario Centre for Climate Impacts and
Adaptation Resources
www.climateontario.ca
PEI Coastal Impact Group
Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium
www.pacificclimate.org
Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative
www.parc.ca
Pembina Institute
www.pembina.org
Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability
Committee (Engineers Canada)
www.engineerscanada.ca
Toronto and Region Conservation Authority
www.trca.on.ca
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
Walpole Island First Nation
www.bkejwanong.com
C.
Communities undertaking adaptation activities
Municipal government adaptation strategies are at an early stage. More and more municipalities are
recognizing the importance of addressing climate change impacts and adaptation, but to date there is no
consistent approach, nor are there extensive resources and tools to help municipalities assess their
vulnerabilities to climate change. London (U.K.) and Halifax have published detailed investigations into the
range of risks that climate change poses for their communities.
Halifax is well along in planning for adaptation, having completed a climate change risk management
strategy, Climate SMART, which includes adaptation planning (www.halifax.ca/Climate/index.html). The city
has launched guides and voluntary programs aspart of implementing its adaptation plan.
The City of Toronto is one of the first Canadian cities to establish a citywide process to respond to its
vulnerability to climate change. In 2008, Toronto developed Ahead of the Storm, a climate change adaptation
strategy (www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2008/pe/bgrd/backgroundfile-12950.pdf). See
http://www.urs2009.net/docs/papers/Penney.pdf for a case study describing past, current and potential future
impacts of climate change on Toronto, along with the steps taken to develop the adaptation strategy.
Kimberley & Elkford, British Columbia (Columbia Basin Trust pilots) http://www.cbt.org/climatechange/.
The Communities Adapting to Climate Change initiative supports communities of the Canadian Columbia
Basin to increase their adaptive capacity and resiliency to climate change impacts at a community level.
Phase 1 (2008-2009) included two pilot communities, Kimberley and the District of Elkford, a learning
network and an advisory committee. All of the tools and resources they used to develop their plans have
been put together as a resource kit at http://cbtadaptation.squarespace.com/this-resource-kit/ . They have
also produced a useful video:

Communities Adapting to Climate Change: A Tale of Two Communities - City of Kimberley and District
of Elkford share their experience in participating in CBT's Communities Adapting to Climate Initiative in
this 10-minute video.
London (U.K.) http://www.london.gov.uk/climatechange/strategy started adaptation planning earlier than any
of the other municipalities, and has gone the furthest with its planning to date. London has initiated a
community resilience effort, conducted a community resilience or vulnerability study and developed goals
and a preparedness (or adaptation) plan. London has also formally incorporated climate change impacts and
adaptation into its official plan, and has embarked on a number of pilot projects to test specific adaptation
strategies.
The UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP) helps organizations to adapt to climate change. The UKCIP
website (http://www.ukcip.org.uk) is an excellent source for resources on climate projections, impacts and
adaptation actions including:

The Adaptation Wizard that guides users move through a 5-step process to assess vulnerability to
current climate and future climate change, identify options to address key climate risks, and help to
develop a climate change adaptation strategy.

The Base for Research, Adaptation, Impacts and News, referred to as the BRAIN, an extensive
collection of research activities, adaptation actions, impacts of climate/weather and news of general
climate change activities.

Adaptation actions can be searched in an independent database by region (in UK), by sector or by type
of adaptation action at:
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
http://www.ukcip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=286&Itemid=423
D.
NRCan and CIP’s Municipal Case Studies
A joint study examined the planning process and climate change in five municipalities across the country.
The case studies address a sample of the major climate change impacts facing Canadian communities.
These include water resource depletion, coastal erosion due to higher sea levels, and permafrost melting.
The plain language summaries are available on CIP’s website at: http://www.cipicu.ca/web/la/en/pa/FDD921FC64CB4439A096528BFD59E779/template.asp
The case studies include:

City of Calgary Municipal Water Supply

Corporation of Delta Case Study: Sensitivity of the Roberts Bank Tidal Flats to Accelerated Sea Level
Rise and Intensified Storminess

Graham Island Case Study: Impacts of Sea Level Rise

Southeastern New Brunswick Coastal Communities Case Study: Impacts of Sea Level Rise

Salluit Case Study: Impacts of Degrading Permafrost
E.
Resources for impact assessment and adaptation planning
Although resources and tools are still underdeveloped, a few useful resources are available for planners and
municipalities. The following resources can help to better understand the major climate changes that are
beginning to occur and some of the expected impacts:

Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, April 2007)
(www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg2.htm).

From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate 2007 (Natural Resources Canada, 2007)
(www.adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/assess/2007/index_e.php).
A number of guides have been produced in recent years to help local governments assess climate change
vulnerabilities and risks, and plan and implement adaptation strategies:

Preparing for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional, and State Governments (King County,
Climate Impacts Group and ICLEI USA, 2007). Four communities — Delta, St. John’s, Sudbury and
Keene, New Hampshire — served as pilot communities where some of the tools in this guide were
tested (http://cses.washington.edu/db/pdf/snoveretalgb574.pdf ).

Climate Change Information for Effective Adaptation: A Practitioner‘s Manual. (2009) Kropp, J., and
Scholze, M., prepared for Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany.
(http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/bib/gtz2009-0175en-climate-change-information.pdf)

Climate adaptation: Risk, uncertainty and decision-making (U.K. Climate ImpactsProgramme (UKCIP,
2003) (www.ukcip.org.uk/images/stories/Pub_pdfs/Risk.pdf).

Preparing for climate change: A guide for local government in New Zealand (New Zealand Climate
Change Office, 2004) (www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/preparing-for-climatechange-guide-forlocal-govt/index.html).

Climate Change Impacts & Risk Management: A Guide for Business and Government (Australian
Government, 2006) (www.climatechange.gov.au/impacts/publications/riskmanagement.html).

Canadian communities’ guidebook for adaptation to climate change. Including an approach to generate
mitigation co-benefits in the context of sustainable development. By Bizikova L., T. Neale and I. Burton,
2008. Environment Canada and University of British Columbia.
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
(http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=xsexCSatHjo%3D&tabid=2455&mid=5415&langua
ge=en-US).

Chicago Climate Change Action Plan — Adaptation Strategy. (2008) City of Chicago.
(http://www.chicagoclimateaction.org/pages/adaptation/11.php ) Adaptation tactics were prioritized
according to: 1) their collateral mitigation benefits; 2) their costs; and 3) their catalytic potential. Five
multi-departmental adaptation working groups were formed to develop adaptation actions plans:
extreme heat; extreme precipitation events; building, equipment and infrastructure vulnerabilities;
ecosystem degradation; and leadership, planning and communication. Over 200 adaptation initiatives
are planned and underway across 15 City departments and agencies.

Climate Change Planning Tools for First Nations Guidebooks. 2006. (http://www.cier.ca/informationand-resources/publications-and-products.aspx?id=412 ) These six Guidebooks ‘walk and talk’ a First
Nation through the planning process. Each develops an important part of the planning process and is a
precursor to the next guidebook. They contain: suggestions of how a First Nation might plan for climate
change, how to involve the community, and activities that a First Nation can use to involve members of
the community to set priorities and achieve them.

weADAPT (http://www.weadapt.org/ ) has been collaborating with Google.org to explore ways of
improving access to information on climate adaptation using Google Earth. Based on input from users
we have created a quick and easy way to find out who is working on what and where. This also allows
you to share the work you are doing with a wide audience and raise awareness on important issues.
Municipalities using the King County/ICLEI USA guidebook and the UKCIP guide listed above have
described them as useful but lengthy and targeted to larger municipalities. Resources tailored to smaller
municipalities still need to be developed.
In addition to these guides, several other resources have been useful to municipalities undertaking climate
change vulnerability or risk assessments and adaptation planning:

Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: A Canadian Perspective (Natural Resources Canada, 2004)
suggests a “vulnerability approach” for assessing climate risks and provides suggested adaptation
responses for a number of sectors (www.adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/perspective/index_e.php#toc).

