Download Princeton-Learning

Princeton-Learning
1. After having been struck by a car, a dog now exhibits fear response every time a
car approaches. The dog also exhibits a fear response to the approach of a bus, a
truck, a bicycle, and even a child’s wagon. The dog has undergone a process of
(A) stimulus discrimination
(B) stimulus generalization
(C) spontaneous recovery
(D) backward conditioning
(E) differential reinforcement
2. Which of the following would be an example of second-order conditioning?
(A) a cat tastes a sour plant that makes it feel nauseated and will not approach
that plant again
(B) a horse that is fed sugar cubes by a particular person salivates every time
that person walks by
(C) a pigeon that has received food every time a red light is presented exhibits
food-seeking behavior when a yellow light is presented
(D) a rabbit that has repeatedly seen a picture of a feared predator paired with
a musical tone as well as to a flashed light alone that had been repeatedly
paired with the tone
(E) wild rats instinctively avoid canine predators, but domesticated rats show
little fear of the domesticated dogs they encounter, and may even join
them in exploration or play
3. The reinforcement schedule that generally provides the most resistance to
response extinction is
(A) fixed ratio
(B) fixed interval
(C) variable ratio
(D) variable interval
(E) continuous
4. The importance of enrichment and stimulation of the brain during critical periods
in development can be seen in all of the following EXCEPT
(A) an increase in the number of neurons
(B) an increase in the number of connections between neurons
(C) strengthening of already existing connections between neurons
(D) an increase in the size of neurons
(E) higher levels of neurotransmitters
5. According to Albert Bandura, observational learning can occur even in the
absence of
(A) observed consequences of behavior
(B) direct attention to the behavior
(C) retention of the observed behavior over time
(D) ability to reproduce the behavior
(E) motivation to reproduce the behavior at a later time
KAPLAN
6. Every time a tone sounds, a participant has a puff of air blown into her eye. This
causes the person to twitch. After a while, the participant twitches as soon as the
tone sounds. The twitching that is caused by the air puff is called
(A) the conditioned stimulus
(B) the unconditioned response
(C) the unconditioned stimulus
(D) the conditioned response
(E) habituation
7. Every time Reynaldo does well on his report car, his parents take him out for ice
cream. This is an example of
(A) negative reinforcement
(B) negative punishment
(C) positive punishment
(D) habituation
(E) positive reinforcement
8. Tammy is interested in helping her daughter learn manners. Each time her
daughter says something that is close to appropriate, she rewards her. Eventually,
her daughter should learn good manners. This is an example of
(A) habituation
(B) positive reinforcement
(C) priming
(D) generalization
(E) shaping
9. If a rat is provided with reinforcement after every 10 bars presses, the schedule is
called a
(A) fixed-ordinal
(B) fixed- interval
(C) variable-interval
(D) fixed-ratio
(E) shaping
10. An example of a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is
(A) a dog getting a treat every time it sits on command
(B) winning money at a slot machine
(C) getting paid each widget you sell
(D) being paid by the week
(E) getting a reward for good behavior once in a while
11. Lilly is eating a hot dog. Shortly after eating the hot dog, she comes down with
the flu. After this, Lilly hates eating hot dogs. Even the thought makes her sick. In
this example, the flu is
(A) generalized
(B) the unconditioned response
(C) the unconditional stimulus
(D) the conditioned stimulus
(E) the consequence
12. A boy is given candy each time he studies for an hour. Eventually, his parents
observe an increase in studying behavior. This is an example of
(A) positive reinforcement
(B) negative punishment
(C) positive punishment
(D) shaping
(E) negative reinforcement
13. The tendency for stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned
response is referred to as
(A) response bias
(B) generalization
(C) extinction
(D) priming
(E) blocking
14. According to Skinner, punishment is effective only under very specific
conditioned. Which of the following is one of these conditions?
