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Name: _______________________________________________________ Date:_______________Period: _____ Assig, # _______ Ch 7.1: Life is Cellular (Page 169-173) Discovery of the Cell: 1. Who came up with the name “cells” : ________________________________.Explain why cells were given the name cells: __________________________________________________________ 2. The first microscope was invented in: (circle one): 1500s 1600s 1700s 1800s 1900s 3. The first thing Hooke looked at under a microscope was: ___________________________ 4. The first thing that Leeuvenhoek looked at under a microscope was: _______________________. To his amazement he discovered a fantastic: ____________________________________________ 5. What are the three points of Cell Theory? • ______________________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________________ • ______________________________________________________________ Exploring the Cell: 6. The original microscopes were light microscopes. These microscopes allowed us to see small thin specimens, alive or dead. We could even look at thicker specimens from the outside. Electron scanning microscopes have made it possible to see much smaller specimens. a. How many times smaller can an Electron Microscope view an object ? _____________________ b. What does SEMs stand for? _______________________________________________________ c. What kinds of specimens can you view in a SEM? ___________________________________________________________________ Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Read the following descriptions and use textbook to answer questions Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotes are organisms that are composed of prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are the smallest and simplest cells. A prokaryote is a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other internal compartments. Because prokaryotes lack many specialized internal compartments, they cannot carry out many specialized functions (hence why they are simpler), and because they lack these structures, they are much smaller than eukaryotes (their size is usually about 0.5-2 µm). Prokaryotes are the most primitive of cells (meaning they are the oldest and simplest), and they lived at least 3.5 billion years ago. For nearly 2 billion years, prokaryotes were the only organisms on Earth. The most familiar example of prokaryotes is bacteria. In prokaryotic cells, the cytoplasm is everything inside the cell membrane. Prokaryotes have a cell wall surrounding their cell membrane. The cell wall is very important because it gives prokaryotic cells their shape. The cell wall is typically made up of polysaccharides connected by short chains of amino acids. Prokaryotes also have a cytoskeleton, but it is very simple and aides in cell movement. Many (not all) prokaryotes also have a flagella, which are long, threadlike structures that protrude from the cell’s surface to enable the cell to move at faster speeds. The cell wall is often times covered by a capsule, which is also made out of polysaccharides. The capsule is very sticky, and allows the prokaryote to stick to teeth, skin, food, intestines, etc. Prokaryotes may also have a pilus, which are sticky projections. The DNA shape of prokaryotes is different than eukaryotes because it consists of a single, circular molecule of DNA. The DNA is also free and loose within the cell because it is not housed in a nucleus (remember, one of the most definitive features of a prokaryotic cells is the fact that it lacks a nucleus). Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotes are organisms that are made up of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells were the first cells to appear on earth that had specialized internal compartments. Eukaryotic cells evolved about 2.5 billion years ago, and eukaryotic cells are defined by having a nucleus. The specialized internal compartments that are found in eukaryotic cells are known as “organelles” meaning “little organs”. There are many different organelles in eukaryotic cells, and they are defined as a structure that carries out specific activities in the cell. Examples of organelles are mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi body, to name a few. In Eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm is defined as everything inside the cell membrane and outside of the nucleus. The cytosol is the fluid that is contained in the cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is very complex and supports the cell’s shape and movement. Eukaryotic cells are very large in comparison to other types of cells (about 10 µm). Eukaryotic cells are also very complex compared to other cells because they contain many specialized organelles that each has a specific function. Though all cells have DNA, eukaryotic cells are the only cell type that has an organelle known as the nucleus (as mentioned above). The nucleus houses and protects the DNA. Examples of eukaryotic cells are animal cells, plant cells, and some protists such as paramecium 7. How big are most cells on average? (give a range in size)___________________________ 8. What is the size of a mycoplasma bacterial cell? __________________________________ 9. What is an example of a very, very large cell? ________________How large is it? ________ 10. What structures are common in all cells? __________________________________________________________________________ 11. Explain the differences and similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the graphic organizer below. Prokaryotes: Both: Eukaryotes: 12. For each statement listed below, decide if it best describes eukaryotic cells (E), prokaryotic cells (P), or both types of cells (B). a. _____Has a nucleus h _______ A Dog is an example b. _____ Bacteria cells i. _______ A rose is an example c. _____ Is generally smaller than the average cell j. _______ Has many complex organelles d. _____ Can be multicellular or unicellular k. _______ Does not have a nucleus e. _____ A mushroom is an example l.. ______ Humans are an example of f. _____ Cells contains DNA m. ______Cells contain a cell membrane g._____ Contains cytoplasm n. ______ Contains cytoskeleton Chapter 7.2 Cell Organelles and Functions: Eukaryotic Cell Structure (page174-181) SEE WHAT YOU KNOW ON YOUR OWN FIRST, then use your text book to help you match the following cell organelles with the correct definition: cell membrane, chromatin, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, cell wall, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, golgi complex (AKA: golgi apparatus), centriole, microtubule, vacuole, lysosome, microfilament, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER and Smooth ER, and chloroplast. (You will use the colors listed to color the cell diagrams on the following page. Number and Color Cell Organelle Function 1. Dark green Structure outside of the cell membrane that provides protection and support for the cells of plants, algae and some bacteria. 2. yellow Structure that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment, also aids in protection and support of the cell. Made of a phospholipid bi-layer. 3. white All of the ‘stuff’ in the cell, between the nucleus and the cell membrane (does not include the nucleolus) 4. green Converts sunlight into chemical energy in plants. The location where photosynthesis occurs. 5. red Releases chemical energy stored in food molecules. The site for respiration (Glucose à ATP) 6. orange Stack of membranes that modify, collect and distribute protein molecules. 7. pink Internal membrane system in cells that synthesizes and modifies proteins, contains ribosomes on its membranes 8. brown Links together amino acids to make proteins 9. purple DNA wrapped around proteins inside of the nucleus 10. blue Membrane sack that contains chemicals and enzymes that break down toxic material in the cell 11. light blue Stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates. (Much larger in plants, can’t see on animal cell diagram Tube shaped part of the cytoskeleton, provides support for cell and transports certain proteins 12. yellow 13. blue Part of the cytoskeleton, used in basic cell movements and cell division. 14. Dark purple Makes ribosomes 15. light purple Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Disappears during mitosis (cell division). 16. Orange Lines up chromosomes (DNA) and moves chromosomes in the cell during cell division (mitosis) 17. Yelloworange Internal membrane system in cells that synthesizes membrane lipids and detoxifies drugs Found in Plant, Animal or both cell types? Cell City analogy (can get from book but will complete as class) Animal Cell Label organelles and color (Does not contain #1, 4 because animal cells do not contain those structures) Plant Cell Label organelles and color (#14 is not shown in the picture (but the plant does have them) #16 does not occur in plants)