Adapting to Climate Change: A Risk-based Guide for Ontario Municipalities (Bruce, Egener and Noble,
2006) provides a detailed methodology for assessing the risks of climate change and undertaking
climate change adaptation planning for municipalities
(www.adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/projdb/pdf/176a_e.pdf).

Cities Preparing for Climate Change: A Study of Six Urban Regions (Clean Air Partnership, 2007)
proposes a framework for urban adaptation processes, based on a review of leading cities and urban
regions (www.cleanairpartnership.org/pdf/cities_climate_change.pdf).

Planning Response to Climate Change: Advice on Better Practice (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister,
London, 2004) focuses on incorporating climate concerns and adaptation into local government
planning (www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/147597.pdf).

Adapting to Climate Change: An Introduction for Canadian Municipalities (Climate Change Impacts and
Adaptation Research Network, 2006) provides an introduction to climate impacts, including case studies
(www.c-ciarn.ca/adapting_e.html). This resource is targeted to elected officials.

The City of Toronto’s Climate Change Adaptation Reference Collection, developed with the help of the
Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction, may be useful to other communities
(www.toronto.ca/teo/climate_change_adaptation/index.htm).

A Guide for Incorporating Adaptation to Climate Change into Land-Use Planning. CEF Consultants Ltd
and CBCL Limited. (Collins, Smith, and Allen, 2005). A guide aimed at land use planners, engineers,
administrators within municipal governments, and planning advisory committees that discusses
mitigation and adaptation strategies, climate change impacts and plans, and land use planning.
www.cefconsultants.ns.ca/CCGuideLandUseNov05.pdf
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES

The new climate change adaptation tools and resources developed by Engineers Canada
(www.engineerscanada.ca).
Many of the above resources provide a detailed step-by-step approach to climate change impact assessment
and adaptation planning. There is considerable overlap in their approaches.
F.
Websites with extensive Adaptation Planning Resource Lists
CIP is in the process of buildings its www.planningforclimatechange.ca site into a significant resource.
Clean Air Partnerships: http://www.cleanairpartnership.org/arc/resource_library/adaptation_planning
Extensive list compiled for the Alliance on Resilient Cities.
City of Toronto Climate Change Adaptation Reference Collection
http://www.toronto.ca/teo/climate_change_adaptation/index.htm On this site, you'll find links to studies,
reports and tools related to climate change adaptation. This material was compiled, in cooperation with the
Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction (ICLR), in the course of the City’s research on climate change
adaptation.
G.
Videos
Global Warming 101
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/environment/global-warming-environment/global-warming101.html (3 minutes)
Good basic overview. Can be used with accompanying on-line Global Warming Quiz
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/quiz-global-warming/
Communities Adapting to Climate Change: A Tale of Two Communities
http://www.cbt.org/Initiatives/Climate_Change/action_video.asp (10 min)
City of Kimberley and District of Elkford share their experience in participating in The Colombia Basin
Council’s Communities Adapting to Climate Initiative.
Adapting to Climate Change in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia
(http://ekoscommunications.com/node/683) (12 min)
As part of the Natural Resource Canada funded project on climate change adaptation in the Fraser Basin of
British Columbia, EKOS produced this video designed to stimulate dialogue among local government
representatives, scientists and engineers on how to adapt water related infrastructure. The video applies
peer-to-peer learning by having mayors, councilors and senior policy advisers as the main delivers of the
message, supported by clips from three highly respect climate research scientists from University of British
Columbia (UBC).
Climate Action in California with Arnold Schwartzenegger
http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/visualization/index.html (7 minutes)
Visualizing climate change risk and adaptation options in California (via a collaboration with Google Earth),
this overview of California’s extensive climate action uses impressive impact simulations.
The Most Terrifying Video You'll Ever See - The Climate Change Debate
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zORv8wwiadQ (10 minutes)
In 2007, high school science teacher Greg Craven posted this video predicting dire consequences without
strong measures to stop global warming. That video attracted over five million viewers. He has since written
a book entitled What's the Worst That Could Happen?: A Rational Response to the Climate Change Debate,
where his focus is not "what" to think about global warming, but "how." Using clear language and charts,
Craven sketches not just the cost/benefit analysis of over-reacting and failing to act, but the fundamentals of
sound science. Training readers to evaluate competing arguments, he points to a number of expert sources
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
for reliable information, takes a measured look at the skeptics and finds that the risk of global climate
destabilization outweighs the supposedly prohibitive costs of implementing environmental protection
measures. [from amazon.com]
BBC Hot Cities
http://www.rockhopper.tv/hotcities/index.html
A series of documentaries produced in partnership with Rockhopper TV. The world’s biggest cities are
already victims of climate change. “Hot Cities” travels the world from Lagos to Los Angeles, from Shanghai to
Surat, from Dhaka to Durban to see if our cites can adapt and survive.
H.
Risk assessment tools
Halifax has gone through a formal, comprehensive risk assessment process to evaluate climate change
risks. Halifax was motivated to begin developing an adaptation strategy following Hurricane Juan, which did
considerable damage to the city in 2003. With the help of ClimAdapt, (a consortium of eight Atlantic
Canadian private sector environmental firms and two nongovernmental organizations), Halifax was able to
secure funds from the federal government to support research and risk assessment related to climate
change impacts and strategy development. The city developed a climate change risk assessment tool,
drawing on a guide produced by the Canadian Standards Association entitled Risk Management: Guideline
for Decision Makers (CSA-Q850-97 (R2007))
(www.shopcsa.ca/onlinestore/GetCatalogItemDetails.asp?mat=2005912). This risk assessment tool is
described in Halifax’s Climate Change Risk Management Strategy (2007)
(www.halifax.ca/climate/documents/ClimateChangeRiskManagementStrategyforHRMDecember2007.pdf).
The Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee (PIEVC) Protocol produced by Engineers
Canada is another risk assessment tool being used to assess the vulnerability of individual facilities or types
of infrastructure (www.pievc.ca). The types of infrastructure considered include buildings; roads, bridges and
other transportation infrastructure; stormwater and wastewater systems; and water resources. Engineers
Canada selected Sudbury to use the protocol to assess the vulnerability of its roads to climate change.
Yellowknife used the PIEVC Protocol to assess the threat of thawing permafrost to local buildings.
I.
Scientific resources
A variety of scientific resources exist to help municipalities learn about climate change, prepare analyses of
expected local impacts and, in some cases, begin evaluating adaptation solutions. Some of these resources
include:

The regional offices of Environment Canada, as well as its Adaptation and Impacts Research Group
(www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/airg/index_e.cfm).

The Earth Sciences Sector of Natural Resources Canada (http://ess.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php).

The Canadian Hydrographic Service in the Department of Fisheries and Oceans
(www.charts.gc.ca/pub/en/).

The Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (http://pacificclimate.org/resources/climateimpacts ).

Data from the Atlas of Canada (http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/english/maps/climatechange) and
Natural Resources Canada’s CoastWeb (http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/coast/index_e.php).