(A) the punishment is mild
(B) the punishment is delayed
(C) the punishment is threatened but not given
(D) the punishment immediately follows the behavior
(E) the punishment occurs on a variable schedule
15. An example of positive punishment
(A) time out
(B) spanking
(C) taking away privileges
(D) removing chores
(E) giving candy
16. An example of negative reinforcement is
(A) receiving candy
(B) spanking
(C) taking away privileges
(D) removing chores
(E) time out
17. One of the biggest difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is
that
(A) only punishment involves the use of aversive stimuli
(B) only negative reinforcement involves the use of aversive stimuli
(C) negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a desired behavior
(D) negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a desired behavior
18. According to Skinner, the most important environmental aspect that controls
human behavior is the
(A) antecedents of the behavior
(B) consequences of the behavior
(C) strength of the behavior
(D) amount of punishment
(E) amount of reinforcement
19. Witnessing the reinforcement of someone else’s behavior has been found to
increase the likelihood of that behavior in the witness. This is referred to as
(A) differential reinforcement
(B) shaping
(C) vicarious reinforcement
(D) habituation
(E) instinctual drift
20. The person responsible for developing the framework of classical conditioning
was
(A) Pavlov
(B) Watson
(C) Skinner
(D) Bandura
(E) Erickson
21. Kohler’s studies involving problem solving in chimpanzees are associated with
(A) negative reinforcement
(B) positive reinforcement
(C) insight learning
(D) vicarious reinforcement
(E) cognitive mapping
22. the psychologist who was responsible for developing the framework of operant
condition was
(A) Pavlov
(B) Skinner
(C) Watson
(D) Bandura
(E) Freud
23. In a classic study, john Watson demonstrated that he could create fear in a child in
response to a neutral stimulus (a rat). By pairing the rat with a fear-inducing
stimulus (a loud noise), the child eventually became fearful of related stimuli.
This is called
(A) habituation
(B) spontaneous recovery
(C) unconditioned stimulus
(D) generalization
(E) shaping
24. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ in that
(A) Classical conditioning deals with voluntary behavior.
(B) Operant conditioning deals with reflexive behavior.
(C) Classical conditioning deals with shaping.
(D) Classical conditioning deals with reflexive behavior.
(E) Operant conditioning does not work in most situations.
25. Getting paid a piecework at (x dollars per item made) is an example of
(A) Habituation
(B) Fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
(C) Variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
(D) Fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.
(E) Variable-interval schedule of punishment.
MCGRAW-HILL
26. Once Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning
fork was a(n)
(A) Unconditioned stimulus
(B) Neutral stimulus
(C) Conditioned stimulus
(D) Unconditioned response
(E) Conditioned response
27. Shaping is
(A) A pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is
completed.
(B) Rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal
behavior.
(C) Completing a set of behaviors in succession before a reward is given.
(D) Giving you chocolate pudding to increase the likelihood you will eat more
carrots.
(E) Inhibition of new learning by previous learning
28. John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a
tug. On what reinforcement schedule is rewarded?
(A) Continuous reinforcement
(B) Fixed ratio
(C) Fixed interval
(D) Variable ratio
(E) Variable interval
29. Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in
vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as
(A) Primary reinforcers
(B) Classical conditioning
(C) Secondary reinforcers
(D) Negative reinforcers
(E) Unconditioned reinforcers
30. Which of the following best reflects negative reinforcement?
(A) Teresa is scolded when she runs through the house yelling.
(B) Lina is not allowed to watch television until after she has finished her
homework.
(C) Greg changes his math class so he doesn’t have to see his old girlfriend.
(D) Aditya is praised for having the best essay in the class.
(E) Alex takes the wrong medicine and gets violently ill afterwards.
31. Watson and Rayner’s classical conditioning of “Little Albert” was helpful in
explaining that
(A) Some conditioned stimuli do not generalize
(B) Human emotions such as fear are subject to classical conditioning
(C) Drug dependency is subject to classical as well as operant conditioning
(D) Small children are not easily as conditioned as older children
(E) Fear of rats and rabbits are innate responses previously undiscovered
32. Jamel got very sick after eating some mushrooms on a pizza at his friend’s house.
He didn’t know that he had a stomach virus at the time, blamed his illness on the
mushrooms, and refused to eat them again. Which of the following is the
unconditioned stimulus for his taste aversion to mushrooms?
