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Post-Translational Modifications ⢠⢠Once a polypeptide chain is synthesized, it undergoes a variety of operations that turn it into functioning proteins The operations may induce â the addition of extra molecules like sugars (glycosylation) and acetyl groups (acetylation) ⢠For proper folding â the structural alterations in the form of establishment of di-sulfide bonds ⢠Again, for proper folding â the chemical changes at the amino acid level like deamination (glutamine to glutamic acid or asparagine to aspartic acid) or citrullination (arginine to citrulline) â cleaving to generate functioning units from non-functioning peptide chains Leptin protein complex Source: http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=154 EE550 Week 2 17