Projections from the Canadian Climate Change Scenarios Network (www.cccsn.ca).

Individual scientists such as Norm Catto at Memorial University and David Pearson at Laurentian
University.

Researchers doing presentations on Alliance for Resilient Cities (www.cleanairpartnership.org/arc) and
FCM’s Green Municipal FundTM webinars (www.fcm.ca/gmf).
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
It is important to note that although Canada has an array of research and scientific resources on climate
change, cities are not yet drawing on many of these resources. One reason for this is limited staff time and
resources.
J.
Helpful Resources by Region
1.
British Columbia

BC Climate Action Toolkit. A climate action resource for local government by local government in
collaboration with UBCM, Smart Planning for Communities & the Province of BC.

Climate Change Adaptation: Planning for BC. (2008) Harford, D., Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions,
University of Victoria, British Columbia

(Capital Regional District) Capital Region Climate Change Adaptation Study Phase 1: Project Scoping.
(2008) The Sheltair Group. Prepared for Environmental Services Department, Capital Regional District

(Corporation of Delta) Delta's Climate Change Initiative: A Corporate Framework for Action. (2008)
Climate Change Working Group, Corporation of Delta
2.

Quebec
Ouranos is a consortium that brings together 250 scientists and professionals from different disciplines.
It focuses on two main themes: Climate Sciences and Impacts & Adaptation. http://www.ouranos.ca/
3.
Atlantic Region

(Halifax Regional Municipality) HRM Climate SMART: Community Action Guide to Climate Change and
Emergency Preparedness. (2006) Halifax Regional Municipality, Naturally Green, Government of
Canada, Federation of Canadian Municipalities, Government of Nova Scotia

(Halifax Regional Municipality) Climate Change Risk Management Strategy for Halifax Regional
Municipality. (2007) Halifax Regional Municipality

(New Brunswick) New Brunswick Climate Change Action Plan 2007-2012. (2007) New Brunswick
Climate Change Secretariat Department of Environment

(Nova Scotia) Toward a Greener Future: Nova Scotia’s Climate Change Action Plan (Adapting to
Climate Change Actions 53-66). (2009) Nova Scotia Department of Environment

(Prince Edward Island) Prince Edward Island and Climate Change: A Strategy for Reducing the
Impacts of Global Warming. (2008) Department of Environment, Energy and Forestry, Government of
Prince Edward Island
4.
Ontario

(City of Toronto) Ahead of the Storm… Preparing Toronto for Climate Change: Development of a
climate change adaptation strategy. (2008). Toronto Environment Office, City of Toronto Climate
Adaptation Steering Group, Clean Air Partnership

(City of Ottawa) City of Ottawa White Paper: Climate Change and the Official Plan Review. (2008)
Planning, Transit and the Environment Department, City of Ottawa

(Ontario) Adapting to Climate Change in Ontario: Towards the Design and Implementation of a Strategy
and Action Plan (2009) The Ontario Ministry of the Environment has released a report titled Adapting to
Climate Change in Ontario: Towards the Design and Implementation of a Strategy and Action Plan,
authored by Ontario’s Expert Panel on Climate Change Adaptation. The report lists a broad range of
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
recommendations to help Ontario understand climate change impacts, reduce risks and take advantage
of beneficial opportunities resulting from climate change.
5.
North

(Northwest Territories) Northwest Territories Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report. (2008)
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories.

(City of Yellowknife) Creating a More Resilient Yellowknife: Climate Change Impacts and Municipal
Decision Making. Final Project Report. (2007) Pryor, J., and Cobb, P., Pembina Institute.

(Yukon) Yukon Government Climate Change Action Plan. (2009) Environment Yukon, Yukon
Government.
K.
Regional Climate Resources
To understand climate impacts in a specific location, in more detail and/or in a particular sector, e.g., coastal
erosion or water supply, it may be advisable to bring in specialized expertise. There are hundreds of
scientists, researchers and others working in regional climate centres, governments, universities and
organizations across the country. Currently, there is no centralized agency that facilitates access to these
individuals or institutions. Below you will find a list of organizations and institutions that might be working in
your region. Also investigate local provincial and university departments that are working on climate change.

Canadian Forest Service, NRCan – http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/?lang=en

Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction – http://www.iclr.org

Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), in particular the Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Division
http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php

Ouranos Consortium – http://www.ouranos.ca/intro/intro_e.html

Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium – http://pacificclimate.org/

Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative (PARC) – http://www.parc.ca/

Water & Climate Impacts Research Centre (W-CIRC) – http://w-circ.uvic.ca/english/index.php
L.
Resources for Planners as Sustainability Champions

The Sustainability Champion's Guidebook, by Bob Willard, outlines how internal leaders can transform
their organisation to sustainable enterprises.
http://www.sustainabilityadvantage.com/products/suschamps.html

The International Society of Sustainability Professionals (ISSP) is a non-profit, member-driven
association for professionals who are committed to making sustainability standard practice.
http://sustainabilityprofessionals.org/