(A) Pizza
(B) Stomach virus
(C) Mushrooms
(D) Headache
(E) Aversion to mushrooms
33. If a previous experience has given your pet the expectancy that nothing it does
will prevent an aversive stimulus from occurring, it will likely
(A) Be motivated to seek comfort from you
(B) Experience learned helplessness
(C) Model the behavior of other pets in hopes of avoiding it
(D) Seek out challenges like this in the future to disprove the expectation
(E) Engage in random behaviors until one is successful in removing the
stimulus
34. While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive that the answer to
the chemistry problem you’d been working on several hours before. This is an
example of
(A) Insight
(B) Backward conditioning
(C) Latent learning
(D) Discrimination
(E) The Premack principle
35. If the trainer conditions the pigeon to peek at a red circle and then only gives him
a reward if he pecks at the green circle when both a red and green circle appear,
the pigeon is demonstrating
(A) Matching-to-sample generalization
(B) Abstract learning
(C) Intrinsic motivation
(D) Insight
(E) Modeling
36. Latent learning is best described by which of the following?
(A) Innate responses of an organism preventing new learning and associations
(B) Unconscious meaning that is attributed to new response patterns
(C) Response patterns that become extinguished gradually over time
(D) Delayed responses that occur when new stimuli are paired with familiar
ones
(E) Learning that occurs in the absence of rewards
37. Rats were more likely to learn an aversion to bright lights and noise with water if
they were associated with electric shocks rather than with flavors or poisoned
food. This illustrates
(A) Insight
(B) Preparedness
(C) Extinction
(D) Observational learning
(E) Generalization
38. Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning?
(A) A rat learning to press a bar to get food
(B) Dogs jumping over a hurdle to avoid electric shock
(C) Fish swimming to the top of the tank when a light goes on
(D) Pigeons learning to turn in circles for a reward
(E) Studying hard for good grades on tests
39. Spontaneous recovery refers to the
(A) Reacquisition of a previously learned behavior
(B) Reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period
(C) Return of a behavior after punishment has ended
(D) Tendency of a newly acquired responses to be intermittent at first
(E) Organism’s tendency to forget previously learned responses, but to relearn
them more quickly during a second training period.
FAST-TRACK
40. In operant conditioning, removal of an aversive stimulus causes the behavior to
(A) Decrease
(B) Increase
(C) Stay the same
(D) Increase, then decrease
(E) Decrease, then increase
41. In the Little Albert experiment conducted by John B. Watson, the white rat, prior
to conditioning, served as what?
(A) Neural stimulus (NS)
(B) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
(C) Unconditioned response (UCR)
(D) Conditioned stimulus (CS)
(E) Conditioned response (CR)
42. Jake is training his dog to sit on command. Jake gives his dog a treat every time
the dog sits. Which type of reinforcement schedule is Jake displaying?
(A) Partial reinforcement
(B) Continuous reinforcement
(C) Fixed-interval reinforcement
(D) Variable-interval reinforcement
(E) Variable-ratio reinforcement
43. Lian has an intense phobia of birds. Her psychologist believes that in order to
alleviate her phobia, Lian must be placed in a room where she is surrounded by
birds. Lian’s therapist believes in the effectiveness of what type of phobiareduction technique?
(A) Systematic desensitation
(B) Counterconditioning
(C) Flooding
(D) Second-order conditioning
(E) Stimulus generalization
44. Students in Mr. Winn’s class receive a gold star each time they answer a question
correctly. After a student receives ten gold stars, he or she earns a pencil. Mr.
Winn is using an operant conditioning technique known as
(A) Counterconditioning
(B) Flooding
(C) Aversive conditioning
(D) Token economy
(E) Observational learning
45. Julie works at a shoe factory and is paid based on the number of shoes she
produces in a day. This is an example of which type of schedule of
reinforcement?
(A) Fixed-interval
(B) Fixed-ratio
(C) Variable-interval
(D) Variable-ratio
(E) Sequential reinforcement
46. Jillian was out past curfew on Saturday. As a result, her parents took away her
driving privileges. Jillian no longer stays out past curfew. According to Skinner,
which type of punishment did Jillian experience?
