* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download A-Phys 100, Sec
Survey
Document related concepts
SNARE (protein) wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Name Sec. . Score . Working in groups of two to four and armed with the definitions just provided in lecture, a textbook, or another reliable source answer the following questions about the cell (Chapter 4). This assignment is worth 30 points with the possible points for each question in parenthesis. 1. (10) Draw and label a diagram of the arrangement of the molecules found in a plasma membrane. 2. (10) Label (or draw onto) the cell figure with the following cellular terms Membrane Bound Organelles: Nucleus, Nuclear Envelope, Nuclear Pore, Nucleolus, Chromatin, Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough & smooth), Golgi apparatus, Lysosome, Peroxisome, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, and Vacuoles (those found in either animal or plant cells). Non-membrane Bound Organelles: Cytoskeletal elements (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, & microtubules), Centrioles, free ribosome. Cellular Extensions: Microvilli, Cilia, and Flagella 3. (10) Fill-in the table to show the function(s) of each labeled part and any uniqueness of the organelles structure. 1. (10) Structure of a plasma membrane (cell membrane or unit membrane) The four molecules associated with a cell membrane are a backbone (most plentiful) of phospholipids organized into a bi-layer with the tails (hydrophobic) of the molecule facing each other and the heads (hydrophilic) facing outward, proteins which can either span the bi-layer (called integral) or associate with the inside or outside layer of phospholipid heads (called peripheral), cholesterol (Sterols in the picture below) embedded into the bi-layer between the phospholipids, and carbohydrate (called oligosaccharide chains of glycoprotein or glycolipids below) antennae or labels associated with the inside or the outside or the proteins or the phospholipids (called glycoproteins or glycolipids, respectfully). Go to these sites for really cool looking videos of cell membranes. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moPJkCbKjBs, https://video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrTca_GvPtXqSoAwvYPxQt.?p=cell+membranes&f r=yhs-adk-adk_sbnt&fr2=piv-web&hspart=adk&hsimp=yhsadk_sbnt&type=appfocus7_ma_ff#id=4&vid=bd2bf2b9e8e687ed49f5bbaa4c6c840d&action=view Biology& 100 Mr. Brumbaugh 1 Class Assignment 4 2. (10) Label this cell (or draw onto) with the terms from the above list of membrane and nonmembrane bound organelles plus the cellular extensions. Go to these sites for information of cell structure and function. http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/quiz.html http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/cmf1.htm Lysosome Peroxisome Cytoskeletal Elements Mitochondria Smooth ER Nuclear Membrane or Envelope Golgi apparatus Nucleolus Nucleus Nucleus with chromatin Centrioles Nuclear Pore Chloroplast with grana stacks Rough ER Cell Membrane Microvilli Free Ribosomes Biology& 100 Mr. Brumbaugh 2 Class Assignment 4 3. (10) Fill in this table with the structure names and their functions from the above list of membrane and non-membrane bound organelles plus the cellular extensions. Nucleus Nuclear Envelope Nuclear Pore Nucleolus Chromatin roughER smoothER Golgi Body Chloroplast Mitochondria Lysosome Peroxisome Animal Vacuoles Plant Vacuoles Cytoskeleton Centrioles Free Ribosome Microvilli Biology& 100 Mr. Brumbaugh A double membrane bound container for DNA in eukaryotic cells to protect the chromatin (DNA or chromosomal material) molecules. A double phospholipid bi-layer surrounding or limiting the nucleus to protect from unwanted entry or exit from the nucleus material that could harm or damage the chromatin. A protein covered (and extending through the width of the pore) port of entry or exit. A site where a type of RNA called rRNA (r=ribosomal) is combined with various proteins to eventually form a ribosome. This is another name for the Chromosomal material found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It can be either bound to histone proteins and temporarily unavailable for use by the cell (called heterochromatim which appears as dark stained material in electron microscope images) or remains unbound (called euchromatin appearing as diffuse material between the heterochromatin) and accessible by the cell during the normal daily functions of the cell. A membrane bound tubular network that has ribosomes attached to the side of the bi-layer facing the cytoplasm (cytoplasmic side). This is a site of protein building. A membrane bound tubular network that doesn’t have ribosomes attached. This is a site where lipids can be constructed, ions can be stored, or toxins can be broken down. A series of membrane bound sacs which receive protein (or products) filled packets from the rER and/or sER then processes, modifies, and packages the protein (or products) for shipment. A triple phospholipid bound structure (inner most membrane called the thylakoid membrane) that functions in most producing organisms to harvest sunlight and fix the energy into glucose molecules by using CO2 and H2O as building blocks. A double phospholipid bound structure with the inner membrane thrown into folds called cristae. It is designed to break down (via the Kreb’s cycle and the Electron Transport Shuttle) the products of a process called glycolysis and liberate the energy in the form of ATP. A membrane bound sac (or vacuole) that contains enzymes and is used to fuse with other organelles or vacuoles and the enzymes destroy the material in the new vacuole. (get rid of Big Stuff) A membrane bound sac (or vacuole) that contains enzymes and is used to fuse with toxic chemicals (like free radicals) and the enzymes detoxify the chemicals in the vacuole. These are usually smaller than a Lysosome. (get rid of atomic or Small Stuff) Membrane bound sacs used by cells to store items like lipid, glycogen, or other material or they can be contractile (can change their shape). Membrane bound sacs used to store starch (amyloplasts), store water (central) (generates turgid pressure), or store pigments (chromoplasts in flowers chloroplasts in stems and leaves). Non-membrane bound cytoplasmic proteins used to help move the entire cell (microfilaments), move the organelles within the cell (microtubules), or make the cell rigid (intermediate tubules). Short barrels of microtubules that are used to a build a spindle fiber apparatus that is used to separate the chromosomal material during the process of nuclear division of cell division (both mitosis and meiosis) (Why would a cell divide?). Grain like structure consisting of rRNA and protein and functions as the site of protein construction usually to build protein that is to be used inside the cell. Short membrane extensions designed to increase the overall surface area of the cell. These are filled with actin microfilaments which will allow the cell to change the number and 3 Class Assignment 4 Cilia Flagella Biology& 100 Mr. Brumbaugh position of microvilli to accommodate function and cellular demands. Extensions of an internal cellular structure called a basal body (made primarily of a protein called tubulin) that extends from the basal body but remains covered with the cell membrane. They are designed to beat in unison to move something (like water or mucous) across the cell surface. Most cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), if they have them, will have many of these on their outer surface. Long extension of a basal body (made primarily of a protein called tubulin) also covered with a cell membrane and is designed to move the entire cell. Most eukaryotic cells, if they have these, have only a few, but prokaryotes can have multiple flagella at one site or at numerous sites along their cell membrane which extend from a basal body through their cell walls and capsules. 4 Class Assignment 4