The Natural Step Canada is a national non-profit organization that provides training, coaching and
advice to communities and businesses on how to integrate economic, environmental and social
priorities into their decision making and planning. Their website includes good case studies and guides
on how to do integrated community sustainability planning. http://www.naturalstep.org/
Networks
Regional climate cneteres, governemtns, universities and organization (the last two pages of Appendix 4
of March 3 2 day workshop)
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
Canadian climate modeling resources
Climate modeling clearinghouse (national with regional contacts):
Canadian Climate Change Scenarios Network
Climate modeling centres:
Canadian Institute of Climate Studies
Centre ESCER pour l’edtude et la simulation du climat a l’echelle regionale (regional)
Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis
Ouranos (regional)
Universities:
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University
Atmospheric Physics, University of Toronto
Atmospheric Sciences Group, University of Quebec at Montreal
Climate Modelling Group, Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria; Physics and Astronomy
Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, York University; Earth and Atmospheric Science
Montreal Weather Centre, University of Quebec at Montreal
Federal government:
NRCan Climate Change Impacts & Adapt.: http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/index_e.php
Env Canada Climate Change Programs: http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=2967C31D-1
International: World Climate Research Programme http://wcrp.wmo.int/AP_Modelling.html
Specialised modeling: Canadian Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (CSPARC)
http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/C-SPARC/index.html (PI: UofT Physics)
What is the CCCSN?
The CCCSN will maintain Canada's reputation for preserving a leading-edge scenarios facility that
will become one of the premier sources for Canadians and international researchers seeking
information on climate change scenarios and impacts and adaptation research.
The content of the network includes:
•
Canadian climate change scenarios derived from GCM (Global Climate Model) simulations,
(particularly the Canadian model, available at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and
Analysis (CCCma), those scenarios recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) and the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI)
project. In addition, this website will provide regional scale/high resolution output from the
Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM), through collaboration with the Ouranos consortium,
along with information on other relevant GCM downscaling methods;
•
Bioclimate profiles for Canada;
•
Scenarios and impact and adaptation research documents from within and outside of Canada;
•
Links to IPCC guidelines on scenario use and interpretation;
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
•
On-line instructions for using scenarios and downscaling tools: the Statistical Downscaling
Model (SDSM), the Automated Downscaling Tool (ASD) and a weather generator (LARS-WG);
•
Links to other tools used in impacts and adaptation research; and
•
Scenario Reports and selected scientific publications related to climate scenarios and impacts
and adaptation research.
The network also allows the user to:
Visualize GCM and CRCM experiments, either as maps or through the use of graphical displays of
data;
Facilitate the analysis and comparison of available simulations from GCMs and the CRCM, when
comparable simulations are available for the same experiments;
Develop all relevant derived atmospheric variables based extremes to consider plausible anticipated
changes in duration, frequency and intensity of weather extremes; and
Extract and download all available parameter data for a particular location or region.
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
The Canadian Institute for Climate Studies
The Institute is housed within the Centre for Global Studies' Climate & Energy Division at the
University of Victoria. Mission is to further the understanding of the climate system, its variability
and potential for change and to further the application of that understanding to decision making
in both the public and private sectors. CICS is the secretariat for the Pacific Climate Impacts
Consortium (PCIC).
List of past projects gives an overview of how it has focused on the above mission since 1993.
Climate scenarios data and maps remain available from the Canadian Climate Impacts Scenarios
project which ran from 1999-2004. A new scenarios interface with a regional focus is being
developed and will be launched on the PCIC website.
Publications and products archive are links to past issues of the Climate Research Network
Newsletter, Seasonal Climate Predictions, and Seasonal Climate Bulletin publications. PCIC plans
to make some free general interpretation of seasonal climate predictions available.
Centre ESCER regional modeling member of Global environmental and climate chance centre, the
Montreal area university
consortium (http://www.geog.mcgill.ca/gec3/)
Université du Québec à Montréal
Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville
Montréal (Québec) Canada
Le Centre ESCER regroupe de vives forces de l’Université du Québec à Montréal - UQAM oeuvrant dans les domaines de l'étude et de la simulation du climat à l'échelle régionale, ainsi
que
sur
la
compréhension
du
système
climatique
en
général.
En novembre 2003, la reconnaissance institutionnelle du Centre ESCER a permis de donner une
visibilité accrue aux activités de recherche prenant place à l’UQAM via le Réseau canadien en
modélisation et diagnostics du climat régional (MDCR) et pour lesquelles les chercheurs de
l’UQAM
ont
acquis
une
renommée
nationale
et
internationale.
Depuis avril 2004, le Centre ESCER constitue le pôle « modélisation du climat régional » dans le
regroupement stratégique GEC3 (Global Environmental and Climate Change Centre), composé
d’une quarantaine de chercheurs de l’Université McGill (Centre for Climate and Global Change
Research – C2GCR, Brace Centre for Water Resources Management), de l’Université de
Sherbrooke (Centre d'applications et de recherches en télédétection - CARTEL), de l’Université de
Montréal (Laboratoire de géomorphologie fluviale - LGF) et de l'UQAM (Centre ESCER). Une telle
alliance a permis la reconnaissance de notre centre de recherche auprès du Fonds québécois de
la
recherche
sur
la
nature
et
les
technologies
(FQRNT).
Le Centre est situé au Pavillon Président-Kennedy du Complexe des sciences Pierre-Dansereau,
201 avenue du Président-Kennedy à Montréal. (Carte)
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, a division of the Climate Research Branch of
Environment Canada. CCCma is located on the campus of the University of Victoria.
Canadian
Centre
University
of
Victoria BC V8W 3V6
for
Victoria,
Climate
PO
Modelling
Box
3065
and
STN
Analysis
CSC
Models developed:
AGCM1
The
first
generation
atmospheric
general
circulation
AGCM2
The
second
generation
atmospheric
general
circulation
AGCM3
The
third
generation
atmospheric
general
circulation
AGCM4/CanAM4 The fourth generation and current atmospheric general circulation
CGCM1
The
first
generation
coupled
global
climate
CGCM2 The
second
generation
coupled
global
climate
CGCM3
The
third
generation
coupled
global
climate
CGCM4/CanCM4 The fourth generation and current coupled global climate model.
model.
model.
model.
model.
model.
model.
model.
Data availability: and downloading: http://www.cccma.ec.gc.ca/data/data.shtml
The CCCma also participates in several Climate Research Network model development projects. These
have lead to the development of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM), the current
Canadian Regional Climate Model (versions of the CRCM), and recently a new Canadian Regional
Climate Model (CanRCM4).
Under its analysis function, CCCma studies past and predicted climate variations to gain a deeper
understanding of the climate system and provides science–based quantitative information to the
national and the international community, notably coordinated model experiments organized by
the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and contributions to the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
Ouranos
Consortium on Regional Climatology and Adaptation to Climate Change
Network of some 250 scientists and professionals, with total estimated resources of $12 M/year,
three CRAY-SX-6 supercomputers, with available continuous calculation capacity of over
0.2 TFLOP and 725 terabytes of memory
550
West
Montreal,
H3A
Tél.:
Fax: (514) 282-7131
[email protected]
Sherbrooke
Tower,
19th
West
floor
Quebec
1B9
(514) 282-6464
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
FROM RUSSELL ON EMISSION INVENTORIES
General Info/creating the inventory:


http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building__PCP/PCP_Resources/PCPFiveMilestoneFramework-e.pdf, 5-6
http://pdfone.com/download/31_keyword-municipal-greenhouse-gasinventories/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-springfield-oregon.pdf, 5-7
Guidelines for setting up an inventory:

http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building_-_PCP/pcp-ismd-pub-en.pdf
Principles and inventory requirements:

http://www.iclei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/Global/Progams/CCP/Stand
ards/ICLEI_IEAP_2009.pdf (International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis
Protocol), 5-7

Vancouver study http://vancouver.ca/greenestcity/PDF/2008GHGInventoryMethodologiesDocument2
0091210.pdf
Montreal - http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building__PCP/PCP_Members_Inventory_Action_Plans/Montreal-inventory.pdf
Prince George, BC - http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building__PCP/PCP_Members_Inventory_Action_Plans/Prince_George_Inventory.pdf
Winnipeg - http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building__PCP/PCP_Members_Inventory_Action_Plans/Winnipeg_Inventory.pdf
Hamilton (very detailed)- http://gmf.fcm.ca/files/Capacity_Building__PCP/PCP_Members_Inventory_Action_Plans/City-Hamilton-inventory.pdf Haverford Township, Penn. http://www.haverfordtownship.com/egov/docs/1208528514_638061.pdf, table on
page 10
Springfield, Ore. - http://pdfone.com/download/31_keyword-municipal-greenhousegas-inventories/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-springfield-oregon.pdf
Examples:






General issues: Vancouver report –

Outputs
Building
http://vancouver.ca/sustainability/documents/Progress2007.pdf, Appendix A
Data Source
Electricity and natural gas use
Data
Energy Consumption
References
Vancouver Study
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
(BC Hydro and Terasen Gas)
(electricity and fuel use)
Transportation
Gas sales and vehicle mileage
data (AirCare testing) for LDVs;
modeling (kms traveled
estimates) for HDVs
Light-duty and heavy-duty
vehicle emissions
Vancouver Study
Waste
CH2M Hill Ltd.’s model for
landfill gas generation
GHG emissions from the
decomposition of organic
waste in landfills
Vancouver Study
Fuel loaded onto plane or 2)
fuel usage apportioned to
percentage of airport users who
are residents of the locality
Fuel usage of flights
originating at airport or 2) air
travel footprint of residents
International Local
Government GHG
Emissions Analysis
Protocol, 35
Consumption
Land cover
change
Trade
Aviation
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
NRCan/CIP Projects and Initiatives on climate change
Since 2007, CIP has been working in partnership with Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) and, more recently with
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) and the Government of Nunavut (GN), to bring climate change
knowledge, adaptation strategies and plans, policies and tools to professional planners in all parts of Canada.
Specifically, CIP set out to do the following:
 Establish a national policy for the institute and its members (see Appendix 1 CIP Policy on Climate
Change).
 Create educational learning modules to increase members', planning students' and stakeholders'
awareness of planning related climate change issues.
 Create tools and resources to better equip CIP members, students and stakeholders to deal with climate
change impacts and adaptation (see www.planningforclimatechange.ca ).
CIP gratefully acknowledges the vital funding and professional contributions of Natural Resources Canada, Indian
and Northern Affairs Canada, and the Government of Nunavut, which have made this work possible. In addition,
many thanks to the many CIP members who have volunteered their expertise and hundreds of hours of their time
to make the project a success.
Educational Learning Modules
CIP, along with its Affiliates, have launched a Continuous Professional Learning (CPL) program that provides
educational opportunities to help Canadian planners remain current in their practice. Under its collaboration with
Natural Resources Canada, CIP is developing three educational learning modules on climate change:
 A 2-hour overview seminar, based on CIP's national Policy on Climate Change, available for delivery at
Affiliate, CIP and other conferences or events;
 A university level module of 3 to 5 sessions for inclusion in the core curriculum of first-year planning
courses, developed in close cooperation with the Association of Canadian University Planning Programs;
 A two-day intensive workshop for planners and related professionals on climate change adaptation,
available for Affiliate CPL programs.
The learning modules are intended to equip planners to implement the CIP Policy On Climate Change that calls
upon members to consider climate change in their actions and recommendations.
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
Summaries of Adaptation Activities in Selected Communities
I.
Corporation of Delta, British Columbia
Delta is a low-lying community bordered by the Fraser River to the north and the Strait of
Georgia to the west. The community is aware of its vulnerability to climate change. Sea-level rise
is of primary concern, considering the fact that the municipality maintains 60 kilometres of dikes.
Availability of water for drinking and irrigation is also a concern.
Delta is concerned about the following effects of climate change:

Increased precipitation.

More extreme weather events.

Increased vulnerability to flooding.

Overall loss of biodiversity as invasive plants and animals replace native species.

Threats to Delta’s dike system and salinization of valuable farm land as a result of rising sea levels.
In 2007, the Delta Council approved Delta’s Climate Change Initiative, which has two main goals: to reduce
GHG emissions from municipal buildings, fleet vehicles and operations; and to adapt municipal infrastructure
and emergency plans to ensure that the community is well prepared for and protected against climate
change impacts.
Some of the specific adaptation activities contained within the initiative include:

Upgrading dykes to provide extra protection against floods and storm surges.

Monitoring changes in temperature, nutrients, contamination and biodiversity in creeks and streams that
flow from land to sea.

Tree planting.
For more detailed information, please visit the Corporation of Delta’s Climate Adaptation Project website
(www.corp.delta.bc.ca/EN/main/residents/771/50845/59147/iclei.html).
II.
Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia
In its Climate Change Risk Management Strategy, completed in December 2007 and released in April 2008,
the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) identified a wide range of climate change vulnerabilities and
prioritized them based on the probability of their occurrence and the severity of the likely impact
(www.halifax.ca/climate/documents/ClimateChangeRiskManagementStrategyforHRMDecember2007.pdf).
High-priority impacts include:

Coastal zone impacts from sea-level rise and storm surges, causing damage to coastal ecosystems and
increased erosion.

Flooding and damage to buildings and infrastructure from sea-level rise, storm surges and extreme
weather events.

Impacts on port operations.

Increases in insurance costs and in economic and social costs associated with adaptation.

Increased risk of forest fire in the urban–rural fringe.
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES

Increased variability in the quality and quantity of water for agriculture from surface water sources.

Salt water intrusion into groundwater supplies.

Spread of vector-borne diseases such as Lyme Disease and West Nile virus.

Tree blow down from extreme weather events.

Storm, hail or drought damage to crops (in rural parts of the municipality).

Impacts on terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity resulting from temperature and flow changes.
Halifax has been working formally on climate change adaptation since 2004, spurred on by the experience of
Hurricane Juan in 2003, followed by the blizzard “White Juan” in 2004.
The formation in 2001 of ClimAdapt (a network of eight Atlantic Canadian private sector environmental firms
and two non-governmental organizations interested in climate change adaptation (www.climadapt.com) was
an important precursor to Halifax’s work on adaptation. ClimAdapt helped bring together funds and partners
for an intensive program of research and development of tools for climate change adaptation decisionmaking. The resulting Halifax Climate SMART program involves both mitigation and adaptation.
For more detailed information, please visit the Climate SMART website (www.halifax.ca/Climate/index.html).
III.
Greater London Authority, United Kingdom
London’s vulnerabilities were described in a detailed assessment, London’s Warming, released in 2002
(www.london.gov.uk/gla/publications/environment/londons_warming_tech_rpt_all.pdf). Some of the potential
vulnerabilities include the following:

Higher average temperatures and more heat waves (600 people died in the 2003 heat wave).

Increased electricity demand for air conditioning.

Flooding both from extreme precipitation (especially in winter) on the Thames floodplain and from sea
level rise and storm surges.

Water shortages in summer, coupled with increased demand.

Impacts on the financial sector from domestic and global extreme weather events.

Worsened air quality from temperature inversions, increased ozone concentrations and higher pollen
counts.

Degradation and loss of habitat in London ecosystems.

Building and road subsidence and heave (shifting of foundations) resulting from the drying out of clay
soils.

Disruption of transportation as a result of flooding and extreme weather.

Increased damage from stronger windstorms.
Led by the Greater London Authority, the London Climate Change Partnership (LCCP) was created in 2001
(www.london.gov.uk/climatechangepartnership). LCCP includes representatives of local governments,
utilities, transportation, water and health agencies, business associations and environmental NGOs. In
addition to the vulnerability assessment mentioned above, LCCP has undertaken sectoral studies of climate
change impacts and adaptation options and published several guides to adaptation. Its publications are all
publicly available at Greater London Authority’s LCCP website.
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
For more detailed information, please visit the City of London’s climate change website
(www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Sustainability/Climate_ch
ange).
IV.
City of St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador
The Atlantic Chapter of From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate 2007
(www.adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/assess/2007/at/index_e.php) outlines the climate changes expected in the
region, including:

longer, hotter and drier summers

thunderstorm and lightning activity

increased storm activity

more winter and spring precipitation

stronger winds

variable snow cover

decreased fog
St. John’s is very concerned about flooding. The city has experienced major floods from extreme weather
events in the past, such as Hurricane Gabriel and other storms that normally occur once every 100 or 150
years. Flooding has already done major damage to the city’s storm sewage system and this is a primary
vulnerability concern.
The city’s first formal participation in climate adaptation planning was via ICLEI Canada’s Climate Adaptation
Pilot Project in 2007, which tested the usefulness of the King County and ICLEI USA publication, Preparing
for Climate Change: A Guidebook for Local, Regional and State Governments, in the Canadian context. The
project involved three workshops with city staff. Staff discussed the guidebook’s strategies for conducting a
climate impacts and resilience study, identifying priority planning areas for action, setting preparedness goals
and developing a preparedness plan.
Although this pilot project has concluded, the city will continue its climate adaptation activities through its
Integrated Sustainability Community Planning (ISCP).
For more detailed information, please visit the City of St John’s climate change website
(www.stjohns.ca/cityservices/environment/climatechange.jsp).
V.
City of Greater Sudbury, Ontario
The following climate changes are projected for Sudbury by 2050:

average temperature increase of 2–3°C

shorter snowfall season

more frequent and intense extreme weather events

10–15 per cent increase in annual precipitation

more rain and less snow

more extreme heat days

increased variability in wet and dry periods

longer growing season
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES
The City of Greater Sudbury has participated in several climate adaptation activities, including the following:

The city is involved in a project to assess the impacts of climate change on roads and associated
structures. This is part of a countrywide project by the Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability
Committee of Engineers Canada (www.pievc.ca/e/abo_overview_.cfm). In Sudbury, staff engineers are
evaluating whether the city will need to change road pavement standards to cope with forecasted
climate impacts.