(A) Negative punishment (omission)
(B) Positive punishment
(C) Negative reinforcement
(D) Positive reinforcement
(E) Continuous reinforcement
47. Which of the following is considered a primary reinforcer?
(A) Receiving a $20 for every A on a report card
(B) Receiving praise for a job well done
(C) Inventing a new product
(D) Drinking a glass of water
(E) Discovering a buried treasure
48. When Zach was eight years old, he ate a piece of shrimp that caused him to
become ill. Now Zach is seventeen and becomes nauseous whenever he smells
shrimp. Zach has experienced what principle of classical conditioning?
(A) Negative reinforcement
(B) Systematic desensitization
(C) Higher-order conditioning
(D) Latent learning
(E) Conditioned taste aversion
49. In operant conditioning, a ______ is any stimulus that increases behavior; a
______ is any stimulus that decreases behavior.
(A) Punishment; reinforcement
(B) Punishment; punishment
(C) Reinforcement; reinforcement
(D) Reinforcement; punishment
(E) Higher-order punishment; conditioned stimulus
50. Every time Rachel’s parents leave her with Lisa, the babysitter, Rachel cries. Lisa
came to Rachel’s third birthday party, which causes Rachel to cry. According to
the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus?
(A) Rachel’s parents’ leaving
(B) Rachel crying
(C) Rachel seeing Lisa at her house
(D) Lisa leaving Rachel’s house
(E) People singing at Rachel’s birthday party
51. A rat receives a food pellet after a certain desired behavior is performed after an
elapsed time of 45 seconds. Which of the following correctly identifies which
schedule of reinforcement the rat has been placed on?
(A) Fixed-interval
(B) Fixed-ratio
(C) Variable-interval
(D) Variable-ratio
(E) Continuous-reinforcement
52. According to the principles of observational learning, what is the seven-year-old
Robert most likely to do after watching a violent television program?
(A) Behave in a way that is opposite the behaviors on the television program
(B) Behave in a way that is different from the behaviors on the television
program
(C) When experiencing a situation similar to what he saw on the television
program, he will imitate what he saw
(D) See the reaction of others and then decide how to behave
(E) Behave in the same manner he would have if he had not seen the
television program
53. If you want to train your dog to roll over, it is best to treat her on which schedule
of reinforcement?
(A) Continuous reinforcement
(B) Contiguous reinforcement
(C) Partial reinforcement
(D) Fixed-interval reinforcement
(E) Variable-interval reinforcement
54. While giving your friend directions to a local fast-food restaurant, you close your
eyes and recall all the landmarks that are on the way. This is an example of
(A) A cognitive map
(B) Latent learning
(C) An overt behavior
(D) Discriminative process
(E) A variable-ratio reinforcement
MYERS AP PSYCHOLOGY TEXT
55. Punishment
(A) is a good way to increase a behavior as long as it is not used too
frequently.
(B) May create problems in the short term but rarely produces long-term side
effects
(C) Is effective because it is a quick, direct way of informing the learner of
what behavior is expected
(D) May happen frequently because if the punished person stops misbehaving
for a while this reinforces the punisher
(E) Should never be used in the opinion of most psychologists
56. Which of the following is an application of shaping?
(A) a mother playing cath with her daughter gradually backs up to increase the
distance between them
(B) a pigeon peck a disk 25 times for an opportunity to receive a food
reinforcement
(C) A rat presses a bar when a green light is on but not when a red light is on
(D) A rat gradually stops pressing a bar when it no longer receives a food
reinforcement
(E) A gambler continues to play a slot machine even though he has won
nothing on his last 20 plays
57. Mirror neurons may
(A) allow an organism to replace an unconditioned response with a
conditioned response
(B) help produce intrinsic motivation in some children
(C) be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes as observational
learning
(D) produce the neural associations that are the basis of both classical and
operant conditioning
(E) explain why modeling prosocial behavior is more effective that modeling
negative behavior
58. Which of the following illustrates generalization?
(A) a rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a
similar tone is sounded
(B) a dog salivates to a tone, but not to a buzzer
(C) a light is turned on repeatedly until a rat stops flexing its paw when it’s
turned on
(D) a pigeon who disk pecking response has been extinguished is placed in a
Skinner Box three hours later and begins pecking the disk again.
