Download Intro to cells and diagram worksheet blank

Name: _______________________________________________________ Date:_______________Period: _____ Assig, # _______
Ch 7.1:
Life is Cellular (Page 169-173)
Discovery of the Cell:
1. Who came up with the name “cells” : ________________________________.Explain why cells
were given the name cells: __________________________________________________________
2. The first microscope was invented in: (circle one): 1500s
1600s
1700s 1800s 1900s
3. The first thing Hooke looked at under a microscope was: ___________________________
4. The first thing that Leeuvenhoek looked at under a microscope was: _______________________.
To his amazement he discovered a fantastic: ____________________________________________
5. What are the three points of Cell Theory?
• ______________________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________________
Exploring the Cell:
6. The original microscopes were light microscopes. These microscopes allowed us to see small thin
specimens, alive or dead. We could even look at thicker specimens from the outside. Electron
scanning microscopes have made it possible to see much smaller specimens.
a. How many times smaller can an Electron Microscope view an object ?
_____________________
b. What does SEMs stand for?
_______________________________________________________
c. What kinds of specimens can you view in a SEM?
___________________________________________________________________
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Read the following descriptions and use textbook to answer questions
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes are organisms that are composed of prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are the smallest and
simplest cells. A prokaryote is a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other internal
compartments. Because prokaryotes lack many specialized internal compartments, they cannot carry
out many specialized functions (hence why they are simpler), and because they lack these structures,
they are much smaller than eukaryotes (their size is usually about 0.5-2 µm). Prokaryotes are the most
primitive of cells (meaning they are the oldest and simplest), and they lived at least 3.5 billion years
ago. For nearly 2 billion years, prokaryotes were the only organisms on Earth. The most familiar
example of prokaryotes is bacteria. In prokaryotic cells, the cytoplasm is everything inside the cell
membrane. Prokaryotes have a cell wall surrounding their cell membrane. The cell wall is very
important because it gives prokaryotic cells their shape. The cell wall is typically made up of
polysaccharides connected by short chains of amino acids. Prokaryotes also have a cytoskeleton, but it
is very simple and aides in cell movement. Many (not all) prokaryotes also have a flagella, which are
long, threadlike structures that protrude from the cell’s surface to enable the cell to move at faster
speeds. The cell wall is often times covered by a capsule, which is also made out of polysaccharides.
The capsule is very sticky, and allows the prokaryote to stick to teeth, skin, food, intestines, etc.
Prokaryotes may also have a pilus, which are sticky projections. The DNA shape of prokaryotes is
different than eukaryotes because it consists of a single, circular molecule of DNA. The DNA is also
free and loose within the cell because it is not housed in a nucleus (remember, one of the most
definitive features of a prokaryotic cells is the fact that it lacks a nucleus).
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotes are organisms that are made up of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells were the first cells to
appear on earth that had specialized internal compartments. Eukaryotic cells evolved about 2.5 billion
years ago, and eukaryotic cells are defined by having a nucleus. The specialized internal compartments
that are found in eukaryotic cells are known as “organelles” meaning “little organs”. There are many
different organelles in eukaryotic cells, and they are defined as a structure that carries out specific
activities in the cell. Examples of organelles are mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi
body, to name a few. In Eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm is defined as everything inside the cell
membrane and outside of the nucleus. The cytosol is the fluid that is contained in the cytoplasm. The
cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is very complex and supports the cell’s shape and movement.
Eukaryotic cells are very large in comparison to other types of cells (about 10 µm). Eukaryotic cells are
also very complex compared to other cells because they contain many specialized organelles that each
has a specific function. Though all cells have DNA, eukaryotic cells are the only cell type that has an
organelle known as the nucleus (as mentioned above). The nucleus houses and protects the DNA.
Examples of eukaryotic cells are animal cells, plant cells, and some protists such as paramecium
7. How big are most cells on average? (give a range in size)___________________________
8. What is the size of a mycoplasma bacterial cell? __________________________________
9. What is an example of a very, very large cell? ________________How large is it? ________
10. What structures are common in all cells?
__________________________________________________________________________
11. Explain the differences and similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the graphic organizer
below.
Prokaryotes:
Both:
Eukaryotes:
12. For each statement listed below, decide if it best describes eukaryotic cells (E), prokaryotic cells
(P), or both types of cells (B).
a. _____Has a nucleus
h _______ A Dog is an example
b. _____ Bacteria cells
i. _______ A rose is an example
c. _____ Is generally smaller than the average cell
j. _______ Has many complex organelles
d. _____ Can be multicellular or unicellular
k. _______ Does not have a nucleus
e. _____ A mushroom is an example
l.. ______ Humans are an example of
f. _____ Cells contains DNA
m. ______Cells contain a cell membrane
g._____ Contains cytoplasm
n. ______ Contains cytoskeleton
Chapter 7.2 Cell Organelles and Functions:
Eukaryotic Cell Structure (page174-181)
SEE WHAT YOU KNOW ON YOUR OWN FIRST, then use your text book to help you match the following cell organelles with the
correct definition: cell membrane, chromatin, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, cell wall, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, golgi complex (AKA:
golgi apparatus), centriole, microtubule, vacuole, lysosome, microfilament, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER and Smooth
ER, and chloroplast. (You will use the colors listed to color the cell diagrams on the following page.
Number
and Color
Cell Organelle
Function
1.
Dark
green
Structure outside of the cell membrane that provides
protection and support for the cells of plants, algae and
some bacteria.
2.
yellow
Structure that regulates the passage of materials
between the cell and its environment, also aids in
protection and support of the cell. Made of a
phospholipid bi-layer.
3.
white
All of the ‘stuff’ in the cell, between the nucleus and
the cell membrane (does not include the nucleolus)
4.
green
Converts sunlight into chemical energy in plants. The
location where photosynthesis occurs.
5.
red
Releases chemical energy stored in food molecules.
The site for respiration (Glucose à ATP)
6.
orange
Stack of membranes that modify, collect and distribute
protein molecules.
7.
pink
Internal membrane system in cells that synthesizes and
modifies proteins, contains ribosomes on its
membranes
8.
brown
Links together amino acids to make proteins
9.
purple
DNA wrapped around proteins inside of the nucleus
10. blue
Membrane sack that contains chemicals and enzymes
that break down toxic material in the cell
11. light blue
Stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and
carbohydrates. (Much larger in plants, can’t see on
animal cell diagram
Tube shaped part of the cytoskeleton, provides support
for cell and transports certain proteins
12. yellow
13. blue
Part of the cytoskeleton, used in basic cell movements
and cell division.
14. Dark
purple
Makes ribosomes
15. light
purple
Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Disappears
during mitosis (cell division).
16. Orange
Lines up chromosomes (DNA) and moves
chromosomes in the cell during cell division (mitosis)
17. Yelloworange
Internal membrane system in cells that synthesizes
membrane lipids and detoxifies drugs
Found in Plant,
Animal or both
cell types?
Cell City analogy
(can get from book but will
complete as class)
Animal Cell
Label organelles and color (Does not contain #1, 4 because animal cells do not contain those structures)
Plant Cell
Label organelles and color (#14 is not shown in the picture (but the plant does have them) #16 does not occur in plants)