The city is working with the Sudbury District Health Unit on the development and implementation of the
Hot Weather Response Plan to educate the public about extreme heat and ensure that public spaces
with air conditioning are available during heat waves.

The City of Greater Sudbury has been a participant in ICLEI Canada’s Climate Adaptation Pilot Project,
a series of workshops to introduce and evaluate the first three milestones in the Preparing for Climate
Change guidebook.
For more detailed information, please visit the EarthCare Sudbury website
(www.city.greatersudbury.on.ca/earthcare).
VI.
City of Toronto, Ontario
Toronto’s vulnerabilities were first summarized in A Scan of Climate Change Impacts on Toronto, published
by the Clean Air Partnership in 2006 (www.cleanairpartnership.org/pdf/climate_change_scan.pdf). A number
of vulnerabilities were also discussed in Ahead of the Storm, a discussion paper prepared to help the city
develop its adaptation strategy (www.toronto.ca/teo/pdf/ahead_of_the_storm.pdf).
These documents identified a number of potential impacts, including:

More hot days and heat waves, with increases in related illness and deaths.

Increased demand for electricity for air conditioning, and stress on electrical distribution systems.

Poorer air quality and more smog, with impacts on health and mortality.

Impacts on water quality from higher water temperatures, decline in lake levels and increased dredging.

Flooding from intense rainstorms, with damage to buildings, road and utility infrastructure and streams.

Increased incidence of droughts.

Expansion of insect vectors that spread infectious disease, as well as pests that attack trees.

Damage to roads from increased freeze–thaw cycles.
The City of Toronto has begun adaptation planning (see Toronto’s Climate Change Adaptation Strategy
(www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2008/pe/bgrd/backgroundfile-12950.pdf). The city has an interdepartmental
adaptation team that meets regularly. Of all the Canadian communities surveyed, Toronto may have the
strongest mandate to move forward with the adaptation process.
For more detailed information, please visit the City of Toronto climate adaptation website
(www.toronto.ca/teo/adaptation.htm).
VII.
City of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
Some of Yellowknife’s vulnerabilities to climate change were outlined in an unpublished report prepared for
the city by the Pembina Institute (http://communities.pembina.org/partners/yellowknife). These include:

Freeze/thaw “heaving” of roads and other infrastructure.

Increased erosion of riverbanks, depositing sediment into the water supply.
APPENDIX 5: SUMMARIES OF ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES

Higher-intensity storms, which may result in localized flooding.

More intense and frequent snowstorms and increased cost of road clearing.

A reduced season for ice roads, which affects mines in the area.

Greater weight of hoar frost on power lines, which increases the risk of power disruption and increases
maintenance requirements.

Vulnerability of hydroelectricity supply from changes in water levels.

