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Transcript
Cells Anatomy and Physiology Mrs. Bradbury Human Cells – Eukaryotic • Cytology – the study of cells • Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of the body. – Vary greatly in SIZE and STRUCTURE! – About 60% water – Surrounded by interstitial fluid – Different cells have different functions Nerve Cell • A cell’s structure often reflects its function – Three main regions • Nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane Muscle Cell Anatomy of a Cell • Plasma Membrane – Surrounds the cell • acts as a barrier – Composed of mostly proteins and phospholipids – Facilitates contact with other cells and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell. – Selectively Permeable Anatomy of a Cell Continued… Continued… • Cytoplasm – Substance inside that cell that contains organelles – Where most metabolic reactions and activities take place – Filled with clear fluid called cytosol organelles • Organelles – Specialized portions of the cell that carryon specific activities. • Nucleus Cell Organelles – Controls cellular activities and contains the genetic information (DNA) – Contains nucleolus • Nucleolus – Produces ribosomes • Ribosomes – Sites of protein synthesis – Located free in the cytosol or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). Cell Organelles • Endoplasmic Reticulum – Network of interconnected membranes – Provides mechanical support – Transports material around the cell – Two Types: • Rough ER – protein synthesis • Smooth ER - lipid synthesis • Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body) – Stack of membranous sacs – Refines and packages proteins Cell Organelles • Mitochondria – Smooth outer membrane and highly folded inner membrane (cristae) – Carries out cellular respiration – “Powerhouse” of the cell produces ATP • Lysosome – Contains digestive enzymes – Breakdowns and destroys foreign particles, microorganisms, damaged or worn-out cells, and cell parts. Cell Organelles • Cytoskeleton – Composed of microfilaments and microtubules – Involved in contraction, support, and movement • Centrioles – Found near the nucleus in an area called the centrosome – Paired cylinders used in cell reproduction Cell Organelles • Cilia – Numerous hair-like projections – Move foreign matter along cell surfaces • Flagella – few and long projections – Moves the entire cell Cell Physiology • A cell is the smallest unit of matter that carries out ALL life processes. – Reproduction, development, growth, energy production and use, digestion, waste excretion, response to stimuli, movement, etc… Membrane Transport • Cells must constantly move material between their internal and external environments. • Passive Transport – Diffusion – Movement of material from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. • Active transport – Movement of material from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration. – Requires Energy going against the gradient Types of Passive Transport • Facilitated Diffusion – Using carrier proteins to move material through the plasma membrane. • Osmosis – The diffusion of water – Three Types of Solutions • Hypotonic – more water moves into the cell • Hypertonic – more water exits the cell • Isotonic – water enters and exits the cell equally Blood Cell Reaction to different Osmotic Solutions Water is draw out of the cells and into the bloodstream. May reduce swelling. Cause no visible changes to cells. Most IV solutions are isotonic. Water rushes into cells, causing cells to swell. Used to treat severe dehydration. Types of Active Transport • Solute Pumping – Using carrier proteins to move material against the gradient (Uses ATP) • Exocytosis – Transport of large particles out of the cell • Endocytosis – Transport of large particles into the cell – Pinocytosis • Liquids taken in – cell engulfs a drop of water – Phagocytosis • Solids taken in by engulfing them in vesicles The Life Cycle of a Cell • Interphase – Cell grows and carries on metabolic activities, DNA synthesis occurs, and manufacturing of parts for cell division. • Mitosis – Cell Division – – – – Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase/cytokinesis • Ends with two daughter cells identical to each other and the parent cell. • Uncontrolled cell division may lead to Cancer! The Cell Cycle Protein Synthesis • Proteins (Enzymes) run all the chemical reactions in your body. • Proteins are responsible for all your traits. • DNA serves as the master blueprint for making proteins. • Proteins are made in two Steps: – Transcription (DNA (DNA RNA) – Translation (RNA Protein)