(E) A child is startled when the door-bell rings
59. Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll experiments demonstrated that
(A) Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults
(B) The may be a correlation between televised violence and aggressive
bahvior, but it is probably not a cause-effect relationship
(C) Children are more likely to copy what adults say than what they do
(D) Allowing children to watch too much television is detrimental to their
development
(E) Observational learning can explain the development of fears in children
60. Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner conducted experiments that established
(A) That the acquisition of a CR depends on pairing of the CS and US
(B) That different species respond differently to classical conditioning
situations
(C) The current belief that classical conditioning is really a form of operant
conditioning
(D) That mirror neurons form the biological basis of classical conditioning
(E) The importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning
61. Edward Thorndick’s law of effect
(A) Establishes the difference between positive and negative reinforcement
(B) Shows that behavior maintained by partial reinforcement is more resistant
to extinction that behavior maintained by continuous reinforcement
(C) Demonstrates how shaping can be used to establish operant conditioning
(D) States that reward behavior is more likely to happen again
(E) Relates to the limited effectiveness of punishment
62. To produce the acquisition of a conditioned response, one should
(A) Repeatedly present an unconditioned response
(B) Administer the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
(C) Make sure that the conditioned stimulus comes at least one minute before
the unconditioned stimulus
(D) Pair a neural stimulus with an unconditional stimulus several times
(E) Present the conditioned stimulus until is starts to produce an
unconditioned response
63. To determine just what an organism can learn to distinguish, you would use
(A) Generalization
(B) A variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
(C) A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
(D) Extinction
(E) A discriminative stimulus
64. A student studies long and hard to avoid the bad feelings associated with a low
grade on a test. In this case, the studying behavior is being strengthened because
of
(A) Positive reinforcement
(B) Negative reinforcement
(C) Delayed reinforcement
(D) Primary reinforcement
(E) Conditioned reinforcement
65. Taste aversion research has demonstrated that
(A) Taste is the most fundamental of the senses
(B) There a biological dispositions involved in learning
(C) Animals must evaluate situation cognitively before taste aversion develops
(D) Taste aversion is a universal survival mechanism
(E) A US must occur within seconds of a CS for conditioning to occur
66. Mary checks her phone a couples times an hour for incoming text messages. Her
behavior is being maintained on a ______________ reinforcement schedule
(A) Fixed interval
(B) Variable interval
(C) Variable ratio
(D) Fixed ratio
(E) Continuous
67. A dog is trained to salivate when it hears a tone. The then tone is sounded
repeatedly without the US until the dog stops salivating. Later when the tone
sounds again, the dog salivates again. This is a description of
(A) Spontaneous recovery
(B) Extinction
(C) Generalization
(D) Discrimination
(E) Acquisition
68. Latent Learning demonstrates that
(A) Punishment is an ineffective means of controlling behavior
(B) Negative reinforcement should be avoided when possible
(C) Cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning
(D) Conditioned reinforcers are more effective than primary reinforcers
(E) Shaping is usually not necessary for operant conditioning
69. Classical and operant conditioning were both initially based on the principles of
(A) Cognitive psychology
(B) Biological psychology
(C) Behaviorism
(D) Evolution
(E) Animal thought processes
Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B
D
C
A
A
6. B
7. E
8. E
9. D
10. D
11. C
12. A
13. B
14. D
15. B
16. D
17. C
18. B
19. C
20. A
21. C
22. B
23. D
24. D
25. B
26. C
27. B
28. E
29. C
30. C
31. B
32. B
33. B
34. A
35. B
36. E
37. B
38. C
39. B
40. B
41. A
42. B
43. C
44. D
45. B
46. A
47. D
48. E
49. D
50. C
51. A
52. C
53. A
54. A
55. D
56. A
57. C
58. A
59. A
60. E
61. D
62. D
63. E
64. B
65. B
66. B
67. A
68. C
69. C