Changes in insect populations and resulting impacts on health, recreation and the food chain.
Thawing permafrost is also a problem in some areas of Yellowknife. For example, the airport runway
required extensive restoration after permafrost began to thaw.
Several adaptation workshops and other events involving City of Yellowknife officials have taken place in the
city in recent years, including a one-day workshop on municipal climate change adaptation organized by
Ecology North, a local environmental NGO, in March 2006.
Later in 2006, the Pembina Institute approached the City of Yellowknife with an offer to help the city develop
the tools, capacity and decision-making processes necessary to address climate change impacts in the
community. Pembina secured $70,000 for the project from Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. The institute
had previously worked with Yellowknife on the development of a community energy plan.
For more detailed information, please visit the City of Yellowknife’s website
(www.yellowknife.ca/City_Hall/Committees/Community_Energy_Planning_Committee.html).
VIII.
Nunavut
Under its partnership with NRCan, and through the dedicated work of numerous CIP members and other
partner organizations, a significant volume of work has begun to emerge that should serve as a helpful
reference resource for CIP members and others. See
www.planningforclimatechange.ca/wwwroot/dsp_Library.cfm for a report of work done in Nunavut: Building
Community Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation Action Planning. Clyde River and Hall Beach, Nunavut,
October 2007 - March, 2008
Information and links to select adaptation plans and studies
Adaptation
Plan and
website
A) Lead author; B)
How collaborative the
plan is
Toronto –
Ahead of the
Storm
A) Toronto environment
office. B) In collaboration
with the City of Toronto
Climate Adaptation
Steering Group and the
Clean Air Partnership.
http://www.t
oronto.ca/teo
/pdf/ahead_o
f_the_storm.p
df
What step is the
process at
Climate Change
Action Plan adopted
by City Council in July
2007. The
development of a
climate change
adaptation plan
represents an action
in this plan. Still need
to develop a longterm comprehensive
adaptation policy,
however.
Compreh
ensive vs.
sectoral
Compreh
ensive
How plan fits in with
other city plans
Some initiatives:
- City of Toronto
Integrated Energy
Strategy
Contact
Date of
document
For leaving comments
Changeisintheair@tor
onto.ca, or David
MacLeod (fax - 416
338-0808)
April 2008
Some recommendations:
- Collaborate with
Regional, Provincial,
National and International
Adaptation
Networks and Programs
- Incorporate adaptation
into city policies and high
level plans (Master plan,
transit plan, emergency
plan, etc.)
Halifax –
ClimateSMAR
T
http://www.h
alifax.ca/clima
te/documents
/ClimateChan
geRiskManage
mentStrategyf
orHRMDecem
ber2007.pdf
A) Halifax Regional
Formally launched in
Municipality. B) Partnered March 2004
with all levels of
government and the
private sector
Compreh
ensive
- Are incorporating climate Stephen King
change considerations
into policy
Manager –
- Links to be made with
Environmental
regional plans:
Performance (Air &
“As HRM moves forward
Land),
with the implementation
Sustainable
of the Regional Municipal Environment
Planning Strategy,
Management Office,
HRM will be developing
Functional Plans dealing
Environmental
with hazards to
Management
development”
Services:
- Calls for better
integration between levels (902) 490-6188,
of government
[email protected]
Dec 2007
APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER
Dawson City –
Dawson
Climate
Change
Adaptation
Plan
A) Dawson Adaptation
Project Team, B) which
contains a mix of people
from all levels of
government and also from
a few universities in
Ontario
- This document is
the plain language
summary.
A) It is not clear who the
main author is, lists the
following: Smart Growth
Advisory Services,
ThinkBright Environmental
Innovations, Zumundo
consultants and
Community Advisory
Committee Members
- This document is a
Background Report.
http://taiga.n
et/nce/adapta
tion/Dawson_
Plan_PL_Final.
pdf
Elkford, BC –
District of
Elkford
Official
Community
Plan and
Climate
Change
Adaptation
Strategy
B) Elkford (along with
Kimberley, BC), was
selected by the Columbia
http://www.el Basin Trust (CBT) to pilot a
kford.ca/inclu one-year community
de/get.php?n learning, engagement and
planning process on
odeid=78
climate change
adaptation. The CBT
therefore made this
project possible.
Edmonton –
Urban Forest
Management
Plan
- Adaptation plans
implemented
summer 2009.
Implementation
report planned for
summer, 2010
- Plan suggests to
integrate climate change
assessment into rural
planning process
Through the Northern
Climate ExChange
(see
http://www.taiga.net
/nce/contact.html)
Dec 2009
- Calls for mainstreaming
of climate change in the
community (integrate into
plans and development
projects)
Compreh
ensive
The process will result in
an Official Community
Plan that guides
development and
addresses changing local
weather patterns in the
District.
District of Elkford:
(250) 865-4000,
email:
[email protected]
2009
Urban
forest
managem
ent
(drought)
An effective example of
how climate change can
be incorporated into a
municipal plan for
managing urban forests
Jenny Wheeler
Principal of Forestry
City of Edmonton:
780-442-0224; email:
Jeannette.Wheeler@
Edmonton.ca
June 2006
- The District is in the
process of creating an
Integrated Official
Community Plan and
Climate Change
Adaptation Strategy.
- This report proposes
draft policy
recommendations
- Apparently the
district now has an
official Community
Plan
A) The city’s forestry staff - - Expected to be
River Valley, Forestry and passed by council in
Environmental Services
summer, 2010
B) The plan was developed
in a collaborative manner.
A multi-stakeholder
http://adapta advisory board provided
tion.nrcan.gc. regular input and include
ca/case/edmo members of the public and
affected interest groups
nton_e.php
(e.g. city transportation
and drainage personnel).
Compreh
ensive
APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER
Quebec City –
Environmenta
l Services
Adaptation
Plan
A) Environmental services. - Project approved
B) Work started based on (April 2009),
a report done by Ouranos. implementation in
progress.
- The process has
helped to build
support for a citywide
adaptation plan as
well.
http://adapta
tion.nrcan.gc.
ca/case/queb
ec_e.php
London –
London ON’s
Climate
Change
Adaptation
Strategy
A) The City’s
Environmental and
Engineering Services
Department (?)
- Strategy passed by
city council in Dec,
2007
- Project and
B) Work initiated due to a implementation in
report done by a
progress
University of Western ON
research team. This team
http://adapta was engaged by the City to
tion.nrcan.gc. do preliminary research on
ca/case/londo rainfall. A collaborative
partnership therefore
n_e.php
existed between the City
and climate change
specialists in academia.
Vancouver –
Greater
Vancouver
Regional
District’s
Stormwater
Management
Program
A) Greater Vancouver
Regional District (GVRD)
through the Stormwater
Interagency Liaison Group
(SILG). B) The GVRD, its
municipalities, and
provincial and federal
environmental agencies
formed the SILG to
facilitate the co-ordination
and sharing of common
http://www.c- research related to
ciarn.ca/pdf/a stormwater management
daptations_e. in 2002.
- The process actively
pdf
seeks and uses input from
various stakeholder
groups within each
watershed
- Member
municipalities have
agreed to implement
ISMPs by 2014
- Several are already
completed, underway
or planned
Severe
weather
events.
Most
measures
relate to
the
aquatic
environm
ent and
drinking
water
The City’s executive
committee has approved
an expansion of the
adaptation initiative to all
of the City’s operations.
Matthieu Alibert
Division de la qualité
du milieu, la ville de
Quebec
418-641-6411 x2961,
matthieu.alibert@
ville.quebec.qc.ca
Compreh
ensive,
but with a
focus on
flooding
- Construction of all
stormwater management
infrastructure transferred
from private developers to
the city. This allows an
integrated systems
approach.
Berta Krichker
Manager of
Stormwater
City of London:
519 -661-2500 x4724,
[email protected]
Protect
against
the
negative
impacts
associate
d with
storm
and
rainwater
discharge
to the
environm
ent
- Integrates “…water
management issues
including watershed
health, land use planning,
engineering, community
values and climate change
and variability. Although
climate change is not the
primary driver in the
development of these
plans (expanding
urbanization and intensive
agriculture are), climate
change has been
integrated into the ISMP
process and other
approaches directed at
managing the health of
streams in the region.”
- Brings together planning,
engineering, ecology, and
flood and erosion
protection within an
adaptive management
methodology.
Ed von Euw,
Stormwater
Interagency
Liaison Group:
(604) 436-6900,
[email protected].
ca
APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER
Le Goulet, NB
– Le Goulet’s
Climate
Change
Adaptation
Plan
http://adapta
tion.nrcan.gc.
ca/case/legou
let_e.php
Vancouver Vancouver Climate
Change
Impacts and
Adaptation
Strategies for
Urban
Systems in
Greater
Vancouver
NOT
AVAILABLE
ELECTRONICA
LLY
A) University of Moncton
climate change specialists
(invited to do the work by
community leaders). B)
The community at large
was also involved through
focus groups exploring
adaptation options. The
plan is basically a
university-community
partnership.
A) The Sheltair Group
Adaptation plan
complete,
implementation in
progress
Coastal
erosion
and rising
sea levels
- Created an innovative
zoning bylaw to address
this problem: “the [local
planning] commission
identified a zone where
climate change impacts
are considered a major
risk that developers are
obliged to consider in
their plans. The zoning
bylaw provides an
opportunity to educate
developers about the
climate change related
risks to humans and
infrastructure, and
ensures that appropriate,
but not prescriptive,
measures are taken to
accommodate those risks”
Benjamin Kocyla
Directeur - Conseiller
en urbanisme
Commission
d'aménagement de la
Péninsule acadienne:
506 -727-7979,
[email protected]
ibn.com
2003
APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER
In Progress, Studies, Reports
Adaptation
Plan
A) Lead author; B)
How collaborative the
plan is
What step is the
process at
Sept-Iles –
Etude de la
sensibilite des
cotes et de la
vulnerabilite
des
communautes
du golfe du StLaurent aux
impacts des
changements
climatiques:
Synthese des
resultats
A) Ouranos Consortium
B) Assisted by the
technical support of
academia and
provincial and federal
government
departments and
climate change
scientists.
- A technical
committee
comprised of
representatives from
the provincial
government, the
regional county
municipality and the
city is working to
establish a master
plan for coastline
intervention in order
to deal with erosion
and coastal
management
problems over the
short, medium and
long terms.
http://www.o
uranos.ca/med
ia/publication/
20_Rapport_S
avard_maritim
e_2008.pdf
Iqaluit – The
City of Iqaluit’s
Climate
Change
Impacts,
Infrastructure
Risks &
Adaptive
Capacity
Project
http://www.cciarn.ca/pdf/a
daptations_e.p
df
Comprehe
nsive vs.
sectoral
Coastline
erosion
How plan fits in
with other city
plans
Contact
François Morneau,
Date of
docu
ment
June 2008
Ouranos Consortium &
Ministère de
la Sécurité publique
(418) 646-3049,
morneau.francois@
ouranos.c
Claude Bureau,
General Director,
Ville de Sept-Îles
(418) 964-3202
A) City of Iqaluit,
B) Funding provided by
Indian and Northern
Affairs Canada. Input
from various other
government groups
and consultants
- Report presents
options,
recommendations
and strategies.
Sustainabl
e
subdivisio
n - risks to
infrastruct
ure and
the
developm
ent of
adaptation
options.
City of Iqaluit: (867)
979-5660,
[email protected]
March
2007
APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER
Annapolis
Royal, NS –
The Tidal
Surge Project
http://www.cciarn.ca/pdf/a
daptations_e.p
df
Sudbury –
http://www.la
urentian.ca/N
R/rdonlyres/31
FE7FF3-4B5A44AA-8FE3ED6821EB6F3F
/0/Adaptation
eng.pdf
Ottawa White Paper:
Climate
Change and
the Official
Plan Review –
BRIEFLY
DISCUSSES
ADAPTATION
http://www.ot
tawa.ca/reside
nts/public_con
sult/beyond_2
020/papers/w
hite/climate_e
n.html
A) A citizens-based
group, Clean Annapolis
River Project (CARP),
conducted an
assessment of the
town’s vulnerability to
storm surges.
B) Results were
presented to citizens.
This led to spinoffs and
further research was
conducted with
municipal, regional and
provincial groups
- Results and
recommendations
presented to Town
Council in 2009
Flooding
and tidal
surge
- Some adaptive
planning measures
undertaken in the
past as well.
- The Annapolis
Climate Change
Outreach Project is
the coastal flooding
component of the
Annapolis Climate
Change Outreach
Project
Steve Hawboldt,
Executive Director
Clean Annapolis
River
Project (CARP):
1-888-547-4344
(902) 532-7533,
carp@annapolisriver
.ca
A) Principal researcher
- Dr. Liette Vasseur of
Laurentian University
B) In collaboration with
academia, NGOs,
industry, government
and the community
- The Nickel District
Conservation
Authority initiated
the creation of the
Greater Sudbury
Climate Change
Consortium in 2009
Appear to
be
concerned
with all
aspects of
climate
change,
but
haven’t
been able
to find
much
informatio
n
A) City of Ottawa
- This is a review of
the City’s Official
Plan. It should have
been approved by
City Council in early
2009
- Not
many
details are
provided.
Appears to
be more
comprehe
nsive in
nature
2007
- This is only a
chapter in a
planning document
not specifically
dealing with
climate change
- The city sees
planning and the
issue of climate and
planning as
inseparable. The
Official Plan is
therefore seen as a
tool to combat and
adjust to climate
change.
David Miller
Planning,
Transit and the
Environment
Department,
613-5802424, ext.
21447,
david.miller@
ottawa.ca
2008
APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER
Fredericton –
Climate
Change
Adaptation
Strategy:
Stakeholder
Input
http://www.re
sourcesnorth.o
rg/downloads/
Frederictonreport.pdf
A) Dr. Shawn DaltonEnvironment and
Sutainable
Development Research
Centre (ESDRC) from
the University of New
Brunswick/ Fredericton
Area Watersheds
Association (FAWA),
- This is a document
providing
stakeholder input
Comprehe
nsive
March
2008
Michael D. Riley- Riley
Environment Limited,
William RichardsEnvironment Canada,
Greg LeBlanc- ESDRC
B) Stakeholder and city
involvement was
crucial to the project.
- A charette took place
as well
Kimberley, BC
– Adapting to
Climate
Change in
Kimberley, BC:
Report and
Recommendat
ions
http://cbtadap
tation.squares
pace.com/stor
age/June17Fin
al-LowRes.pdf
A) Ingrid Liepa (project
coordinator)
B) This is a pilot project
made possible by the
Columbia Basin Trust’s
Communities Adapting
to Climate Change
initiative (similar to
Elkford). A local
steering committee
guided the project.
The City was also
actively involved.
Other government
groups and UBC were
also involved.
Three
main
concerns:
1) Water
and
forests
2)
Municipal
infrastruct
ure
3) Tourism
Project Coordinator:
Ingrid Liepa,
kimberleyclimate@s
haw.ca
June 2009
APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER
Delta, BC –
Climate
Change
Adaptation
project
http://www.co
rp.delta.bc.ca/
EN/main/resid
ents/771/5084
5/59147/iclei.
html
Prince George,
BC - Adapting
to Climate
Change in
Prince George
http://ubcm.c
a/assets/Librar
y/Convention/
Convention20
09/Session~Pr
esentations/Tu
esday~Afterno
on~Sessions/D
yerPicketts.pdf
Sherbrooke
http://www.es
trieplus.com/c
ontenu040404043133
35359959.html
NOT ENOUGH
DETAILS
A) International Council
for Local
Environmental
Initiatives (ICLEI
Canada) and Natural
Resources Canada
B) The Corporation of
Delta was one of three
Canadian communities
to participate in a
unique pilot project.
ICLEI Canada and
Natural Resources
Canada partnered to
assess
Delta's vulnerability to
climate and how to
protect the community
- After the
completion of this
research project,
Natural Resources
Canada announced in
June 2009 that it will
partner again with
ICLEI Canada to take
the results from
previous work and
create a toolkit
document that may
be used by
communities across
the nation.
Not stated
A) City of Prince
George
B) Report written by
the city’s chief
engineer and a PhD
candidate from the
University of Northern
BC
- Adaptation
document presented
to city council
Comprehe
nsive
- Adaptation strategy
to be created
Office of Climate Action
and Environment:
(604) 946-3253,
[email protected]
elta.bc.ca.
- Adaptation
strategy to be
incorporated into
ICSP and OCP
process
- Also to be
incorporated into
Annual Provisional
Final Plan and Asset
Management Plan
- Aims to have
climate change
considered in all
planning and
operations
procedures
2008
Sept 2009
APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER
St. John’s
http://www.stj
ohns.ca/cityse
rvices/environ
ment/climatec
hange.jsp
APPARENTLY
IN
DEVELOPMEN
T, BUT NO
DETAILS
APPENDIX 6: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP-15 BACKGROUNDER
The Kyoto Protocol & COP-15 Backgrounder

