Download Summer Exam 2 Objectives

Exam 2 Objectives
Bio 101
Summer, 2011
1) The Working Cell
i) Membrane Structure and Function
(1) Explain how membranes help organize the chemical activities of a cell.
(2) Relate the structure of phospholipid molecules to the structure and
properties of cell membranes.
(3) Describe the fluid mosaic structure of cell membranes.
(4) Describe the diverse functions of membrane proteins.
b) Define diffusion and describe the process of passive transport.
i) Explain how transport proteins work in facilitated diffusion.
ii) Explain how osmosis can be considered to be the diffusion of water across a
membrane.
iii) Distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
(1) Explain how plant and animal cells change when placed into hypertonic or
hypotonic solutions.
iv) Compare and contrast the processes of facilitated diffusion and active
transport.
v) Distinguish between exocytosis, endocytosis, and receptor-mediated
endocytosis.
2) Introduction to the Cell
a) Define cell theory and briefly describe the discoveries that led to its development.
b) Explain why there are upper and lower limits to cell size.
c) Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
d) Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells.
e) Compare the structures of plant and animal cells. Note the function of each cell
part.
f) Organelles of the Endomembrane System
i) Describe the structure and functions of the:
(1) nucleus,
(2) endomembrane system, (smooth and rough endoplasmic reticula, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles).
ii) Energy-Converting Organelles
(1) Compare the structures of chloroplasts and mitochondria.
(2) Compare the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria.
g) The Cytoskeleton and Related Structures
i) Explain the functions of the cytoskeleton.
ii) Explain how the structure of cilia and flagella relate to their functions.
h) Cell Surfaces and Junctions
i) Compare the structures and functions of cell surfaces and intercellular
junctions of plant and animal cells.
i) Functional Categories of Organelles
i) Describe the four functional categories of eukaryotic organelles, noting which
organelles are in each group.
j) Describe the three fundamental features of all life forms on our planet.
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Exam 2 Objectives
Bio 101
Summer, 2011
3) Enzymes & Reactions
a) Define and compare endergonic and exergonic reactions. Explain how cells use
cellular respiration and energy coupling to survive.
b) Explain how ATP functions as an energy shuttle.
c) How Enzymes Function
i) Explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions.
ii) Describe the structure of an enzyme-substrate interaction.
iii) Explain how the cellular environment affects enzyme activity.
iv) Explain how competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors alter an enzyme’s
activity.
v) Explain how certain poisons, pesticides, and drugs inhibit enzymes.
d) Describe the central role of chloroplasts and mitochondria in harvesting energy
and making it available for cellular work.
Key Terms
active transport
ATP
cellular metabolism
concentration gradient
endocytosis
energy
exocytosis
facilitated diffusion
fluid mosaic
hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic
osmoregulation
osmosis
passive transport
plasmolysis
receptors
selective permeability
tonicity
cell theory
cell wall
cellular metabolism
central vacuole
chloroplasts
chromatin
chromosomes
cilia
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
endomembrane system
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
eukaryotic cells
extracellular matrix
flagella
Golgi apparatus
lysosome
magnification / resolution
mitochondria
nuclear envelope
nucleoid region
nucleolus
nucleus
organelles
plasma membrane
prokaryotic cells
receptor-mediated endocytosis
prokaryotic flagella
ribosomes
rough ER (RER)
smooth ER (SER)
tight junctions
transport vesicle
vacuoles
vesicles
active site
ATP
coenzyme
cofactors
competitive inhibitor
endergonic reactions
energy
energy coupling
energy of activation (EA)
enzyme
exergonic reaction
induced fit
noncompetitive inhibitor
phosphorylation
substrate
gap junctions / plasmodesmata
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