Since the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) entered into
force in 1994, the parties to the convention have met annually in Conferences of the Parties
(COP).

The UNFCCC set no mandatory limits on GHG emissions for individual nations and contained
no enforcement provisions. Rather, the treaty called for updates or “protocols” that would
seek to set mandatory emission limits. The principal update is the 1997 Kyoto Protocol,
which was adopted by COP 3.

The Kyoto Protocol set binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European
community for GHG emissions reduction. These targets averaged 5% reductions relative to
1990 levels over the 2008-2012 period.

By the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol in 2012, a new
international framework needs to have been negotiated and ratified that can deliver the
stringent emission reductions the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has
indicated are needed. This was the focus of the COP 15 meeting in Copenhagen (December
7-18, 2009).

On December 19, delegates approved a motion to "take note of the Copenhagen Accord of
December 18, 2009".

The Copenhagen Accord recognizes the scientific case for keeping temperature rises below
2°C, but does not contain commitments for reduced emissions that would be necessary to
achieve that aim.

The Accord did require countries to submit intended climate mitigation commitments by
January 31, 2010. As of February 2, 2010, 55 countries had complied with this requirement.
Of note, Canada reduced its earlier 2020 target from a 20% to 17% cut.

One part of the agreement pledges US$ 30 billion to the developing world over the next
three years, rising to US$ 100 billion per year by 2020, to help poor countries adapt to
climate change.

As of February 2010 it was not clear what happens next. Although the commitments send an
encouraging signal that all the major emitters support the Accord, there is still disagreement
over how to move negotiations forward.
For further information and updates see http://www.theclimategroup.org/
APPENDIX 7: WORKSHOP ACTIVITIES AND WORKSHEETS